英漢翻譯翻譯單位與語(yǔ)篇分析.ppt

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Unit Four,Translation Unit and Discourse Analysis 翻譯單位與語(yǔ)篇分析,Definition of translation unit:,Many translation theorists defined the unit of translation in their own ways. For instance, Vinay and Darbelnet define the unit of translation as “the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that they must not be separately translated”. In other words, the translation unit is the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit. According to Peter Newmark, the argument about the length of the UT, which has been put succinctly by W. Haas, “as short as is possible, as long as is necessary”, is a concrete reflection of the age-old conflict between free and literal translation, the freer the translation, the longer the UT; the more literal the translation, the shorter the UT, the closer to the word, or, in poetry, even to the morpheme. Free translation has always favored the sentence; literal translation the word. Now, since the rise of text linguistics, free translation has moved from the sentence to the whole text.,Taking the sentence as UT,1）Prose of its very nature is longer than verse, and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gradually. 散文就其本質(zhì)而言，比韻文篇幅長(zhǎng)，因而其特有的品質(zhì)是逐漸表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。 2）If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love, the cardinal virtue of prose is justice; and, whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment, justice needs inquiry, patience, and a control even of the noblest passions. 如果說(shuō)詩(shī)歌的首要品質(zhì)是愛(ài)，散文的首要品質(zhì)是公正；愛(ài)使你因一時(shí)沖動(dòng)而采取行動(dòng)，表達(dá)自己，但要做到公正則需要調(diào)查，需要耐心，需要控制激情，即使這種激情是最崇高的。,3）By justice here I do not mean justice only to particular people or ideas, but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought, a style tranquillized and a form moulded by that habit. 說(shuō)起公正，我不是指針對(duì)具特殊人們或具體想法的公正，而是指在思想的全過(guò)程中的一種公正的習(xí)慣，一種由此習(xí)慣所形成的沉靜的文風(fēng)和由此習(xí)慣所造就的形式。 4）Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange. 一年四季的水果中，我最推崇柑橘。 5）Nature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music. 就色彩和形狀而論，大自然包含所有圖畫(huà)的成分，就像琴鍵包含所有音樂(lè)的音符一樣。,翻譯英語(yǔ)主從復(fù)合句必須注意以下要點(diǎn)： 分出句子層次；分別譯出中文，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)行文的時(shí)空關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行譯文重組。 1）I retired last year from my post at a university 1 in Tokyo, where I taught English literature and language. 2 我曾在東京某大學(xué)教英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)， 2 去年剛辭職。 1,2）He found the thought infinitely more enjoyable to focus on than the niggling fear 1 that had been troubling him 2 since his conversation with Fisher. （chronologically） 3 那次與費(fèi)希爾談話(huà)以后， 3 總有些瑣瑣碎碎的事兒一直困擾著他，使他有種莫名的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。 2 如今集中精力做這種想法，比起那種杞人憂(yōu)天來(lái)無(wú)疑要讓人開(kāi)心多了。（chronologically） 1,3）A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (1) A World Bank report … insists…（一份世界銀行的報(bào)告……堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為……） （2）（A World Bank report was）released at the time of the conference（一份世界銀行的報(bào)告是在這次會(huì)議上被披露出來(lái)的） （3）which ended on 10 November（這次會(huì)議在11月10日結(jié)束） (4) that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (越南經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面增長(zhǎng)將更主要地取決于其本國(guó)的政策，而不是外來(lái)資金的數(shù)額) （3）——（2）——（1）——（4） 譯文：在11月10日結(jié)束的巴黎會(huì)議上，披露了世界銀行的一份報(bào)告。報(bào)告反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)越南經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面增長(zhǎng)將更主要地取決于其本國(guó)的政策，而不是外來(lái)資金的數(shù)額。,4）The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. (1) The idea of …is almost unbelievable. (這種想法……簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信) (2) a fish being able to generate electricity (魚(yú)能發(fā)電) (3) strong enough to light small bulbs (其強(qiáng)度足以點(diǎn)亮燈泡) (4) even to run an electric motor (其強(qiáng)度甚至足以開(kāi)動(dòng)馬達(dá)) 根據(jù)“先事實(shí)，后結(jié)論”這種邏輯關(guān)系，譯文順序如下： （2）——（3）——（4）——（1） 魚(yú)能發(fā)電，電的強(qiáng)度足以點(diǎn)亮燈泡，甚至開(kāi)動(dòng)馬達(dá)，這種想法簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。,以下兩例說(shuō)明邏輯和時(shí)間順序的融合 5）(1) She kicked her shoes (2) and stepped into a pair of slippers (3) which were too big for her tiny feet; (4) without shoes (5) she lost some of her elegance (6) and height. 她踢脫鞋子，踏進(jìn)一雙拖鞋?？蓪?duì)她那雙纖纖細(xì)腳來(lái)說(shuō)，拖鞋顯得太大了。換了鞋之后，她便失去了幾分韻味，個(gè)子也矮了些。,6）(1) I believe (2) I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations——(3) so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning——(4) when I say that (5) the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, (6) matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, (7) so that we can escape from frustration (8) and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement. (1) 我相信 (2) 我是代表聯(lián)合國(guó)每一位真誠(chéng)而嚴(yán)肅的代表講話(huà)的 (3) 因此，今天上午我們已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到各位的發(fā)言也鼓舞著我相信 (4) 當(dāng)我說(shuō)這番話(huà)時(shí)， (5) 這次周年紀(jì)念會(huì)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)老老實(shí)實(shí)地評(píng)介過(guò)去我們失敗的大好時(shí)機(jī) (6) 同時(shí)也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)表達(dá)我們有同樣決心要做好今后工作的時(shí)機(jī) (7) 這樣我們就可免遭挫折 (8) 并可把這次周年紀(jì)念變成一種鼓舞和成就,按照時(shí)間和邏輯順序我們可以對(duì)上述進(jìn)行重組： （5）——（6）——（7）——（8）——（4）——（1）——（3）——（2） (5) 這次周年紀(jì)念會(huì)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)老老實(shí)實(shí)地評(píng)介過(guò)去我們失敗的大好時(shí)機(jī)，(6) 同時(shí)也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)表達(dá)我們有同樣決心要做好今后工作的時(shí)機(jī)，(7) 這樣我們就可免遭挫折，(8) 并可把這次周年紀(jì)念變成一種鼓舞和成就。(4) 當(dāng)我說(shuō)這番話(huà)時(shí)，(1) 我相信(3) 今天上午我們已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到各位的發(fā)言也鼓舞著我相信，(2) 我是代表聯(lián)合國(guó)每一位真誠(chéng)而嚴(yán)肅的代表講話(huà)的。,Discourse Analysis,Cohesion and Coherence 3.1 Cohesion Lexical cohesion and structural cohesion 詞匯銜接指語(yǔ)篇中前后詞語(yǔ)之間的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系，是語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境的重要組成部分。這就是說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的句群內(nèi)，甚至相隔較遠(yuǎn)的語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)，有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生重復(fù)關(guān)系、同義關(guān)系、上下義關(guān)系、部分與整體的關(guān)系等，構(gòu)成詞語(yǔ)之間的銜接機(jī)制。在這種情況下，譯者就要仔細(xì)研讀原文，善于捕捉這些起銜接作用的詞語(yǔ)，從而對(duì)原文作出正確的解讀。例如：,1）Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. 離大選還有四個(gè)月，里根-布什總部的一間小會(huì)議室里聚集了五個(gè)人，他們審視著一份標(biāo)有1984年總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選活動(dòng)所剩日期的巨型日歷。那是六月份最后一個(gè)星期六，早晨十點(diǎn)鐘，辦公室（總部）里實(shí)際已沒(méi)有其他人。盡管如此，這幾個(gè)人還是把門(mén)關(guān)好，還小心翼翼地拉上窗簾。,2）One of the things we have to understand about Japanese society is its gender structure, a structure similar to what the United States had in the 1950s. Women do all the domestic labor. Men are in the factories and shops and they’re working long hours, but they don’t much work when they come home. They don’t take care of children, they don’t do housework, cooking, etc. In the U.S. there are both men and women in the work force and both men and women at home. Japanese workers may work longer in the marketplace, but you have to calculate the total amount of work that people do to figure out how hard people are working and how much leisure time they have. 我們必須了解日本社會(huì)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，那就是他的性別結(jié)構(gòu)，類(lèi)似美國(guó)五十年代的結(jié)構(gòu)。婦女包攬全部家務(wù)勞動(dòng)，男人到工作、商店上班，工作時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，但回到家里就不干多少活了。他們不看管孩子，不做家務(wù)事，不做飯，等等。在美國(guó)，有很多男人和女人都在勞動(dòng)大軍之列，也有都在家里的。日本工人可能在市場(chǎng)里工作的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，但是我們?cè)诠烙?jì)人們工作的辛苦程度以及他們有多少空余時(shí)間，必須把整個(gè)工作量都計(jì)算進(jìn)去。,Homework for Today,Translate the following short passage into Chinese Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. You’ve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous.,