英漢翻譯翻譯單位與語篇分析.ppt

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Unit Four,Translation Unit and Discourse Analysis 翻譯單位與語篇分析,Definition of translation unit:,Many translation theorists defined the unit of translation in their own ways. For instance, Vinay and Darbelnet define the unit of translation as “the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that they must not be separately translated”. In other words, the translation unit is the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit. According to Peter Newmark, the argument about the length of the UT, which has been put succinctly by W. Haas, “as short as is possible, as long as is necessary”, is a concrete reflection of the age-old conflict between free and literal translation, the freer the translation, the longer the UT; the more literal the translation, the shorter the UT, the closer to the word, or, in poetry, even to the morpheme. Free translation has always favored the sentence; literal translation the word. Now, since the rise of text linguistics, free translation has moved from the sentence to the whole text.,Taking the sentence as UT,1）Prose of its very nature is longer than verse, and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gradually. 散文就其本質(zhì)而言，比韻文篇幅長，因而其特有的品質(zhì)是逐漸表現(xiàn)出來的。 2）If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love, the cardinal virtue of prose is justice; and, whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment, justice needs inquiry, patience, and a control even of the noblest passions. 如果說詩歌的首要品質(zhì)是愛，散文的首要品質(zhì)是公正；愛使你因一時沖動而采取行動，表達自己，但要做到公正則需要調(diào)查，需要耐心，需要控制激情，即使這種激情是最崇高的。,3）By justice here I do not mean justice only to particular people or ideas, but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought, a style tranquillized and a form moulded by that habit. 說起公正，我不是指針對具特殊人們或具體想法的公正，而是指在思想的全過程中的一種公正的習慣，一種由此習慣所形成的沉靜的文風和由此習慣所造就的形式。 4）Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange. 一年四季的水果中，我最推崇柑橘。 5）Nature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music. 就色彩和形狀而論，大自然包含所有圖畫的成分，就像琴鍵包含所有音樂的音符一樣。,翻譯英語主從復(fù)合句必須注意以下要點： 分出句子層次；分別譯出中文，根據(jù)漢語行文的時空關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系進行譯文重組。 1）I retired last year from my post at a university 1 in Tokyo, where I taught English literature and language. 2 我曾在東京某大學(xué)教英語語言文學(xué)， 2 去年剛辭職。 1,2）He found the thought infinitely more enjoyable to focus on than the niggling fear 1 that had been troubling him 2 since his conversation with Fisher. （chronologically） 3 那次與費希爾談話以后， 3 總有些瑣瑣碎碎的事兒一直困擾著他，使他有種莫名的擔憂。 2 如今集中精力做這種想法，比起那種杞人憂天來無疑要讓人開心多了。（chronologically） 1,3）A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (1) A World Bank report … insists…（一份世界銀行的報告……堅持認為……） （2）（A World Bank report was）released at the time of the conference（一份世界銀行的報告是在這次會議上被披露出來的） （3）which ended on 10 November（這次會議在11月10日結(jié)束） (4) that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (越南經(jīng)濟的全面增長將更主要地取決于其本國的政策，而不是外來資金的數(shù)額) （3）——（2）——（1）——（4） 譯文：在11月10日結(jié)束的巴黎會議上，披露了世界銀行的一份報告。報告反復(fù)強調(diào)越南經(jīng)濟的全面增長將更主要地取決于其本國的政策，而不是外來資金的數(shù)額。,4）The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. (1) The idea of …is almost unbelievable. (這種想法……簡直令人難以置信) (2) a fish being able to generate electricity (魚能發(fā)電) (3) strong enough to light small bulbs (其強度足以點亮燈泡) (4) even to run an electric motor (其強度甚至足以開動馬達) 根據(jù)“先事實，后結(jié)論”這種邏輯關(guān)系，譯文順序如下： （2）——（3）——（4）——（1） 魚能發(fā)電，電的強度足以點亮燈泡，甚至開動馬達，這種想法簡直令人難以置信。,以下兩例說明邏輯和時間順序的融合 5）(1) She kicked her shoes (2) and stepped into a pair of slippers (3) which were too big for her tiny feet; (4) without shoes (5) she lost some of her elegance (6) and height. 她踢脫鞋子，踏進一雙拖鞋?？蓪λ请p纖纖細腳來說，拖鞋顯得太大了。換了鞋之后，她便失去了幾分韻味，個子也矮了些。,6）(1) I believe (2) I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations——(3) so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning——(4) when I say that (5) the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, (6) matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, (7) so that we can escape from frustration (8) and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement. (1) 我相信 (2) 我是代表聯(lián)合國每一位真誠而嚴肅的代表講話的 (3) 因此，今天上午我們已經(jīng)聽到各位的發(fā)言也鼓舞著我相信 (4) 當我說這番話時， (5) 這次周年紀念會應(yīng)該是一個老老實實地評介過去我們失敗的大好時機 (6) 同時也應(yīng)該是一個表達我們有同樣決心要做好今后工作的時機 (7) 這樣我們就可免遭挫折 (8) 并可把這次周年紀念變成一種鼓舞和成就,按照時間和邏輯順序我們可以對上述進行重組： （5）——（6）——（7）——（8）——（4）——（1）——（3）——（2） (5) 這次周年紀念會應(yīng)該是一個老老實實地評介過去我們失敗的大好時機，(6) 同時也應(yīng)該是一個表達我們有同樣決心要做好今后工作的時機，(7) 這樣我們就可免遭挫折，(8) 并可把這次周年紀念變成一種鼓舞和成就。(4) 當我說這番話時，(1) 我相信(3) 今天上午我們已經(jīng)聽到各位的發(fā)言也鼓舞著我相信，(2) 我是代表聯(lián)合國每一位真誠而嚴肅的代表講話的。,Discourse Analysis,Cohesion and Coherence 3.1 Cohesion Lexical cohesion and structural cohesion 詞匯銜接指語篇中前后詞語之間的語義聯(lián)系，是語言語境的重要組成部分。這就是說，英語的句群內(nèi)，甚至相隔較遠的語篇內(nèi)，有時會產(chǎn)生重復(fù)關(guān)系、同義關(guān)系、上下義關(guān)系、部分與整體的關(guān)系等，構(gòu)成詞語之間的銜接機制。在這種情況下，譯者就要仔細研讀原文，善于捕捉這些起銜接作用的詞語，從而對原文作出正確的解讀。例如：,1）Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. 離大選還有四個月，里根-布什總部的一間小會議室里聚集了五個人，他們審視著一份標有1984年總統(tǒng)競選活動所剩日期的巨型日歷。那是六月份最后一個星期六，早晨十點鐘，辦公室（總部）里實際已沒有其他人。盡管如此，這幾個人還是把門關(guān)好，還小心翼翼地拉上窗簾。,2）One of the things we have to understand about Japanese society is its gender structure, a structure similar to what the United States had in the 1950s. Women do all the domestic labor. Men are in the factories and shops and they’re working long hours, but they don’t much work when they come home. They don’t take care of children, they don’t do housework, cooking, etc. In the U.S. there are both men and women in the work force and both men and women at home. Japanese workers may work longer in the marketplace, but you have to calculate the total amount of work that people do to figure out how hard people are working and how much leisure time they have. 我們必須了解日本社會的一個特點，那就是他的性別結(jié)構(gòu)，類似美國五十年代的結(jié)構(gòu)。婦女包攬全部家務(wù)勞動，男人到工作、商店上班，工作時間很長，但回到家里就不干多少活了。他們不看管孩子，不做家務(wù)事，不做飯，等等。在美國，有很多男人和女人都在勞動大軍之列，也有都在家里的。日本工人可能在市場里工作的時間較長，但是我們在估計人們工作的辛苦程度以及他們有多少空余時間，必須把整個工作量都計算進去。,Homework for Today,Translate the following short passage into Chinese Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. You’ve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous.,