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附錄1翻譯原文
破碎粉磨設備的磨損與耐磨材料的發(fā)展
摘要：從磨損失效分析入手，對破碎粉磨系統(tǒng)中易損件的結構形狀、相互匹配關系、耐磨材料生產工藝、質量控制與使用性能等進行評述，并列舉了國內外典型耐磨材質的化學成分覆機械性能，同時闡述了破碎粉磨材料的發(fā)展。
關鍵詞：破碎，粉磨，易損件，耐磨材料
1 引言
冶金礦山、建材、火電、化工、煤炭等工業(yè)部門，需要各種破碎粉磨設備。這些設備的易損件受研磨體、襯扳、物料的磨損，每年消耗大量金屬。以水泥工業(yè)為飼，1994年水泥全國產量4．05億噸。球磨機襯板類、破碎機類損耗金屬約為300～ 350g／t水泥；研磨介質(球、段)為500g／t水泥，這樣1994年僅水泥工業(yè)就消耗襯板類金屬12萬t，研磨體2o多萬t。據有關資料統(tǒng)計，黑色、有色礦山消耗金屬更多，全國消耗破碎機、球磨機襯扳金屬約5o萬t，研磨介質金屬約130萬t，總價值達80億元。材料的消耗必然反映到能源消耗上，因此降低金屬材料消耗也是節(jié)約能源的一個重要方面，具有明顯的經濟效益和社會效益。同時因更換易損件而被迫停車的時間在水泥行業(yè)約占總停車時間的50 ～55 ，占因磨損而增加設備維修工作量的6o ～65 ，因此隨著破碎粉磨設備工藝技術的飛速發(fā)展，隨著設備日趨大型化研制和使用，新型耐磨材料越來越為人們所重視。
2 破碎粉磨設備的磨損
破碎粉磨設備的磨損可分為內部因素和外部因素。內部因素包括材料的冶金質量、化學成分、金相組織和機械性能I外部因素包括物料的硬度和韌性，粒度和棱角銳度等等。易損件是否耐用取決于材料的抗沖擊磨損能力，抗疲勞磨損能力，抗顯微切削和犁削的能力。下面對幾種破碎粉磨設備主要易損件的磨損進行簡要分析。
2.1 顫式破辟機齒板
顎式破碎機齒板的磨損屬于鑿削式磨損。以江蘇常熟采石場使用PZ250~500型顎式破碎機齒扳為例，齒扳材質是經水韌處理的標準高錳鋼。在掃描電鏡下觀察齒扳磨面可以看出，齒扳表面被擠壓成凹凸部分材料，隨后又被磨料推擠形成壓舌磨面，在磨面上可以看到很多磨料尖角短程滑動造成的磨痕，并可看到齒板表面有微裂紋，見圖1。
經過分析，齒扳磨損的主要原因是磨料相對齒板短程滑動、切削金屬造成磨屑和磨料反復擠壓引起齒扳材料多次變形，導致金屬材料疲勞脫落，磨損失教過程是：(1)物料多次反復擠壓鑿削齒扳，在齒扳區(qū)表層，或在擠壓金屬的突出部分根部形成微裂紋，此微裂紋不斷擴展到相連，造成表面金屬材料脫落，形成磨屑。(2)物科反復擠壓，造成齒扳金屬材料被局部壓裂或翻起，其碎裂或翻起部分又隨著擠壓撞擊的物料一起脫落形成磨屑 (3)物料相對齒板短程滑動，切削齒板形成磨屑。
因此從耐磨材料上控制齒板磨損主要是硬度和韌性。材料硬，物料擠壓深度淺，材料變形小，物料對材料短程滑動的切削量也小 材料韌性好，抵抗斷裂能力強，可消除擠壓撞擊過程中脆性斷裂，提高抗疲勞變形開裂能力。
顎式破碎機的大小規(guī)格不同，進料粒度、銳度不同，對齒板的擠壓、撞擊力不同，大中型擠壓力大，除考慮材料的抗擠壓力和抗滑動切削外，還應考慮受撞擊時的沖擊力及彎曲應力 因此大型齒板選材應選用韌性高、綜合性能好的材質
從上述磨損失效分析可知，對于齒板材料應選擇硬度高的材質以抵抗擠壓、顯微切削失效，選擇足夠韌性柏材質以抵抗鑿削撞擊疲勞失效。同時從齒板結構上進行改進，以減少物料與齒板的相對滑動，這不僅對提高生產率有益，而且對提高材料的使用壽命也有益。
2.2 錘式破碎機錘頭
不同規(guī)格的錘式破碎機，錘頭形狀大小也各不相同，一般認為90～125kg的錘頭為大型，25kg以下為小型，其余為中型。大中水泥廠一般使用25～50kg錘頭。由于錘頭大小不同，使用工況條件不同，它的磨損失效也各不相同。
錘頭的磨損方式，以沖擊鑿削為主，伴隨有沖刷顯微切削磨損。其磨損形貌為沖擊坑和切削犁溝。由于錘頭的主要磨損方式為沖擊，所以人們習慣于選擇高錳鋼做錘頭材質。
(1)12kg以下錘頭
由于其沖韌小，不能充分發(fā)揮高錳鋼的加工硬化作用，因此耐磨性很不理想，如破碎長石、劣質煤和高爐礦渣等物料，錘頭有的用幾天甚至幾個班即失效。有人把玻璃廠用5．8kg錘頭和水泥廠用11．5kg錘頭進行磨損后殘體失效分析，結果表明兩類錘頭加工硬化效果都很差，表面硬化曲線如圖2所示。
小錘頭的磨損過程是一方面物料小能量沖擊錘頭，金屬表面產生塑性變形和徽裂紋。在反復多次塑變情況下裂紋擴展，金屬受擠壓形成碎片脫落，導致沖擊磨損；另一方面物料刺入材料表面，在一定法向力與切向力作用下，對材料表層金屬產生顯微切削、沖刷，使金屬表面磨損，但由于沖擊力 大，高錳鋼不足以被加工硬化。所以應選擇有一定韌性，以硬度高為主導的材料才能大幅度提高使用壽命。
(2)50kg級錘頭
由于其沖擊力大，采用高韌性的高錳鋼材質，其加工硬化性能得到一定發(fā)揮，錘頭以磨損、沖擊、鑿削為主，伴隨沖刷顯微切削磨損，磨損的微觀形貌表現為沖擊坑和切削犁溝。但是如果物料工況條件不同，同樣是高錳鋼錘頭使用情況也相差很大。如同樣是陜西延河水泥機械廠生產的12P 50kg級高錳鋼錘頭，在永登水泥廠僅應用2～3個月即失效；在耀縣水泥廠可用8～11個月。
電鏡觀察永登水泥廠錘頭在磨損面上主要是切削犁溝，有沖擊坑存在，說明其磨損失效是以切削機理為主，向時伴隨有撞擊磨損。分析原因是該廠石灰石物料中含泥量大，粒度小，使沖擊負荷減小，高錳鋼加工硬度不明顯，同時物料中常帶有高硬度的硅石板巖，對高錳鋼奧氏體像硬質合金刀一櫸切 ，留下許多切削溝槽，所以磨損快。
耀縣水泥廠錘頭磨損面上主要是沖擊坑，并有少量的切削溝槽，說明它是以撞擊磨損為主，伴隨切削磨損，這是因為耀縣廠的石灰石塊度大，且均勻、沖擊力大。石灰石與錘頭磨損面撞擊時形成許多撞擊坑，坑周圍有明顯的翻邊。由于高錳鋼有良好塑性，在磨料正向撞擊下較易塑性變形而形成沖擊坑；另一方面由于較大沖擊力使高錳鋼得以被加工硬化，增大了變形抗力，因而表現出較高的抗磨損能力。
從上述分析可以看出：在以切削為主的情況下，詩件的硬度對耐磨性起主導作用 為解決這一問題，我們與湖北水泥機械廠在研制一種超強高錳鋼高韌性的前提下，丈幅度提高其屈服強度(達 450N／ram。)，提高初始硬度到HB260～300，同時提高其加工硬化速率，使壽
命大幅度提高。
(3)大型破碎機90kg和125kg錘頭
以90kg錘頭為倒其工作參數如表1
由表1可知該破碎機進料粒度大，破碎比大，轉速高，所以錘頭受撞擊力大，是以撞擊為主的磨損機制。選材應以沖擊韌性為主導兼顧硬度、強度等綜合性能。冀東水泥廠t983年3月使用從德國O8Ⅸ 公司引進的MB70／90型錘式破碎機，90kg錘頭原來是雙金屬鑄造，頭部用高鉻鑄鐵，錘柄用低合金鋼，使用中錘頭削落，結合處斷裂較多，影響正常生產，威脅整機的安全，1 986年7月進口O＆K 公司單金屬90kg錘頭，平均使用10個月破碎180萬t石灰石。唐山水泥機械廠在解剖分析簿國錘頭基礎上研制超高錳鋼錘頭，1 991年通過部級鑒定。含錳鋼高達17 ～18 ，主要是使錘頭厚大，中心部也為全奧氏體，保持其優(yōu)良的韌性，使用可靠，增加Cr Mo等元素，提高屈服強度和初始硬度等綜合性能滿足生產需要。以上說明以沖擊磨損為主的易損件必須選擇高韌性材料并輔以其它綜合性能。
2．3球管磨機襯板的磨損
球(管)磨機的襯板承受磨球和物料的沖擊、鑿削、擠壓和顯微切削多方面作用，磨損特征是表面出現凹坑、裂紋和犁溝。磨損程度與物料特性、粒度、銳度和易磨性有關，也與磨機直徑大小規(guī)格、襯板所處部位有關。
以Φ2．2m×6．5m水泥磨機為倒，一倉、二倉高錳鋼襯板磨損表面電鏡照片如圖3和圖4所示。
從圖片中可見一倉襯板有許多犁溝和剝落坑，這是因為一倉平均球徑為 70～80mm，最大球為 9O～100mm，物料平均粒度25ram，最大可達40mm，且棱角尖銳；二倉球徑為 30～50mm或~35mm×30mm 以下鋼段。物料從一倉被破碎后經廂倉板到二倉，粒度已變成5ram左右，棱角銳度已大大減小，所以二倉襯板主要是顯微切削、擠壓堆積和沖局4磨損。進料端磨頭襯板由于受較大研磨體和物料粒度大、棱角尖銳的側沖擊、滑動切削，因此比出料端篦板磨損嚴重得多。隔倉板既受一、二倉球的側沖擊，又要使物料通過啼縫受沖刷顯微切削，因此磨損也比較嚴重 若要求隔倉板既有抗沖擊磨損能力不斷裂，又要有較高的屈服強度和硬度，抗彎曲，抗物料沖刷，保持篦縫寬度，滿足工藝要求，就應選擇韌性好硬度高的材料。
即使是同一塊磨機襯板，不麗部位磨損也不同，比如端襯板、中部襯板受物料和磨球的沖擊嚴重，尤其是迎料面更甚，而靠近筒體尾部則輕些。筒體襯板不論是階梯、凸棱、壓條等襯板迎料球面受切削、沖擊嚴重，因此在襯板生產工藝中應考慮不同部位的抗沖擊磨損的耐磨性問題，或從結構設計中加以改進，如磨頭端襯板迎料面加棱；一倉村板做成雙階梯；隔倉板磨損部位加厚等等。
綜上所述襯板磨損是一個系統(tǒng)工程，要針對不同的工況條件研制相應的耐磨材料。
2．4 磨球的磨損失效
磨球在球摩機工作中消耗金屬是最多的。我們對不同材質、使用在不同工況條件下的磨球進行分析，可知磨球的磨損失效有以下幾種機理：
(1)鑿削和切削磨損。磨球在磨內上升階段與物料相對滑動，被物料中硬而尖銳的部分在表面切削出較深溝槽，被敬而鈍的物料切出較淺的溝槽，物料大小不同，軟硬尖銳不同，造成球表面溝槽探淺、寬窄不同，縱橫交錯。磨球弛落時以一定角度撞擊物料，產生局部鑿削磨損形成鑿削坑。
(2)變形磨損。磨球與物料相對滑動或沖擊時除直接切削、鑿削外，還有犁溝變形發(fā)生，金屬被推擠至溝槽和凹坑外側，在物料反復作用下金屬變形，由應變疲勞產生裂紋，裂紋擴展、連接，形成犁屑薄片，表面脫落。
(3)脆性剝落。磨球受沖擊過程中，材料脆性相(如碳化物)開裂、破碎自表面卓i落造成磨屑。
(4)疲勞磨損。磨球在磨機內周而復始的上升、拋落、反復滑動、滾動和沖擊等變化，在沖擊接觸壓應力、切應力作用下產生疲勞，在亞表層形成相互平行的疲勞裂紋，并向表面延伸形成疲勞剝落層。疲勞裂紋可在亞表層下夾雜物和脆性相下生核，也可在表面硬化層和動態(tài)軟化層問生核。當在遠表層的鑄造缺陷和夾雜上生核，擴展時將導致宏觀疲勞剝落，產生大塊碎片造成球開裂或失圓。近表層生核則導致微觀疲勞剝落，形成顯微薄層和剝落坑。
英文翻譯
Broken equipment wear and wear-resisting material Fenmo development
Abstract：tarting from wearing hilure analysis，the author introduces the structure and shape，mutual matching relation，manutacturing engineering of wear— resisting ma terisls，quality control and applica—tion characteristics of dama geable parts in crushing and grinding system and enumerates chemical cornportents and mechanical properties of typical wear- resisting materials at home and abroad．The developmerit of wear— resisting materials is also given in this article．
Key Words：crushing，grinding，damageable parts，wear- resisting materials
1 Introduction
Metallurgical mining, building materials, thermal power generation, chemical, coal, and other industrial sectors, the need for various broken Fenmo equipment. These pieces of equipment vulnerable groups affected by the ground, trying protected, material wear and tear, the annual consumption of the metal. For feeding to the cement industry, 1994 production of 405 million tons of cement nationwide. Ball mill Chenban category, Breakers category depletion of metal about 300~ 350g/t cement; Most medium (ball, above) 500g/t cement, such as young as 1994 on the cement industry consumed 120000t Chenban type metal, grinding bodies 2o more. According to relevant statistics, black, colored metal mines exertion more, the National exertion Breakers, ball mill lining protected metal about 50000t, about 130 km medium metal with a total value of 80 billion. Material consumption is reflected in energy consumption, thus saving energy and reducing consumption of materials metals an important aspect of a very clear economic and social benefits.
At the same time as a result of the replacement of forced relocation of parking time in the cement industry about the total parking time 55~50, representing an increase of wear and tear of equipment maintenance workload 60 ~65, with broken equipment crafts Fenmo rapid development of technology, with increasingly large-scale equipment development and use of new wear-resisting material growing importance.
2 broken Fenmo equipment wear and tear
Fenmo broken equipment wear and tear can be divided into internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include the quality of materials metallurgy, chemical composition, metallography and mechanical properties of materials I external factors including the hardness and toughness, size and edges and corners Ruiduo etc. Size pieces depending on whether the material durable resistance to wear and tear ability to resist fatigue wear capacity-lung machine and ploughs cut capacity. The size of several major pieces of equipment broken Fenmo wear a summary analysis. Broken anti-aircraft teeth every.
2.1 Plate
Jaw-Breakers teeth plates worn to holes cut-worn. Jiangsu Changshu quarries to use PZ250~500-jaw style Breakers teeth protected, for example, the teeth are protected by the materials handling water standards high manganese steel fasteners. In scanning call youthful observation teeth wrenched himself face can be seen, teeth protected by squeezing out as much of the surface material, followed by a pressure abrasive tongue pushing himself face, can be seen in the upper surface of many abrasive edges because the marks are caused by short-range sliding, and may see a slight cracks teeth board surface, see figure 1.
After analysis, teeth wrenched worn mainly abrasive relative teeth board short sliding, cutting metal grinding scrap and abrasive repeatedly squeeze caused teeth protected materials on deformation, resulting in the metal materials off fatigue, loss of skills to teach the course are : (1) materials repeatedly squeeze hole cut teeth arranged in the teeth protected area surface, or in metal squeeze the highlights roots form micro cracks, linked to the continued expansion of micro-cracks, causing the surface of metal materials separated, forming himself crumbs. (2) Section objects repeatedly squeeze, causing teeth wrenched metal materials were partially closed or residents to reveal the fragmentation or residents to reveal some of the materials and the impact to squeeze off a difficult scrap (3) material relative teeth short-range sliding panels, a difficult scrap carbide teeth boards.
Therefore teeth from wear-resisting material control panels worn mainly hardness and resilience. Hard materials, materials squeeze shallow depth, material deformation small, short-range sliding cutting materials volume of the material is also good resilience of small materials, a strong ability to resist fracture, the impact may be removed squeeze process brittleness fracture, raising anti-fatigue deformation shell capacity.
Jaw-Breakers different size specifications, feed granularity, Ruiduo different panels of the squeezing out teeth, different impacts of large and medium-sized squeeze pressure, apart from the material to resist pressure and to resist squeeze sliding brackets, should also consider the impact of the impact and bending stress the large teeth board composition should use high resilience, good overall performance materials.
From the above analysis shows wear ineffective for teeth board material should choose hardness high resistance materials to squeeze, lung machine failures, the choice of materials sufficient to resist cutting Bo resilience cut impact fatigue failure. At the same time to improve the structure of boards from the teeth, and tooth plates to reduce the relative sliding materials, useful not only for increasing productivity but also to improve the material life useful.
2.2 hammer-Breakers dead Different specifications hammer-Breakers, dead shape and size vary, it is generally thought that the dead 90~125kg for large, 25kg Following is a small, and the rest for medium. Dazhong plant general use 25~50kg dead.
The dead and sizes and the use of the state of different conditions, the wear and tear of its failure vary. The dead wear, with the impact of the cut-cut, accompanied by heavy lung machine wear. Externalities for impact craters and its worn cutting plow Gap. The dead wear and tear of the main ways to attack, so do dead people accustomed to the choice of high manganese steel materials.
(1) The following dead one 2kg
Because of its extremely small jumping, Jiagongyinghua can not give full play to the role of high manganese steel, resistance to abrasion from ideal, such as broken feldspar, Liezhimei and blast furnace slag and other materials, dead in a few days or even a few classes, some failures. It was reported by 5.8kg to 11.5kg dead and cement used to wear dead after mutilated body lapse analysis revealed two dead Jiagongyinghua results are poor surface hardening curve shown in figure 2.
The wear process is small dead materials on the one hand small energy shocks dead, a metal surface deformation and plasticity Emblem cracks. Just change many times in the expansion of cracks, metal debris particles formed by squeezing out, leading to shocks wear; On the other hand materials tips surface materials in a certain law is the power to influence and role of the surface of metal materials have lung machine, washed, worn metal surfaces, but because of the impact of power, high manganese steel to be Jiagongyinghua. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a certain resilience to the high hardness of the material can lead to a substantial increase useful life.
(2) 50kg class dead
Because of its great impact, high manganese steel materials using high resilience, its performance has been Jiagongyinghua must play dead to wear, impact and cut-cut, micro machining with heavy wear and tear, wear micro externalities performance for impact craters and cutting plow Gap. However, if the material conditions of the state are different, the same is the use of high manganese steel dead also a big difference. Shaanxi River is the same as cement plant production 12P 50kg class high manganese steel dead in eternal plant only applications 2~3 months failures; Cement plant in Yaoxian available 8~11 months.
Dianjingguancha eternal in the plant dead worn surface mainly cutting plow Gap, impact craters exist on the expiry of their worn mainly by cutting mechanisms to wear and tear, accompanied by impact. Analysis because the plant limestone materials, including large quantities of mud, small granularity to reduce the impact load, high manganese steel processing hardness less, and often with high hardness of the material silica slate of high manganese steel austenitic like Zeikowa acuminata is a hard metal knife, leaving many cut trench, so wear faster.
Yaoxian plant is dead wear face major impact craters, and a small cut below, the impact that it is worn mainly by cutting wear and tear, it is because the limestone pieces for the Great Yaoxian plant, and evenly, the impact great. Limestone and the impact of a dead wear face many impact craters, craters are visible around here. The high manganese steel have good plasticity, is in abrasive impact of the formation of impact craters and easier plasticity deformation; On the other hand, because of the larger impact of high manganese steel to be Jiagongyinghua, increased deformation resistance, and thus demonstrated higher wear-resistant ability.
As can be seen from the above analysis : in a cut-based cases, the hardness of the poetry of resistance to abrasion lead role to solve this problem, we Hubei cement plant with a super-high manganese steel in the development of high-resilience premise ten feet of improving its yield strength (up to 450N/ram. ), to increase the initial hardness HB260~300. at the same time improving its Jiagongyinghua rate, the longevity Life significantly improved.
(3) Large Breakers 90kg and 125kg dead
To do its work to 90kg dead parameters as shown in table 1.
Table 1 shows the aggregate size of the Breakers into large, broken than large, high rotational speed, the dead impact of the large impact on the wear and tear on machinery. Material should lead to resilience to combine hardness, intensity, integrated performance. Cement kilns, March t983 use from Germany O8 Ⅸ company introduced MB70/90-hammer-style Breakers, 90kg dead is double the original metal casting, with his head high chromium cast iron, hammer handles in low alloy steel, the use of dead cut off, combining Department fracture more affected normal production, the threat of whole sets of safety July 1986 imports O&K companies Shan metal 90kg dead, the average use of 10 months broken 1800000 t limestone. Tangshan cement plant in the country dead autopsy analysis book basis and high manganese steel dead, 1991, through ministerial identification. ~18 containing manganese steel up to 17, mainly to enable dead Houda, the center for the entire Department generally maintain its excellent resilience, the use of reliable, increase Cr Mo and other elements to improve overall yield strength and initial hardness, the performance needs of production. Wear and tear on the above description to the impact of the vulnerability to choose materials and supplemented by other high-resilience integrated performance. The wear and tear of the ball mill Chenban
2.3 Ball (control) mills and the Chenban bear Moqiu materials shocks, cut, squeeze and lung machine multifaceted role of worn surface features is a crater, crackle and ploughs Gap. And the degree of wear materials characteristics, size, nature Ruiduo living skills, but also with the rod diameter size specifications, Chenban which parts. 2.2m x 6.5m to cement mills to do, a warehouse, two positions high manganese steel surface of a mirror Chenban worn photographs shown in figure 3 and figure 4.
Photo from a warehouse in the foreseeable Chenban many ploughs Gap and spalling pit, because a warehouse for 70~80mm average ball Drive, the largest ball to 90~100mm, average granularity 25ram materials, the largest up to 40mm, and sharp edges and corners; Two positions for the ball Drive 30~50mm ~35mm x 30mm or below steel. Materials from one warehouse was broken into two panels after booths warehouse stores, granularity has become 5ram around edges and corners Ruiduo has greatly reduced, so two positions Chenban mainly lung machine, squeezing out accumulation and salt Board 4 worn.
Feed-Motouchenban Because of the larger equipment and materials granularity sports large, sharp edges and corners of the side impact and sliding hill, than expected - comb plates wear out much more serious. It positions panels back one or two positions balls side shocks, but also to materials through hoof off by washed lung machine, and therefore wear is also more serious if it requires board positions both wear resistance capacity is not broken, we should have a higher yield strength and hardness, resistance to bending, resistance materials washed maintain comb linking width, crafts meet requirements, it should choose the good resilience high hardness of the material. Even with a hammer Chenban not wear different parts Korea, for example - Chenban, Central Chenban affected by the impact of materials and Moqiu serious, especially to greet expected face more and more light is close to the tail device. Receiver Chenban whether ladder, prominent corner, layering, etc. Chenban welcome by cutting spherical expected, the impact of serious Chenban production processes in different parts of China should consider the resistance to abrasion resistance to wear and tear, or from the structural design of improvements, such as Motou - Chenban welcome Liu noodles plus corner; A warehouse village board will double ladder; It positions boards worn parts add thickness, and so on. In Chenban wear is a systems engineering, needles To different conditions and the status of the corresponding wear-resisting material.
2.4 Moqiu the wear and tear failures Moqiu ball in the Moldovan plane is the largest metal work exertion. We are different materials, the use of the situation in different conditions Moqiu analysis shows the wear and tear Moqiu lapse following several mechanisms:
(1) cut and cut wear and tear. Moqiu rise in the upper stage, with relatively sliding materials, which were hard and sharp materials on the surface of a deeper trench cut by Jinger materials is a less blunt the trench, the size of different materials, different soft and hard acute, resulting in the ball below the surface mine shallow, narrow differences crosscutting. Moqiu slow down to a certain point, the impact of materials, a partial cut a hole worn.
(2) deformation wear. Moqiu and materials relative sliding or shock, direct cutting, cut, there are ploughs Gap deformation occurred, and the metal was pushed to the naked eye below the outer side, in the role of metal deformation materials repeatedly by a contingency fatigue cracks, cracks expand, connecting, forming plow scrap sheet, the surface area.
(3) brittleness spalling. Moqiu affected by the impact of the process materials brittleness of (such as carbon) shell, broken down by himself from the surface Zhuo filings.
(4) fatigue wear. Moqiu in mills within the cycle of rise, throw, repeatedly sliding, rolling and impact of changes in shocks contact pressure stress, is the role of a stress fatigue in Asia surface fatigue cracks formed parallel to each other, forming an extension of fatigue spalling and surface layer. Fatigue cracks in Asia next life consisting of a mixture of nuclear material and brittleness can grow in the surface layer and the dynamics softened layers asked for nuclear. When the casting surface in much of the wrong and mixe