濟(jì)三煤礦4.0Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip

濟(jì)三煤礦4.0Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip,煤礦,4.0,Mta,設(shè)計(jì),CAD,采礦工程 英文原文Detecting Abandoned Coal Mine Entries by High Resolution Earth Resistivity MethodXianxin Shi, ProfessorShu Yan, ProfessorMingsheng Shen, ProfessorXian Branch, CCRI (China Coal Research Institute) Xian, Shaanxi, ChinaABSTRACTIn surface electrical exploration the high resolution earth resistivity method (HRRM) is a very effective method for detecting abandoned drift mines workings. When the abandoned mines are more than 500 ft (150 m) deep, its detection capability reduces greatly and requires more effort to implement. In Yan Quan coal mine, Shanxi province, we tried to adapt this method for underground application. Two survey lines were designed with the spacing of current and potential poles 20 m and 10 m, respectively and measuring points at 2m. The measurement radius of I line and II line were 140 m and 60 m, respectively, and the infinitely far pole was 12002000 m from the survey line. (Note the I and II lines are located on the north and south ribs of main tunnel, respectively). The survey results showed that abandoned workings were located at 25-70m, Survey Line I and at 80-110m, Survey line II. Based on this finding, the longwall panel gateroads and set up entry were properly located thereby providing safe mining of the No. 15 Coal seam.Key Words: Abandoned coal mine, High resolution earth resistivity, Underground electrical explorationINTRODUCTIONThe development of roadways for the 9th mining district for the #15 coal seam, Nanzhuang Coal Group Co Ltd, Yangquan, Shanxi Province are approaching the Hougou abandoned gobs. Since the data regarding the extent and condition of Hougou gobs were not reliable, it is difficult to finalize the panel layout for the #15 coal seam. In order to provide sufficient geological data for rational layout and safe development of mains and setup entry, the Hougou gob conditions (i.e. area and location) must be known clearly first.Based on our experience gained in the past 10 years, when coal seam is less than 150 m deep, the high resolution surface resistivity method can produce better results. But the Hougou abandoned mine gobs were 350 m deep. For this reason, we tried to use the high resolution resistivity method underground to detect the gobs from entry ribs to facilitate the development of #15 coal seam.CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH RESISTIVITYThe #15 coal is the major coal seam in the reserve. Seam thickness is 5.25-6.63 m averaging 5.89 m and consistent throughout the whole reserve. It is anthracite with low-medium ash, very low-low sulphur and high heating value. Its electric resistivity is relatively low. After mining, if the gob is not flooded with water, its apparent resistivity will increase significantly and behave as a high-resistivity material regardless whether the gob is caved or not. This is the prerequisite of physical property for the application of high resolution resistivity method.UNDERGROUND HIGH-RESOLUTION RESISTIVITY METHODAs mentioned above, good seam quality is the prerequisite for high resolution resistivity method. But what devices are needed to perform the resistivity exploration deserves further study. Due to the fact that a gob is a man-made isolated geological body and its not uniform as a bedded deposit, special devices that can superimpose its electric information and focus on its location such that it can distinguish it from the surrounding rocks, must be used to detect this type of geological body.The underground high resolution resistivity method employs special three-pole devices, i.e. monopole-dipole device densely dispatched that can increase the level of observation and control, add the number of superposition, enlarge the amount of information, and improve the resolution of gob detection so that the gobs can be identified from the surrounding rocks. Figure 1 shows the array of survey stations.The parameters adopted for the underground earth resistivity method are:1.Distance between power supply stations, A and A: 20 m2.Distance between survey stations, C and C: 2 m3.Distance between poles, MN: 10 m4.Radius of survey lines: Line I 140 m, Line II 60 m5.Location of infinite distance pole: 1,200 2,000 m from the lines.Figure 1 Survey array for underground earth resistivity methodUnderground survey data were collected by flameproof microvolt digital direct current resistivity meter. In underground survey, the power supply station was located at 20 m interval. For every power supply station, the voltage difference between both directions of measurements must be recorded. The maximum distance of MN on both sides of each power supply was 140 m, i.e. the maximum offset distance was 140 m. This way double coverage observation can be realized and the exploration area can cover up to 140 m.In order to insure the accuracy of the data obtained underground, the following measures were adopted:1.In order to insure the power supply was well-grounded, a horizontal hole in the coal seam was drilled at its designated location. Mud and salt water were added. After insertion of the pole, the hole was tamped tight.2.The bronze pole must be inserted sufficiently deep, reaching wet spots, and be tamped tight in order to insure data obtained were steady and reliable.3.Batteries were changed frequently to insure the voltage of power supply was steady and current was sufficient. This is the key to insure the accuracy of the data obtained.4.During the course of survey, always check if the location of the power supply was accurate and data obtained were steady. Once abnormal conditions were observed, the pole location must be re-confirmed, additional poles added, and measurements repeated until the errors obtained were within the limits allowed by regulations.Due to the fact that the instrument employed was steady and precise. So with proper handling of the poles, the ground resistance was greatly reduced. As a result, the signal was stronger and the accuracy of data increased. During the course of survey measurement, the pole of MN was re-confirmed frequently. If abnormal data appeared, observations were repeated. This way the accuracy and reliability of the collected data were insured. DATA ANALYSISThe high resolution resistivity survey was performed along the survey lines simultaneously for measurements in cross-section and depth. Data analyses were divided into two steps: First, check the voltage difference at every supply pole and see if it decreases gradually with distance away from the pole. If there is an abrupt change, it must be analyzed why so? Then the results are computed and a cross section map of apparent resistivity drawn.Since the small abandoned gobs in this mining district had little water, the cross section map of apparent resistivity should be one that exhibits an obvious high resistivity. In this map, if the rate of change is uniform and steady, it reflects the nature state of the rock strata; But if there are local abnormal changes or inconsistent changes, especially where random changes occur, it represents the existence of gobs. Because voids and fractures resulting from mining-induced stresses interrupt the intrinsic regular rhythm of coal measures strata and increase the resistivity.Figures 2 and 3 are the cross-section apparent resistivity contour maps for Line I and II, respectively. Please note the unit of the vertical and horizontal axes is meter while the intensity of shade denotes resistivity intensity with darker being higher.Figure 2 Apparent resistivity along Survey Line I, 8905 entry, Nan Zhuang Coal Group Figure 3 Apparent resistivity along Survey Line II, 8905 entry, Nan Zhuang Coal GroupIn Figure 1 the area between 25-70 m horizontally and 110-130 m vertically (or deep) and in Figure 2 that between 80-100 m horizontally and 30-50 m vertically (or deep) show obvious abnormal changes in apparent resistivity. They are darker indicating higher resistivity. This is in conflict with the intrinsic regular rhythm of physical property for the coal measures strata in their nature state. They were the results of abandoned gobs!Based on the survey results, mine management drilled in-seam horizontal holes from the entry rib at 50 m location on Line I. When it reached 120.4 m from the rib, coal was soft without resistance and drilling water was completely lost. In addition, methane came out with smell of rotten-eggs. Accordingly it was determined this was the gob of a small abandoned coal mine, approximately 15 m wide. Therefore the survey results were validated. Based on the survey results, mine management selected the proper location of mains and set-up entry and the safe mining operations of #15 coal seam were insured.REFERENCES1Fitch, A.A. Development in Geophysical Exploration Methods-5, Applied Science Publishers, London and New York, 1983. 2Yan, S., and M. Chen. Detecting Underground Openings by High Resolution Resistivity Method. Geology Press, Beijing, 1996.3Shi, X., M. Chen et al. Report on Resistivity Exploration of #15 Coal Seam 9th Mining District, Nan Zhuang Coal Group, Yangquan, Xian Province, Xian Branch of CCRI, 2004.中文譯文高分辨率大地電阻率法探測廢棄煤礦巷道石先新，晏殊，沈明申（中國煤炭科學(xué)研究院西安分院）摘 要：在表面荷電勘探中，高分辨率大地電阻率法是勘探廢巷十分有效的方法。但是當(dāng)廢棄煤礦的深度高達(dá)500英尺（150m）時(shí)，該方法的探測能力很大程度的降低，需要采取更多的措施來進(jìn)行探測。我們在山西省陽泉煤礦使用此種方法進(jìn)行地下勘探。探測過程使用兩條測線，分別設(shè)置20m的極間距和10m的極間距，同時(shí)在兩m處設(shè)置檢測點(diǎn)。第條線的檢測變徑為140m，第條線的為60m，而極遠(yuǎn)處的極點(diǎn)大概離測線12002000m。（注意：、分別位于掘進(jìn)大巷處）。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：測線的廢棄工作面在2570m，測線的工作面在80110m。通過試驗(yàn)結(jié)果，對入口進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄎ?，從而?5號煤層提供了安全的采掘環(huán)境。關(guān)鍵詞：廢棄煤巷 高分辨率大地電阻率法 井下電法勘探1引言 山西省陽泉南莊煤炭集團(tuán)有限公司的15煤層的9號采區(qū)的巷道的推進(jìn)是靠近后溝廢棄采空區(qū)的。由于關(guān)于后溝采空區(qū)的條件和采掘程度數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性較低，這給15號煤層面板布局的最終確定帶來了困難。為了給井巷的合理布局、設(shè)置安全入口以及主巷道的發(fā)展安全提供可靠性地質(zhì)資料，后溝采空區(qū)的情況必須清楚明了。根據(jù)我們過去十年獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，如果煤層的厚度小于150m，高分辨率的表面電阻率法則可以得到更加精確的結(jié)果。然而，后溝廢棄采空區(qū)的煤層厚底卻達(dá)到了350m。考慮到此種情況，我們在地下從掘進(jìn)大巷入口處使用了高分辨率電阻率法以探測采空區(qū)的位置，從而方便15號煤層的挖掘的推進(jìn)。2大地電阻率的特征 15號煤層是儲備礦中主要的煤層。煤層的厚度主要在5.15m6.63m之間，平均厚度為5.89m，貫穿了整個儲存區(qū)。煤層中主要為高熱值的無煙煤，含有少量的中低組分的灰分以及極低的含硫量。采掘完畢后，如果采空區(qū)沒有被水淹沒，它的表面電阻率將會有明顯地增加。無論整個采空區(qū)是否塌陷，都會呈現(xiàn)出高電阻率材料的特性。正是基于此種物理?xiàng)l件，我們選擇使用高分辨率電阻率法對采空區(qū)進(jìn)行探測。3地下高分辨率電阻率法 如上所述，好的煤層質(zhì)量是決定高分辨率電阻率法能否使用的關(guān)鍵。需要使用何種設(shè)備來進(jìn)行電阻率的勘探是值得更長遠(yuǎn)的研究的。事實(shí)上，采空區(qū)是一個人造的、孤立的地質(zhì)體，并不是一個統(tǒng)一的層狀礦床。因此需要利用一些可以疊加采空區(qū)的電子信息，定位采空區(qū)坐標(biāo)，并且能夠區(qū)分其與周圍的巖石的特殊設(shè)備來探測這種地質(zhì)體的類型。地下高分辨率電阻率法需要使用三個特殊的電極。單極偶極裝置發(fā)射的電波更加的密集，提高了觀測和控制的水平、增加了疊加的次數(shù)、放大信息量，從而提高了采空區(qū)探測的分辨率，使得采空區(qū)可以區(qū)別于周圍的巖石群。圖1為調(diào)查站的陣列圖。圖1 地下高分辨率電阻率法調(diào)查陣列圖地下高分辨率電阻率法所采用的參數(shù)分別如下：1)供電站中間的距離為A，A=20m；2)調(diào)查站之間的距離為C，C=2m；3)極間距為MN，MN=10m；4)測線的半徑為：線為140m、線60m；5)無限遠(yuǎn)處極桿坐標(biāo)離測線12002000m遠(yuǎn)。地下調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)通過防爆型的微伏數(shù)字直流電阻率計(jì)收集。在地下探測中，每間隔20m設(shè)有一座供電站。對于每個供電站，都需要記錄兩端電壓差的不同。每個供電站兩端兩極間的最大距離為140m（因?yàn)槠频淖畲缶嚯x為140m）。這樣就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)雙層覆蓋觀測，并且使得勘探區(qū)域可以覆蓋到140m。采取以下措施以保證采取自地下數(shù)據(jù)得可靠性：1)為了保證電源良好的接地，在煤層中指定的位置鉆水平井；2)青銅極必須插入足夠的深度并且到達(dá)濕點(diǎn)、夯實(shí)堅(jiān)固，以確保得到的數(shù)據(jù)穩(wěn)定和可靠；3)電池需要經(jīng)常的充電以保證電源電壓的穩(wěn)定，滿足使用時(shí)的要求。這是獲得可靠、準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)鍵；4)在調(diào)查過程中，要經(jīng)常地檢查電源的位置是否準(zhǔn)確，獲得的數(shù)據(jù)是否穩(wěn)定。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有異常情況，必須重新確認(rèn)電極的位置，不斷的加入額外的電極，重復(fù)的測試，直到誤差在允許接受的范圍內(nèi)為止。事實(shí)上，儀器是穩(wěn)定且精確的。只要在試驗(yàn)過程中操作合理，就可以大大地降低大地的電阻率。作為結(jié)果，信號將變得更強(qiáng)，數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性得到提高。在試驗(yàn)過程中，MN極需要經(jīng)常的校正。如果有異常情況出現(xiàn)，檢測需要重復(fù)的進(jìn)行。這樣的試驗(yàn)方法確保了收集的數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性和可信度。4數(shù)據(jù)分析 高分辨率電阻率法的測定是沿著測線所在的橫截面和垂直面同時(shí)進(jìn)行測量的。數(shù)據(jù)分析分兩個步驟進(jìn)行：首先，檢查每個電極電壓的不同點(diǎn)。是不是離電極越遠(yuǎn)電壓越低。如果在某處出現(xiàn)突然變化，則需要分析說明此種情況出現(xiàn)的原因。最后，利用所得數(shù)據(jù)，通過電腦繪制成一個電阻率橫斷面圖。因?yàn)樾〉牟煽諈^(qū)中一般會出現(xiàn)少量的積水，在電阻率橫斷面圖上會出現(xiàn)一個明顯的高電阻率區(qū)域。如果圖上的斜率的變化是一致且穩(wěn)定的，那么它就反應(yīng)了巖層的自然狀態(tài)；如果圖上出現(xiàn)異常的變化或者不一致的變化，特別是變化是隨機(jī)發(fā)生時(shí)，則說明了采空區(qū)的存在。這是由于采礦時(shí)形成的孔洞和裂縫擾亂了煤巖層的內(nèi)在有規(guī)律的節(jié)奏，增加了電阻率。圖2、3分別是測線和測線的電阻率斷面等高線圖。請注意：垂直和水平軸的單位是m，圖上陰影部分顏色越深則電阻率強(qiáng)度越強(qiáng)。 圖2 沿測線電阻率斷面等高線圖圖3 沿測線電阻率斷面等高線圖圖2中，在水平軸2570m，垂直110130m范圍內(nèi)；圖3，在水平軸80100m，垂直3050內(nèi)范圍，出現(xiàn)了電阻率明顯變化的情況。這些陰影越深說明了電阻率越高。這種現(xiàn)象與自然狀態(tài)下煤巖層顯現(xiàn)的內(nèi)在規(guī)律的物理性質(zhì)相沖突，從而證明了采空區(qū)的存在。基于調(diào)查結(jié)果，礦山管理部門從掘進(jìn)大巷入口即測線50m處鉆一個相對煤層水平的孔。當(dāng)鉆孔深度離大巷達(dá)到120.4m時(shí)，煤質(zhì)變得疏松且電阻率極低可忽略，同時(shí)鉆井水也完全的消失。此外，井巷中開始出現(xiàn)有臭雞蛋氣味的甲烷氣體。發(fā)現(xiàn)此處為一個小的廢棄煤礦的采空區(qū)，寬度大約為15m。因此，試驗(yàn)結(jié)果得以驗(yàn)證?；谡{(diào)查結(jié)果，礦山管理部門對礦井進(jìn)行合理的定位、設(shè)置進(jìn)口，從而使得15號煤層的安全采掘得以進(jìn)行。參考文獻(xiàn)1 Fitch, A.A.地球物理勘探方法發(fā)展.倫敦和紐約:應(yīng)用科學(xué)出版社, 19832晏殊，陳明.通過高分辨率電阻率法探測地下采空區(qū).北京:地質(zhì)出版社,19963石先新，陳明等.15號煤層第九采區(qū)電阻率勘探報(bào)告:陽泉南莊礦.中國煤炭科學(xué)研究院西安分院,2004