英漢翻譯轉(zhuǎn)性與變態(tài).ppt

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Lecture Six,Conversion and Change of Voice （轉(zhuǎn)性與變態(tài)）,一、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯,在翻譯時(shí)，由于兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的差異，在保證原文意思不變的情況下，譯文必須改變其詞類(lèi)，這就叫詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯法。這種方法不僅指詞類(lèi)的改變，而且還包括詞類(lèi)作用的改變和一定詞序的改變。當(dāng)然主要是指詞類(lèi)的變化，如原文中的名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)移成譯文中的動(dòng)詞等詞類(lèi)。眾所周知，語(yǔ)言是個(gè)無(wú)限生成的系統(tǒng)，在翻譯實(shí)踐中，詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況也是千變?nèi)f化的。詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯的情況歸納起來(lái)有以下四種：1、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞、2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞、3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞、4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成其他詞類(lèi)。,（一）轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,1、名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 Nouns derived from verbs. 1) An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 熟悉一些世界史有助于學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)事。 2) His very appearance of any affair proclaims it a triumph. 在任何場(chǎng)合，只要他一露面。就算是成功了。 3) He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies. 他告誡全國(guó)人民，必須堅(jiān)持參加政治論戰(zhàn)。,Nouns implying an action.,1) On the walk through the city they saw breadlines. 在走過(guò)市區(qū)的時(shí)候，他們看見(jiàn)領(lǐng)救濟(jì)食物的人們排著長(zhǎng)隊(duì)。 2) A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here. 從這兒可以看到富士山。 3) At the thought of the mishap his legs stiffened under him and could not more step further. 一想到這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難，兩腿就像千斤重，再也挪不動(dòng)一步了。,V+er=n,1) He is no smoker, but his father is a chain smoker. 他倒是不抽煙，但他爸爸卻一支接一支不停地抽。 2) He was a regular visitor. 他經(jīng)常來(lái)。 3) She is a lover of Chinese painting. 她酷愛(ài)中國(guó)油畫(huà)。 4) There were various possible players for the role. 可能扮演這個(gè)角色的有好幾個(gè)人,Nouns in some idiomatic expressions should be converted into Chinese V.,1) He has already made mention of the matter in his speech. 他在講演中曾提到過(guò)此事。 2) He showed with his eyes that he heard, but made no sign of assent or dissert. 他瞧了他一下，表示他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了。但沒(méi)表示同意或不同意。 3) The Party branch secretary showed great concern for the students’ health. 黨支書(shū)很關(guān)心學(xué)生的健康。 4) She had high praise for Dr Higpan, although she complained about his strictness. 她高度贊揚(yáng)了西格潘醫(yī)生，但抱怨他過(guò)于嚴(yán)格。 5) I had another good look at the boring machine, and found a loose screw in need of adjustment. 我又仔細(xì)地檢查了這惱人的機(jī)器，發(fā)現(xiàn)一顆松動(dòng)的螺栓需要調(diào)整。,Nouns in the cognate object into double verbs.,1) He smiled a happy smile. 他愉快地微笑了一下。 2) Lets go for a walk after supper. 晚飯后咱們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞?3) Let him sleep a peaceful sleep. 讓他安安靜靜地睡一覺(jué)吧。 4) They fought a beautiful fight . 他們打了一個(gè)漂亮仗。 5) He sighed a long sigh. 他長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)地嘆了一口氣。,2、介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,1) Up the street they want, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a high building. 他們沿著大街走去，經(jīng)過(guò)許多商店，竄過(guò)一個(gè)大廣場(chǎng)，然后進(jìn)入了一座大廈。 2) We drove home a bit after midnight, over the rive and through the lively old sleeping town. 時(shí)過(guò)午夜，我驅(qū)車(chē)回家，先過(guò)了河，又竄過(guò)了這個(gè)在酣睡中的古老而可愛(ài)的城市。 3) The judge sat in the dinning-room amid his morning mail. 法官坐在餐廳里處理一大堆早班郵件。 4) I found him at his book when I came into the room. 我走進(jìn)房間，見(jiàn)他正在看書(shū)。,3、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,1) We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end. 我們堅(jiān)信社會(huì)主義制度終將取代資本主義制度。 2) They were not content with their present achievements. 他不滿(mǎn)足于他們目前所取得的成就。 3) They were suspicious and resentful of him. 他們懷疑他，討厭他。 4) If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics. 要是我們不知道原子的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們就不可能去研究核物理。,4、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,1) The successful fisherman of that day were already in. 那天交上好運(yùn)的漁民們都已回家。 2) When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left. 他回來(lái)時(shí)，收音機(jī)還在響，因?yàn)樗x開(kāi)的時(shí)候忘記將它關(guān)掉了。 3) “Please let me in! They are searching for me.“ he begged. “請(qǐng)讓我進(jìn)去！他們正在追捕我?！彼麘┣蟮?。,轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,Verbs derived from nouns or used from nouns. 1) The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two. 登陸的目的是要把該半島一切為二。 2) The navy is now positioned to safeguard both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 海軍現(xiàn)已擺下了陣勢(shì)，防衛(wèi)太平洋和大西洋。 3) On that day they were escorted to the Great Wall of China. 他們那天和陪同人員一起去參觀中國(guó)長(zhǎng)城。 4) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一位衣冠楚楚的男人，外表和談吐都像美國(guó)人，進(jìn)了汽車(chē)。,(2) 有些英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式句子中的動(dòng)詞， 可以譯成“受（遭）到……+名詞”、“予（加）以+名詞”這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)。,1) Lenin was beloved of the people. 列寧受到人民的愛(ài)戴。 2) And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be “jeopardized“ by a continuation of the war. 他警告說(shuō)，如果戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)繼續(xù)下去，雙邊的關(guān)系有可能受到危害。 3) His image as a good student was badly tarnished. 他作為好學(xué)生的形象已遭到很大的玷污。 4) He was snuffed by the top-ranking officials there. 他受到那邊高級(jí)官員們的冷遇。 5) He was received with honor by the government of the host country. 他受到東道國(guó)政府的禮遇。,（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,1) They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf. 他們打算建一所盲聾學(xué)校。 3) The unlearned always pretend erudition. 不學(xué)無(wú)術(shù)的人總是假裝學(xué)識(shí)淵博。 4) In the history of literature there can be found some immortal masterpieces which are the swan songs of the dying. 在文學(xué)史上可以看到有些不朽的名著是臨死者的絕筆。 5) The best is behind. 好戲后唱。,轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,Nouns derived from adj. 1) I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. 我認(rèn)識(shí)到通過(guò)中間人跟他們打交道是愚蠢的。 2) He was still more surprised at the singularity of the strangers appearance. 他看到那個(gè)陌生人的外表非常古怪越發(fā)驚奇了。 3) We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 我們覺(jué)得很難解決這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。 4) She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library. 她迅速把他們領(lǐng)出擁擠的客廳，帶到了沒(méi)人注意的圖書(shū)館。,“a (an) + an N“ used as predicative .,1) The garden-party is a great success. 園藝會(huì)真是圓滿(mǎn)極了。 3) They say my story is a yawn. 人們都說(shuō)，我的故事乏味得很。 4) Its a nuisance that he always puffs at his pipe in the reading room. 他在閱覽室里經(jīng)常抽煙，吞云吐霧，真是討厭。 5) It is a great honor for me to be charged with such an arduous task. 我承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)，感到很榮幸。,其他詞類(lèi)的轉(zhuǎn)譯,Adj. converted into adv and vice versa(1): 1) Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements. 到處在討論他的成就。 2) We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries. 我們最高度珍視同發(fā)展中國(guó)家的關(guān)系。 3) “Yes“, he said with a slow nod or two. 他慢條斯理地點(diǎn)了一兩下頭說(shuō)：“是”。,2,1) The sun rose thinly from the sea. 淡淡的太陽(yáng)從海面上生起。 2) He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment. 他們?cè)陉P(guān)鍵時(shí)刻的行為給他留下了深刻的印象。 3) “I suppose boys think differently from girls,“ he said. “恐怕男孩子的想法與女孩子的想法是不一樣的?！彼f(shuō)。 5) The magnificent building beyond is the St. Paul church of classic beauty. 那邊的一座宏偉建筑物是古色古香的圣保羅教堂。,3,1) At last, he whispered a hurried goodbye to his host and darted to the door. 最后，他匆匆地向主人輕聲道別，快步走向門(mén)口。 3) This is a sheer fabrication. 這完全是憑空捏造。,Nouns converted advv. and vice versa,.1. nn. converted into advv. 1）He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地給我指路。 2) I had the fortune to meet him. 我幸運(yùn)地遇到了他。 2. advv. converted into nn. 1) He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱，但思維正常。 2) They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 他們的思想工作不如組織工作做得那么好。 3) Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically. 氧是物質(zhì)世界的重要元素之一，它的化學(xué)性質(zhì)很活潑。,2. Change of Voice,英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，但由于表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的差異，翻譯時(shí)也經(jīng)常進(jìn)行語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，英語(yǔ)比漢語(yǔ)更喜歡使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。相比之下，漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句明顯處于弱勢(shì)，其主要原因有三：一是歷時(shí)因素，漢語(yǔ)在歷史上稱(chēng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“不幸語(yǔ)態(tài)”，表達(dá)對(duì)主語(yǔ)而言是不如意或不企望的事，如“受欺騙、受損害或引起不利后果”等等。這種語(yǔ)境——語(yǔ)用功能大大制約了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用范圍。二是語(yǔ)用因素，漢語(yǔ)用以表達(dá)被動(dòng)概念的手段很多，不限于一定用“被”字句。三是慣用法因素，原因來(lái)自約定俗成，施事格比較自然、直接，而不拘泥于形式。如這一章校對(duì)過(guò)了。所以把英語(yǔ)句子譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，免不了要進(jìn)行變態(tài)。一般有三種轉(zhuǎn)換方式：,Homework for today,1) The discovery of a new dish does more for the happiness of mankind than the discovery of new star. 2) Before I was genius, I was a drudge. 3) She was mistress of several bear cubs. 4) Literary works of ours should be imbued with Communist spirit, a quality that includes the cognition of life and an active influence upon life.,5) I deem it a great honor to make acquaintance with your Excellency. 6) We must make the best possible use of the local resources. 7) In our view, this meeting in Peking contributes significantly towards that future. 8) The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 9) No person who is enthusiastic about his work his anything to fear from life. 10) This house is unheated and unfurnished.,11) The murder is out. 12) In those years the Republicans were in. 13)“Cornelra“, she snapped, “youve behaved outrageously. I shall send you straight home.“ 14) The establishment of UNO aims at promotion of international cooperation and maintenance of world people. 15) Like hundreds and thousands of others, the Arafat’s were not allowed back by the victorious Israelis. 16）His shameless act was severely condemned by the public. 17) They showed a sympathetic understanding of our problems.,18）Even the wisest make mistakes. 19) We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the policy firmly determined to pursue it. 20) Being a native of Scotland, he can hardly change his accent. 21) The music is gas. 22) We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy. 23) We must make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature. 24) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 25) We have known a similar past humiliation and exploitation. 26) We found difficulty in solving the housing problem.,