英漢翻譯3減詞切分合并.ppt

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Chapter 2 Translation Techniques,,2.4 Omission (減譯),Omission is to cut off the unnecessary words, or words groups which are necessary in the source language but redundant in the target language in the process of translating so as to make the translated version more readable.減詞是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語省去。減省的詞語應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來反而使行文累贅嚕嗦、且不合漢語語言表達習慣的詞語。減詞一般用于以下兩種情況：一是從語法角度進行減?。欢菑男揎椊嵌冗M行減省。 1. I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠觸摸臉龐來辨認朋友。,omission,2. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 這些發(fā)展中國家土地遼闊、人口眾多、資源豐富。（原文中的動詞 cover, encompass 和 abound in 如一一譯出，則顯得 嚕嗦 ，采用省略譯法則使譯文簡明暢達。） 3. 調(diào)查以問卷和訪談方式進行。 Questionnaires and interviews were used in our investigation.,omission,4. You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it. 不會制圖或看不懂圖紙，就不可能造船、架橋或蓋房子。 5. 我們必須培養(yǎng)分析問題解決問題的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 6. These uses are based on the fact that silicon is semi-conductor of electricity. 這些用途就是根據(jù)硅是半導(dǎo)體這一事實。,omission,7. If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸進尺。 8. 中國人民歷來是勇于探索、勇于創(chuàng)造、勇于革命的。 The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution. 9. 我們必須杜絕工作中的浪費現(xiàn)象。 We must put an end to waste in our work.,omission,10. 他從小就認真讀書，刻苦學習。 He worked hard at his studies since his early childhood. 11. 臺灣海峽兩岸的中國人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。 The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood. 12. 如果你覺得合適就干，不合適就不干，你自個兒看著辦吧。 Go ahead if you think the job suits you and don’t if not. It’s all up to you to decide. 13. Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固體，如果加熱，就融化成水。,omission,14. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但葉落草枯。 15. It’s better to do well than to say well. 說得好不如做得好 (省略形式主語),,16. She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delighted to have a brother”, and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred. (Vanity Fair) 她說道,”有個哥哥該多好”。這話說得入情入理。她既沒爹沒娘，又沒親沒友，真是孤苦伶仃。軟心腸的阿米麗亞聽了，立刻覺得她可憐。(省略介詞,形式主語和連接詞),omission,17. A good thing is known only within one’s family, but a bad thing is known far and wide. 好事不出門，壞事傳千里。 18. Anyone who doesn’t recognize this fact is not a materialist. 不承認這個事實，就不是唯物主義者。 19. Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentleman like. 檳利先生風度翩翩，彬彬有禮。,omission,20. He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind us. 背后說我們好話的人才是好朋友。 21. It is about 170 million kilometers from the earth to the sun. 地球至太陽大約相距一億七千萬公里。 22. In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. 盲人之邦，獨眼稱王。 23. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 同時追兩兔，全都抓不住。 24. When the cat is away, the mice will play. 貓兒不在，鼠兒作怪。,omission,25. I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 我要去見一個素不相識的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到來，把我?guī)У轿乙サ母劭跒橹供ぉは氲竭@兒，我真有點不好意思了。(這里，如把 “sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky“直譯為“睡在他的屋頂下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌“，會使語言極為繁冗，不夠精練。譯文采用減省譯法處理原文，既準確地傳達了原意，又使行文簡潔，氣韻十足，一氣呵成。),omission,26. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the braches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 冬天是研究樹木生長的最好的季節(jié)，雖然樹葉落了，樹枝光了，但樹木本身卻是美麗的。 27. When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. 東方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。 28.Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers … 史書上最經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、最為顯赫的人物，大多是些偉大的征服者、將軍和軍事家。 （省略連詞、介詞、冠詞和關(guān)系代詞）,omission,省略法基本上是出于譯文語言習慣和語法的需要,不省去這些詞語,譯文就顯得拖沓,甚至會出現(xiàn)畫蛇添足的結(jié)果. 省略法要求譯者對譯文有駕輕就熟的運用能力.,,,2.5 Combination,Combination is to put several different parts of a discourse which are connected logically into one unified word/phrase/sentence in translation so as to make the translated version more readable and concise in the target language system. 1. He was shocked. Never before had anyone come alone, on foot, to his father’s cabin. 他大為震驚,因為過去從來沒有人孤身步行去過他父親的小木屋.,Reasons for combination:,a. The sharp different information amount contained in one sentence between English and Chinese Language. Generally speaking, English sentences are much longer and more complicated than Chinese sentences, which implies that an English sentence can transfer more information than a Chinese one. Thereby, it’s necessary and possible for a translator to render the meaning conveyed by several Chinese sentences into one English sentence in C-E translation. Similarly, in rendering some colloquial English sentences which are short and linked logically with each other, translators can also translate the whole meaning into one Chinese sentence.,,b. The second reason is the different language habits between Chinese and English on basis of which a sentence in the original language can be condensed as a part of sentence which usually functions as an adverbial attributive or appositive.,combination,2. Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day. 幸福猶如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。 3. She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems. 她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，還善于解決問題。,4. There was no snow, the leaves were gone, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但葉落草枯。 5. That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father was going to the moon by space-shuttle. 那天總統(tǒng)會見了她父親, 因為她的父親即將乘航天飛機去月球. 6. Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降臨時,一聲爆炸震動了大地,可并沒有動搖他上前線的決心.,combination,7. She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 她回家去照料病重的丈夫. 8. It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end. 1945年4月,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)接近尾聲. 9. Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the second world war. 她的父親,二次世界大戰(zhàn)中的殺人犯,竟當上了這個城市的市長.,10. We are going to have to be prepared to operate with people who are nuts. 我們將不得不應(yīng)付那些難對付的家伙。 11. Many people have married whose chances to do so were much inferior to Miss Marthas. 許多條件遠不如瑪莎的人都已結(jié)了婚。 12. 你怎么能過河拆橋、忘恩負義呢？ How can you kick down the ladder?,combination,13. 他決心洗心革面、脫胎換骨。 He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 14. They smiled, shook hands, parted. 他們微笑著握手告別。 15. One may have to learn to live with pain, but theres one thing you never have to live without. Hope. 一個人可能必須學會忍著痛苦活下去，但有一樣東西是你活著決不能缺的，那就是希望。 （并列復(fù)合句與簡單句合并）,combination,16. 賈璉見他去了,只得回來瞧鳳姐.誰知鳳姐已醒了,聽他和鴛鴦借當. As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan from Yuanyang. 17. I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore. I have amused myself by now and then finding a smooth pebble or a pretty shell, but the great ocean of truth still lies before me unknown and unexplored. 看來我只是象個在海邊玩耍的孩子，不時揀起一塊小小的卵石，一片美麗的貝殼，聊以自慰，而橫在我面前的真理的海洋，卻還有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)和探索。 （簡單句與并列句合并）,,,2.6 Division （切分）,Division is to separate the whole sentence into two or more parts in rendering when a translator finds it’s hard to keep the original language structure intact and that he has to explain the meaning of the source language text one by one.,Reasons for division,It’s difficult for the translator to retain together the meaning and the form of some words and phrases in translating when they are used as adverbial or contributive which convey subtle and copious meanings of the original writer. This implies that the translator can do nothing but to subdivide the meanings into several parts and iterate subsequently.,Reasons for division,b) The sharp difference between English and Chinese way of organizing text: Hypotactics vs. Paratactics. The English language is characterized with the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, which implies that English sentences can be prolonged to express intricate thoughts or ideas. While the Chinese language is featured with the arrangement of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.,Division,1. Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 司法部門如果對此不聞不問，那就是失職。 2. All this had come to an end in 1905 when the medical mission was dissolved and several of Mothers colleagues were killed in the uprising. 1905年，這一切都宣布結(jié)束了。在一次暴動中，媽媽的幾個同事犧牲了，醫(yī)療隊也解散了。 3. One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately. 匹普外出在陰冷的荒原上游蕩時，一個魁梧、兇狠的男子把他嚇了一跳。這個男子威脅他，讓他立即為他送些食物來。,Division,4. Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle. 黎明時分，大霧彌漫，細雨蒙蒙。 5. But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations. 但是，如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭，顯然會使國際關(guān)系處于緊張狀態(tài)。 6. The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task. 軍方被禁止擊毀這艘潛艇，雖然要擊毀它并不怎么費事。 7. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他們根本沒有答復(fù), 這不足為奇.,8. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是,她花了許多心神或費用來招待客人,可是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她的丈夫談?wù)握勆?卻沒注意到香噴噴的咖啡,松軟的糕點,或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè).而這些卻可能是她感興趣并引已自豪的主要所在.,We wanted to avoid the mistake made by many couples of marrying for the wrong reasons, and only finding out ten, twenty, or thirty years later that they were incompatible, that they hardly took the time to know each other, that they overlooked serious personality conflicts in the expectation that marriage was an automatic way to make everything work out right. 許多夫妻因為錯誤的理由結(jié)了婚, 結(jié)果在10年、20年或30年后才發(fā)覺他們原來是合不來的。他們在婚前幾乎沒有花時間去互相了解，他們忽視了嚴重的性格差異，指望婚姻會自然而然地解決各種問題。我們希望避免重蹈覆轍。,9. We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 我們認識到，中國的長期現(xiàn)代化計劃以發(fā)展經(jīng)濟為重點，這是可以理解的，也是必要的。 10. It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人類最后必將解開飛碟之謎。這一點是可以肯定的。,11. After the war, his friend got him a job as an instructor in an Army training school that paid $10,000 a year. 大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，他的朋友介紹他到一所軍事訓練學校去任教，年薪一萬美金。 12. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 喬治點點頭，他妻子不是那種絮絮叨叨的人，對此他心存感激。,Division,13. I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 我要去見一個素不相識的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到來，把我?guī)У轿乙サ母劭跒橹供ぉは氲竭@兒，我真有點不好意思了。(這里，如把 “sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky“直譯為“睡在他的屋頂下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌“，會使語言極為繁冗，不夠精練。譯文采用減省譯法處理原文，既準確地傳達了原意，又使行文簡潔，氣韻十足，一氣呵成。) 14. Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Airforce… 他就在當時當?shù)厝蚊@位躺在榻上治傷的將軍為空軍總司令，使這位將軍吃了一驚。,Division,15. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. 顯然，數(shù)百萬美國人從來沒有想過自己會違法，更不用說犯罪了，而就是他們正在越來越肆意歪曲旨在保護和培育這個社會的法律條文，這真令人痛心。（原文中painfully apparent如照字面譯成“痛心地明顯的”，不合漢語表達習慣，將painfully單譯成句，既突出了重點，表明作者對這一現(xiàn)象感到痛心的心情，又使語言自然流暢。）,16. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 譯文:那是個天氣晴朗金黃可愛的秋天,美好的秋色為那些青年送別.待到戰(zhàn)后和平時期,黃葉紛飛的秋天再度來臨時,當時的青年已經(jīng)失去了青春,有的喪失了生命.,Division,當時許多人不舒服，說他賺了一百萬，主張動他。 At that time, many people felt uncomfortable with this man who had made a profit of 1 million yuan. They called for action to be taken against him.,Parents can ascertain what is normal in physical, mental and social development, by referring to some of the many books based on scientific knowledge in these areas, or less reliably, since the sample is smaller, by comparing notes with friends and relatives who have children. 父母可以通過參考有關(guān)科學書籍，弄清什么應(yīng)是孩子生理、心理和社交發(fā)展的正?，F(xiàn)象，也可以與有孩子的親戚朋友進行交流，不過這么做不如上述方法可靠，因為抽樣少了一些。,Sum up: (a) 分句法是為了使譯文更加明白易讀,手段是把原文較長的句子拆開來說,以此簡化句子的結(jié)構(gòu). (b) 翻譯長句并不可怕,其要點在于先找出句子的主謂賓,然后找出修飾成分.理清結(jié)構(gòu)之后,再按譯文的語言習慣調(diào)整搭配,恰如其分的斷開長句進行翻譯.,Division,