柴油機(jī)氣缸體三面鉆削組合機(jī)床總體及右主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)含proe三維及11張CAD圖帶開題
柴油機(jī)氣缸體三面鉆削組合機(jī)床總體及右主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)含proe三維及11張CAD圖帶開題,柴油機(jī),缸體,三面鉆削,組合,機(jī)床,總體,整體,主軸,設(shè)計(jì),proe,三維,11,十一,cad,開題
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外文翻譯
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學(xué) 生 姓 名
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指 導(dǎo) 教 師
外文資料名稱 CONSTITUTE MACHINE TOOL AND ITS AUTOMATION ASSEMBLY LINE
(用外文寫)
外文資料出處：JOURNAL OF HEFEI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文
2.外文原文
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年 月 日
組合機(jī)床及其自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線
摘要：組合機(jī)床及其自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線是集機(jī)電于一體的自動(dòng)化程度較高的制造技術(shù)和成套工藝裝備,它的特征是高效、高質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用,因而被廣泛用于工程機(jī)械、交通、能源、軍工、輕工、家電等行業(yè)。本文根據(jù)工廠需要,設(shè)計(jì)一臺能高效加工大批量產(chǎn)品的專用組合機(jī)床。文章從工藝方案設(shè)計(jì)、總體設(shè)計(jì)、部件設(shè)計(jì)等幾部分進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
關(guān)鍵詞：組合機(jī)床； 自動(dòng)控制； 機(jī)床；
許多情況下，成型加工出來的工件必須在尺寸和光潔度方面進(jìn)一步精整，以滿足它們的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求。為滿足精度公差，需要從工件上去掉小量的材料。通常機(jī)床就是用于這種加工的設(shè)備。
通過切削工具使工件成型達(dá)到所需的尺寸，機(jī)床通過其基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)件的功能作用，以控制相互關(guān)系，支持、夾緊工具和工件，基本部件列舉如下：
a) 床身. 這是個(gè)主要部件，它為主軸、拖板箱等提供了一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)和連接中介，在負(fù)載作用下，它必須使形變和振動(dòng)保持最小。
b) 拖板箱和導(dǎo)軌. 機(jī)床部件（如拖板箱）的移動(dòng)，通常是在精確的導(dǎo)軌面約束下靠直線運(yùn)動(dòng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
c) 主軸和軸承. 角位移是圍繞一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線發(fā)生的。該軸線的位置必須在機(jī)床中極端精確的限度內(nèi)保持恒定，而且是靠精密的主軸和軸承來提供保證。
d) 動(dòng)力裝置. 電機(jī)是為機(jī)床普遍采用的動(dòng)力裝置，通過對各個(gè)電機(jī)的合適定位，使皮帶和齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置減少到最少。
e) 傳動(dòng)連桿機(jī)構(gòu). 連桿機(jī)構(gòu)是個(gè)通用術(shù)語，用來代表機(jī)械、液壓、氣動(dòng)或電動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，這些機(jī)構(gòu)與確定的角位移和線位移相互關(guān)聯(lián)。
加工工藝主要由兩部分組成:
a) 粗加工工藝. 粗加工，金屬切除率高，因而切削力也較大，但其所要求的精度較低。
b) 精加工工藝. 精加工，金屬切除率低，因而切削力較小，但其要求的尺寸精度和表面光潔度都比較高。
由此可見，靜載荷和動(dòng)載荷，例如由不平衡的砂輪引起的動(dòng)載荷，在精加工中比粗加工中有著更為重要的意義，任何加工過程所獲得的精度通常將受到由于力的作用而引起形變量的影響。
機(jī)床機(jī)架一般是用鑄鐵制造的，然而有些也有可能用鑄鋼或中碳鋼來制造。選用鑄鐵是因?yàn)樗阋?，剛性好，抗壓?qiáng)度高，并有減弱機(jī)床在操作過程中產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)的作用。為了避免機(jī)床鑄件出現(xiàn)大的斷面，精心地設(shè)計(jì)筋條構(gòu)架以便提供最大的抗彎曲和抗扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力的能力。筋條的兩種基本類型是：箱型結(jié)構(gòu)和片狀斜支撐式。箱型結(jié)構(gòu)便于生產(chǎn)，箱壁上有空口，便于型芯定位和取出。片狀斜支撐筋條有較大的抗扭剛度亦能使截面上的碎屑掉落。它通常用于機(jī)床床身。機(jī)床的拖板箱和導(dǎo)軌是支撐和引導(dǎo)彼此相對運(yùn)動(dòng)的零部件，通常是改變刀具相對于工件的位置。運(yùn)動(dòng)一般以直線方式運(yùn)動(dòng)，但有時(shí)是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。例如，對應(yīng)于工件螺紋上的螺旋角方向而使萬能螺紋磨床上的砂輪頭轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一個(gè)角度。拖板箱構(gòu)件的基本幾何結(jié)構(gòu)形狀是平的、V型槽形、燕尾槽形和圓柱形的。這些構(gòu)件可以根據(jù)用途，以各種方式分別使用和結(jié)合使用。導(dǎo)軌的特性如下：
a) 運(yùn)動(dòng)精確. 因?yàn)橥习迨且粗本€移動(dòng)的，所以這直線必須是由兩個(gè)互相垂直的平面形成而且拖板不能存在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。機(jī)床導(dǎo)軌的直線度公差是每米0~0.02毫米，在水平面這個(gè)公差可以進(jìn)行推理，以得到凸形表面，這樣就可以抵消導(dǎo)軌下凹的作用。
b) 調(diào)整手段. 為了便于裝配、維護(hù)精度和在發(fā)生磨損后便于限制移動(dòng)構(gòu)件之間的“竄動(dòng)”，有時(shí)拖板內(nèi)裝入扁條，此扁條叫做“斜鐵”。通常該斜鐵用穿過長孔的沉頭螺釘固定，而用平頭螺釘調(diào)整好后用緊鎖螺母上緊。
c) 潤滑. 導(dǎo)軌可以用以下兩種裝置進(jìn)行潤滑：⑴間隙潤滑，通過潤滑油、脂嘴或油嘴進(jìn)行，這是一種適合于運(yùn)動(dòng)速度低而不頻繁場合的方法。⑵連續(xù)潤滑，例如通過計(jì)量閥和管道將潤滑油送到潤滑點(diǎn)。用這種方法引入兩表面的油膜必定是很薄的，目的是避免使拖板“浮起”。如果滑移表面似鏡面平滑，油就會被擠出而導(dǎo)致表面粘貼。因而在實(shí)踐上，拖板滑移是凹面砂輪的刃進(jìn)行刮研。兩種工藝都可以產(chǎn)生微小的表面凹痕，相互配合的零件就不會處處因“浮起“而發(fā)生分離，這樣使得拖板確定保持接觸導(dǎo)軌。
d) 防護(hù). 為了使導(dǎo)軌處于良好狀態(tài)，必須滿足以下條件：⑴防止外部物質(zhì)，如碎屑的進(jìn)入，具有某一形狀的導(dǎo)軌那是所期望的，在這種場合，是不可能進(jìn)入雜物的，例如V形導(dǎo)軌，那就不可能保存碎屑雜物在導(dǎo)軌表面上。⑵必須保存潤滑油。在垂直或傾斜的導(dǎo)軌面上使用的潤滑油要有粘性，那很重要，為了滿足這種使用要求，已經(jīng)研制出多種有用的潤滑油，油的粘性也要保護(hù)，以免被切削液沖毀。⑶必須使用防護(hù)罩來防止以外損壞。
鉆床
各種規(guī)格和類型的立式鉆床或搖臂鉆床是很有用的，并配以有足夠的寬范圍的主軸變速級，并且能夠自動(dòng)進(jìn)給以滿足大多數(shù)工業(yè)的需求，典型鉆床的變速級從76轉(zhuǎn)/min到2025轉(zhuǎn)/min。鉆頭的進(jìn)給速度為：主軸每轉(zhuǎn)從0.002英寸~0.020英寸。
搖臂鉆床是用來鉆削那種很笨重以至于不能搬動(dòng)的工件。
具有速度調(diào)節(jié)和進(jìn)給調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的主軸被裝在搖臂上，通過將轉(zhuǎn)臂繞立柱的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)同主軸組件沿?fù)u臂的移動(dòng)相結(jié)合，可以使得主軸和鉆頭對準(zhǔn)機(jī)床可以達(dá)到范圍內(nèi)的任何位置。
對于太大而不便于放在鉆床工作臺上的工件，可以把主軸組件擺放到機(jī)床旁邊地面上的工件上方。
普通搖臂鉆床只能使主軸作垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)，而萬能搖臂鉆床允許主軸圍繞垂直于搖臂的軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)，而搖臂可繞著水平軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)，這樣就可以在任何角度方位下鉆削。
多軸鉆床具有一個(gè)或多個(gè)通過萬向接頭和可伸縮的花鍵軸來驅(qū)動(dòng)主軸的裝置。所有的主軸通常都是由一部電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)并同時(shí)進(jìn)給以便鉆削出所需的孔數(shù)。在大多數(shù)鉆床中，每跟主軸都被裝夾在一可調(diào)節(jié)盤中，以便它能夠相對于其他主軸而移動(dòng)，相鄰主軸所對準(zhǔn)的區(qū)域部分交疊，使鉆床可以在其范圍內(nèi)的任何一個(gè)位置鉆孔。
表面精整加工機(jī)理
對已加工表面進(jìn)行精整加工機(jī)理，基本有以下五個(gè)方面，它們是：
a) 切削過程的幾何形狀. 例如在工件每轉(zhuǎn)一周，單點(diǎn)車刀將軸向前進(jìn)一個(gè)等距，當(dāng)垂直對著走刀運(yùn)動(dòng)方向觀察時(shí)，結(jié)果在工件表面上有一系列形狀基本一樣，類似切割刀具到尖形狀復(fù)制而成的三角槽紋。
b) 切削加工的效率. 帶不穩(wěn)定切削瘤的切削加工將產(chǎn)生含有硬切削瘤碎屑的表面，這些碎屑將導(dǎo)致表面光潔度的破壞，已經(jīng)證明，在采用進(jìn)給量大，前角小，切削速度低的不利情況下，除了產(chǎn)生不穩(wěn)定的切削瘤之外，切削過程也會不穩(wěn)定。同時(shí)，在切削區(qū)里進(jìn)行的也不再是切削，而是撕裂，從而導(dǎo)致厚度不均勻，不連續(xù)的切削，加工出的表面質(zhì)量差。當(dāng)加工可塑性大的材料，如鋁、銅，這種情況會更突出。
c) 機(jī)床的穩(wěn)定性. 在各種切削條件（如工件尺寸裝夾的方法、刀具對于毛坯的剛度）相結(jié)合的情況下，刀具的不穩(wěn)定性可能會產(chǎn)生，那將引起振動(dòng)，在某些情況下這振動(dòng)將達(dá)到維持穩(wěn)定而在另一種情況下，這振動(dòng)將加重，直至停止切削，否則可能使刀具和工件發(fā)生相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的損壞。這種現(xiàn)象稱之為“刀振“，而且在軸向車削中是以工件表面上長間距螺紋帶狀和已加工表面瞬間短距波紋為特征的。
d) 金屬切削的有效性。 斷續(xù)產(chǎn)生切削的機(jī)械加工中，像銑削或脆性材料車削中，切削或者是由于重力作用或者是由于切削運(yùn)動(dòng)而引起的切削輔助噴射作用而離開切削區(qū)，那都是希望得到的。同樣它們也將不會以任何方式影響已切削表面。然而當(dāng)切削的產(chǎn)生明顯是連續(xù)不斷的，除非采取措施控制切削外，否則它將沖擊傷害已加工表面，并會在表面留下劃痕，除了看起來會另人厭惡之外，還經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致較差的光潔度。
e) 刀具上的有效排屑角. 對于主切削刃的卸荷，排屑角的某種幾何結(jié)構(gòu)形狀，以主切削刃進(jìn)行切削并且以主切刃磨光，那都是可能的，這樣可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)良好的表面光潔度，當(dāng)然，那是一種金屬切削和金屬成形嚴(yán)密結(jié)合的加工，但這種切削方法并不建議在實(shí)際中使用。然而，由于刀具的磨損，這些狀況可能偶爾發(fā)生并導(dǎo)致在工件表面特性上有明顯的變化。
Constitute machine tool and its automation assembly line
Summary: Modular machine and its automatic assembly line are the completed set of automatic equipment with combination of mechanism and electricity. It features high efficiency, high quality and economy, so it is widely used in the industries such as engineering, traffic, energy, war industry, light industry and electric appliances etc.. This special-purpose modular machine is designed for efficiently making the guiding rollers of high-speed wire rolling machine. This article introduces the technique scheme, whole planning。
Pivotal Words : Modular machine; Automatic control;
In many cases products from the primary forming processes must undergo further refinements in size and surface finish to meet their design specifications. To meet such precise tolerances the removal of small amounts of material is need. Usually machine tools are used for such operation.
A machine tool provides the means for cutting tools to shape a workpiece to required dimensions; the machine supports the tool and the workpiece in a controlled relationship through the functioning of its basic members which are as follows:
a) Bed, Structure or Frame. This is the main member which provides a basis for, and a connection between, the spindles and slides; the distortion and vibration under load must be kept to a minimum.
b) Slides and Slideways. The translations of a machine element (e.g. the slide) is normally achieved by straight-line motion under the constraint of accurate guiding surface (the slideway)
c) Spindles and Bearings. Angular displacements take place about an axis of rotation; the position of this axis must be constant within extremely fine limits in machine tools, and is ensured by the provision of precision spindles and bearings.
d) Power Unit. The electric motor is the universally adopted power unit for machine tools. By suitably positioning individual motors, belt and gear transmissions are reduced to a minimum.
e) Transmission Linkage. Linkage is the general term used to denote the mechanical; hydraulic, pneumatic or electric mechanisms which connect angular and linear displacement in defined relationship.
There are two broad divisions of which operations:
a) Roughing, for which the mental removal rate, and consequently the cutting force, is high, but the required dimensional accuracy relatively low.
b) Finishing, for which the mental removal rate, and consequently the cutting force, is low, but the required dimensional accuracy relatively high.
It follows that static loads and dynamic loads, such as result from an unbalanced grindingwheel, are more significant in finishing operations than in roughing operations. The degree of precision achieved in any machining process will usually be influenced by the magnitude of the deflections, which occur as result of the force acting.
Machine tool frames are generally made in cast iron, although some may be steel casting or mild-steel fabrications. Cast iron is chosen because of its cheapness, rigidity, compressive strength and capacity for damping the vibrations set-up in machine operations. To avoid massive sections in castings, carefully designed systems of ribbing are used to offer the maximum resistance to bending and torsional stresses. Two basic types of ribbing are box and diagonal. The box formation is convenient to produce, apertures in walls permitting the positions and extraction of cores. Diagonal ribbing provides greater torsional stiffness and yet permits swarf to fall between the sections; it is frequently used for lathe beds.
The slides and slideways of a machine tool locate and guide members which move relative to each other, usually changing the position of the tool relative to workpiece. The movement generally takes the form of translation in a straight line, but is something angular rotation, e.g. tilting the wheel-head of a universal thread-grinding machine to an angle corresponding with the helix angle of the workpiece thread. The basic geometric elements of slides are flat, vee, dovetail and cylinder. These elements may be used separately or combined in various ways according to the applications. Features of slideways are as follows:
a) Accuracy of Movement. Where a slide is to displaced in s straight line, this line must lie in two mutually perpendicular planes and there must be no side rotation. The general tolerance for straightness of machine tool slideways is 0~0.02mm per 1000mm; on horizontal surfaces this tolerance may be disposed so that a cinvex surface results, thus countering the effect of “sag” of the slideway.
b) Means of Adjustment. To facilitate assembly, maintain accuracy and eliminate “play” between sliding members after wear has taken place, a strip is something inserted in the slides. This is called a gib-strip. Usually the gib is retained by socket-head screws passing though elongated slots; and is adjusted by grub-screws secured by lock nuts.
c) Lubrication. Slideways may be lubricated by either of following systems: ⑴Intermittently though grease or oil nipples, a method suitable where movements are infrequent and speed low. ⑵Continuously, e.g. by pumping though a metering value and pipe-work to the point of application; the film of oil introduced between surface by these means must be extremely thin to avoid the slide “floating”. If sliding surfaces were optically flat oil would be squeezed out, resulting in the surfaces sticking. Hence in practice slide surface are either ground using the edge of a cup wheel, or scraped. Both processes produce minute surface depressions, which retain “pocket” of oil, and complete separation of the parts may not occur at all points; positive location of the slides is thus retained.
d) Protection. To maintain slideways in good order, the following conditions must be met: ⑴ Ingress of foreign matter, e.g. swarf, must be prevented. Where this is no possible, it is desirable to have a form of slideway, which dose not retain swarf, e.g. the inverted vee. ⑵ Lubricating oil must be retained. The adhesive property of oil for use on vertical or inclined slide surface is important; oils are available which have been specially developed for this purpose. The adhesiveness of oil also prevents it being washed away by cutting fluids. ⑶ Accidental damage must be prevented by protective guards.
Drilling Machine
Upright drilling machines and drill presser are available in a variety of size and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of spindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the needs of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm, with drill feed form 0.002 to 0.020 in. per revolution of the spindle.
Radial drilling machine are used to drill workpiece that are too large to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the redial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the floor beside the machine.
Plain redial drilling machines provide only for the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the redial to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle.
A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindle through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range.
Mechanism of Surface Finish Production
There are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are:
a) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the workpiece and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a serious of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut.
b) The efficiency of the cutting of the cutting operation. It has already been mentioned that cutting with unstable built-up-edge will produce a surface which contains hard built-up-edge fragments which will result in a degradation of the surface finish. It can also be demonstrated that cutting under adverse conditions such as apply when using large feeds small rake angles and low cutting speeds, besides producing conditions which lead to unstable built-up-edge production, the cutting process itself can become unstable and instead of continuous shear occurring in the shear zone, tearing takes place, discontinuous chips of uneven thickness are produced, and the resultant surface is poor. This situation is particularly noticeable when machining very ductile materials such as copper and aluminium
c) The stability of the machine tool. Under some combinations: workpiece size, method of clamping, and cutting tool rigidity relative to the machine tool structure, instability can be set up in the tool which causes it to vibrate. Under some conditions this vibration will built up and unless cutting is stopped considerable damage to both the cutting tool and workpiece may occur. This phenomenon is known as chatter and in axial turning is characterized by long pitch helical bands on the workpiece surface and short pitch undulations on the transient machined surface.
d) The effectiveness of removing swarf. In discontinuous chip production machining, such as milling or turning of brittle materials, it is expected that chip (swarf ) will leave the cutting zone either under gravity or with the assistance of a jet of cutting fluid and that they will not influence the cut surface in any way. However, when continuous chip production is evident, unless steps are taken to control the swarf it is likely that it will impinge on the cut surface and mark it. Inevitably, this marking besides looking unattractive, often results in a poor surface finishing.
e) The effective clearance angle on the cutting tool. For certain geometries of minor cutting edge relief and clearance angle it is possible to cut on the major cutting edge and burnish on the minor cutting edge. This can produce a good surface finish but, of course, it is strictly a combination of metal cutting and metal forming and is not to be recommended as a practical cutting method. However, due to cutting tool wear, these conditions occationally arise and lead to marked change in the surface characteristics.
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