北外英漢翻譯筆記.doc

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北外英漢翻譯筆記 第一部分：數(shù)詞的譯法 一、數(shù)字增減的譯法： 1.句式特征：by＋名詞＋比較級＋than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導(dǎo)線比那根長3英寸。 2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋to+n.譯為：增加到。。。。或減少到。。。。 Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機(jī)已經(jīng)減少到50臺。 二、百分?jǐn)?shù)增減的表示法與譯法 1.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋％ The output value has increased 35%.產(chǎn)值增加了35％ 2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋by＋％ Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售額應(yīng)增加3％ The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60％ 3.句式特征：表示減少意義的動詞＋to+%表示減少后剩余的數(shù)量 By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝，鐵的損失量減少到20％ 4.句式特征：％＋ 比較級 ＋than表示凈增減的數(shù)量 Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比，有望增加9％。 5.句式特征：％ ＋ 比較級 ＋ 名詞表示凈減數(shù) The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型機(jī)械能耗量凈減10％ 6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示凈增數(shù) There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比，今年鋼產(chǎn)量凈增20％ 7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名詞（代詞）表示凈減數(shù)，數(shù)字n照譯 The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產(chǎn)值僅為去年的60％ 8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示凈增數(shù) The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產(chǎn)量比1978年凈增20％。 第二部分 倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法 漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時(shí)，英語的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”，則照譯不誤。 1.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋n times“表示成倍地增長，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“ 注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times） 2.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ｂｙ＋ n times，該句式與上述相同 3.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋by a factor of ＋ n times 5.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋比較級＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后達(dá)到的倍數(shù)，譯成”比。。。。。。大（長、寬。。。）N-1倍“ 6.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times＋比較級＋than。。。。。 7.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times +adj./adv. +as.... 8.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N－1倍“ 9.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。倍）“ 例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長1倍。 This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動比那臺機(jī)器快半倍。 10.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。半倍）“ 11. 句式特點(diǎn)：用double表示倍數(shù)，譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12.句式特點(diǎn)：用treble表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.句式特點(diǎn)：用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“ 第二部分 倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法 漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時(shí)，英語的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”，則照譯不誤。 1.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋n times“表示成倍地增長，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“ 注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times） 2.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ｂｙ＋ n times，該句式與上述相同 3.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋by a factor of ＋ n times 5.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋比較級＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后達(dá)到的倍數(shù)，譯成”比。。。。。。大（長、寬。。。）N-1倍“ 6.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times＋比較級＋than。。。。。 7.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times +adj./adv. +as.... 8.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N－1倍“ 9.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。倍）“ 例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長1倍。 This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動比那臺機(jī)器快半倍。 10.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動詞＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。半倍）“ 11. 句式特點(diǎn)：用double表示倍數(shù)，譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12.句式特點(diǎn)：用treble表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.句式特點(diǎn)：用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“ 英語倍數(shù)句型及其譯法 英語表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯——其主要原因在于：英漢兩語在 表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語言與思維差異?，F(xiàn)將常 用的英語倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下： 倍數(shù)增加 (一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①） A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②） A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③) 以上三句都應(yīng)譯為；A的大?。ㄩL度，數(shù)量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（長，多，……）n-1倍]. E.g. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長兩倍）。 注：當(dāng)相比的對象B很明顯時(shí)，than（as，of）B常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（④） increase n times／n-fold（⑤） increase by n times（⑥） increase by a factor of n（⑦） 以上四式均應(yīng)譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 E.g. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。 E.g. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986． 化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。 E.g. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 E.g. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來的4倍）。 注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。 （三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧） 應(yīng)譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個句型還有其它一些形式： E.g. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 據(jù)報(bào)道,價(jià)值破記錄地增長了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨) E.g. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled． 這些機(jī)器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來比較倍數(shù)的方法，如： A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as B.（⑩） 應(yīng)譯為：A比B多（大，長，……）1倍。 A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B. 【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11） 應(yīng)譯為:A比B多（大，長……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍數(shù)減少 （一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13） 以上兩句均應(yīng)譯為：A的大?。ㄖ亓浚俣?，……）是B的1/n[或A比B?。ㄝp，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。 E.g. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。 E.g. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。 注：當(dāng)相比的對象B很明顯時(shí)，than/as B常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n--fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n[或：減少(n-1)/n]。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等詞替代。 E.g. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。 E.g. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 電壓升高9倍，電流強(qiáng)度便降低9/10（即90％）。 E.g. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。 （三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… 應(yīng)譯為：減至1/n [或：減少（n一1）/n]。（17） 這個句型還有其它一些形式， E.g. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed． 發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。 E.g. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是重量減輕了1/2。 從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語不 同的是，英語在表述或比較倍數(shù)時(shí)，無論使用什么句 型（除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外）都包括基礎(chǔ)倍 數(shù)在內(nèi)，因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍，而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差＝句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times應(yīng)譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。 英語倍數(shù)句型及其譯法 英語表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯——其主要原因在于：英漢兩語在 表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語言與思維差異?，F(xiàn)將常 用的英語倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下： 倍數(shù)增加 (一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①） A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②） A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③) 以上三句都應(yīng)譯為；A的大?。ㄩL度，數(shù)量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（長，多，……）n-1倍]. E.g. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長兩倍）。 注：當(dāng)相比的對象B很明顯時(shí)，than（as，of）B常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（④） increase n times／n-fold（⑤） increase by n times（⑥） increase by a factor of n（⑦） 以上四式均應(yīng)譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 E.g. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。 E.g. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986． 化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。 E.g. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 E.g. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來的4倍）。 注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。 （三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧） 應(yīng)譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個句型還有其它一些形式： E.g. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. 據(jù)報(bào)道,價(jià)值破記錄地增長了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨) E.g. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled． 這些機(jī)器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來比較倍數(shù)的方法，如： A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as B.（⑩） 應(yīng)譯為：A比B多（大，長，……）1倍。 A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B. 【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11） 應(yīng)譯為:A比B多（大，長……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 倍數(shù)減少 （一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12） A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13） 以上兩句均應(yīng)譯為：A的大?。ㄖ亓浚俣?，……）是B的1/n[或A比B?。ㄝp，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。 E.g. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。 E.g. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。 注：當(dāng)相比的對象B很明顯時(shí)，than/as B常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n--fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n[或：減少(n-1)/n]。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等詞替代。 E.g. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。 E.g. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 電壓升高9倍，電流強(qiáng)度便降低9/10（即90％）。 E.g. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。 （三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… 應(yīng)譯為：減至1/n [或：減少（n一1）/n]。（17） 這個句型還有其它一些形式， E.g. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed． 發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。 E.g. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是重量減輕了1/2。 從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語不 同的是，英語在表述或比較倍數(shù)時(shí)，無論使用什么句 型（除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外）都包括基礎(chǔ)倍 數(shù)在內(nèi)，因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍，而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差＝句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times應(yīng)譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。 第四部分 動詞的使動用法 動詞是英語中詞類中最為活躍的成分，至今對于動詞的使用我一直是膽戰(zhàn)心驚的，現(xiàn)介紹一些使動用法共勉。 1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。 2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。 3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。 4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。 5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風(fēng)暴 其實(shí)，研究動詞個人認(rèn)為，要把握后面有無賓語；賓語是人還是物；是什么樣的賓語。歡迎網(wǎng)友探討，動詞的學(xué)習(xí)研討方法。 第五部分 同系賓語 1. I dreamed a strange dream. 2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking. 3.I have fought a good fight. 一、在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時(shí)，通常可換成態(tài)度副詞。 live a long life = live long; live a happy life = live happily; die a national death = die nationally; die a violent death = die by violence 二、有的賓語與動詞不同語源，但意義相通，也可以視為同類。 run a race; run a course; run ones career; fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow; ring a peal; wreak ones vengeance 三、以it構(gòu)成的類型： I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。 He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。 We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。 Cant you swim it?你游不過去嗎？ 四、在某些熟語中可將同系賓語省略，如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現(xiàn)出言語無法表達(dá)的感謝。 She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我，走出了房間。 五、最高級形容詞后，可以省略同系賓語。 The lady was looking her best(look). She sang her sweest(song) to please him. 第六部分 一組詞組 1.all＋抽象名詞/抽象名詞＋itself ＝ very + adj. He was all gentleness to her.他對她非常溫存。 To his superiors, he is humility itself。對于長輩，他極為謙遜。 分析：該結(jié)構(gòu)原來是表示某種性質(zhì)達(dá)到極點(diǎn)的一種說法，有“非?！?、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡”的含義，有時(shí)甚至可以譯為“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具體化”。普通復(fù)數(shù)名詞用于“all”之后，也是表達(dá)這種概念。 He is all smiles.他一味地笑。 She is all eyes.她盯著看。 I am all anxiety.我真擔(dān)心。 He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。 2. Something (much) of / nothing (little) of Mr. Li is something of a philosopher.李先生略具哲學(xué)家風(fēng)范。 Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無音樂家的風(fēng)味。 Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩人氣派。 Mr. Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無學(xué)者風(fēng)度。 分析：此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語，有時(shí)可以當(dāng)作副詞翻譯。 Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在問句和條件句中則用anything of（略有、多少）。nothing of譯作“全無、毫無”。 相類似的情況： to be something of = to have something of + 名詞＋in ＋代名詞 He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無演說家的才能。 這類名詞的用法，可以處理為副詞。 He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。 Something of 與something like區(qū)別：程度上有差異。 something like ＝ something approximating in character or amount指數(shù)量或性質(zhì)略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。 This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。 It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄。 3.as...as 的三種用法; （1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一樣和藹。 （2）He is as kind as honest.他既誠實(shí)又和藹。 （3）He is as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹誠實(shí)，而他和藹。 句式1表示兩個不同的人相同的性質(zhì)； 句式2表示同一個人不同的性質(zhì)； 句式3表示兩個人的不同性質(zhì)。該句式中第一個as為之時(shí)副詞，第二個as為連詞。所以，第一個as后面為adj./adv.，而第二個as后面為從句。 4.as......as any / as .....as ever He is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。 5.as.....as.....can be It is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不過了。 A lot of these boys were green as green can be.這些男孩許多都是精力充沛無以復(fù)加的。 6.as......., so............ As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.憂能傷人，猶如銹之蝕鐵。 SO相當(dāng)于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦復(fù)如此)。為加強(qiáng)語氣，也可以在as前面加上just一詞。 As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能試金，逆境可以試人的勇氣。 As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身體要靠食物營養(yǎng)一樣，國家要靠工業(yè)營養(yǎng)。 7.It is in (or with)........as in (or with)...... It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。 It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.讀書和吃飯一樣，得到利益的是那些實(shí)際在吃的人，而不是旁觀的人。 It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身體都必須有好的食物來營養(yǎng)。 8.as good as / as well as It is as good as done.這就和做好了一樣。 It is broad as well as long.那既長且寬。 as good as 有兩個含義： （1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同樣； 幾如；； 不欠缺 He was as good as his word.他不爽約。 （2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect實(shí)際上；其實(shí)；實(shí)在；在各要點(diǎn)上 He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存實(shí)亡 as well as 有四個含義： （1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一樣好 I have understanding as well as you. （2）both....and..; one equally with the other“與”、“兩者皆” Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.適度勞動對身體給予快感，又有益衛(wèi)生。 （3）與not only....but also有連帶關(guān)系 He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience. （4）可以代替better than As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.竊鉤如竊國，與其盜小羊。 9.As it is 其含義為：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相當(dāng)于：實(shí)際上；就實(shí)際情況而言；根據(jù)（現(xiàn)在）情況看；就現(xiàn)在這個樣子等等。它用來指事物的單數(shù)；即指前面的單數(shù)名詞。如果指事物的復(fù)數(shù)，則用“As they are”。如果用來指人時(shí)，則為as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are. as it is 的過去式為as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中間。 （1）用于句首，注意前后時(shí)態(tài)與該結(jié)構(gòu)保持一致 As it is, we can not help him. As it was, we could not help him. （2）用于句末 Lets keep it as it is. You mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能這樣去參加舞會。 有時(shí)it可以省略為“as is ”，意即：照現(xiàn)在的樣子，常指“不再修理或改進(jìn)”等情況。 He has an old radio as is.他有一臺沒有修理過的舊收音機(jī)。 I‘ll sell it to you as is, but dont complain if it doesnt work. （3）句中時(shí)，用逗號把它從前后隔開 A.虛擬語氣句式＋but ＋as it is / was，該結(jié)構(gòu)意為：其實(shí)；事實(shí)上 I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse. The rice could have been got in yesterday if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields. B.過去分詞＋as it is，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)前面的過去分詞 Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike. Published as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. C.現(xiàn)在分詞＋ as it does(did)。意為：因?yàn)檫@樣，（實(shí)際）所以......... Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well. Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently. 幾個類似的結(jié)構(gòu)： A. as it stands 根據(jù)目前情況來看 As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule. B. such as it is不怎么樣，質(zhì)量不過如此 The room, such as it is, is very bright. C. as it were ＝as if it were so.屬虛擬語氣，用于插入語。不可以與as it is 混淆 He is , as it were, a living dictionary. Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart. 10.have + the + 抽象名詞 ＋不定式 I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸運(yùn)獲得了成功。 have = possess原來指肉體和精神上的特征，現(xiàn)作為一種天賦而具有的。 She had the cheek ( = impudence) to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say such a thing.她厚顏無恥地說出這樣的話。 How can you have the heart ( = hard-hardness) to drown such darling little kittens? 你何忍心把如此可愛的小貓淹死？ 11.名詞＋of +a +名詞 It was a great mountain of a wave.波浪如山高。 That fool of a Tom did it. 這是湯姆那個笨蛋做的。 That old cripple of a Henn.那個年老的殘廢者亨。 It would make the deuce of a scandal.這會弄得聲名狼藉的。 of前后的名詞指同一人或物體。其中的“名詞＋of”后出現(xiàn)的名詞前面，必須有一個不定詞，即使是固有名詞，該冠詞也不可省略。 a devil of a man = a devish man a rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow 12. in +人 They have an enemy in him.他才是他們的敵人。 分析：in = in the person of （在那人身上），表示一個人身上具有的性質(zhì)、資格、能力等。原來是由于形狀（與形狀有關(guān)的in，如：in a circle; in print; in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等）所轉(zhuǎn)來的，而有“即....是也”、“就是”的含義。這種in多出現(xiàn)在find, see, behold, lose等動詞后面。 He had something of the hero in him. China lost a great artist in (the death of ) Chi Paishi. 13.short of / be short of / nothing short of short=except，是副詞的用法。在前面可以使用的動詞有：come, fall, run等，表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思，其中“of”做“from”解釋。至于be short of 與nothing short of 中的“short of”則為形容詞。be short of 表示“不足”或“離開”；nothing short of表示“完全”。 1）Short of theft, I will do anything I can for you. 2)We are short of hands at present. 3)His conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行為簡直發(fā)了狂。 14.anything but / nothing but / all but 在英文中anything but＝never;意即“除此之外，別的都是”，是表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的否定； nothing but=only; 意即“除此之外，別的都不是”； all but=almost; nearly 三種用法中，but都有“except”含義 15.much more / much less He likes a child, much more a baby.他喜歡小孩，更加喜歡嬰孩。 He doesnt like a child, much less a baby.他步喜歡小孩，更加不喜歡嬰孩。 解釋： much more 用于肯定句之后，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改為still much less用于否定句之后，表示程度減少；表示更少，可譯為“何況”、“還論” 16.more........than.......can“達(dá)到不可能的程度” more than................can"簡直不可能" He earns more money than he can spend. 17.more than + 動詞，譯為“深為， 十二分的” This more than satisfied me.這使我十二分的滿意。 More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。 What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. 18.less.......than During the week he saw less of her than usual.在那一個星期內(nèi)，他比平常要少見到她。 less.......than“較少”、“較差”、“不及”、“不如”。該less做形容詞時(shí)好翻譯，做副詞解釋時(shí)難譯。 Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is ones own work. Proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is ones own work. His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演講怎么也不能使我滿意。 He observed with interest the errors of her face and figure, the thin underlip, too heavily penciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny. 他感興趣地望著她面孔和身體上的一些缺點(diǎn)，那太薄的下唇，畫的太濃的眉毛和她那瘦弱的雙腿，雖然還沒有達(dá)到皮包骨頭的程度。 19.the + 比較級＋理由 I like him all the better for his faults.因?yàn)樗腥秉c(diǎn)，所以我更加喜歡他。 連接“理由”部分的可以為：for, because, on account of , owing to 等，前面部分常常出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：all(much)the + 比較級。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的the = to that degree. 20.what he is / what he has We honor him for what he is , not for what he has. 我們尊敬的是他的人品，而不是他的財(cái)富。 what he is ＝his character what he has = his property It is not a question how much a man knows, but use what he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do. 問題不在于一個人知道多少，而在于他能否運(yùn)用他的知識；問題不在于他所學(xué)為何，受過怎樣的教育，而在于他的人品，以及他的能力。 21.what + 名詞 / what + little + 名詞 He gave me what money he had about him.他把他身上所有的錢都給了我。 I gave him what little money I had.我竭盡綿薄之力將僅有的錢都給了他。 what + 名詞 含有“all the ....that”或“that....which”含義。譯為“所有的。。。?！?，what做關(guān)系代名詞。 what + little（few等一類詞） + 名詞 含有“雖少但全部”或“所僅有的” She saved what little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school. 22.what with........and what with / what by ...... and what by What with illness and what with losses, he is almost ruined.半因?yàn)樯?，半因?yàn)樘潛p，他幾乎整個兒毀了。 What by bikes and what by extortions, he made money. 或由受賄，或由勒索，他發(fā)財(cái)了。 此為what的副詞用法，可譯為“多少（＝somewhat）”、“半（＝partly）” what with........and what with表示“原因” what by ...... and what by表示“手段” What with overwork and under-nourishment he fell ill. 由于過勞，加上營養(yǎng)不足，他終于病倒了。 23.if any 1)He despises honour, if any one does.世界上真有人輕視榮譽(yù)的話，他便是一個。 2）He has little, if any, money.他即令有錢，也是極少的。 if any , if ever 意思是“果真有，即令有的話”，相當(dāng)于if there is (are) any at all.。它通常是伴隨有l(wèi)ittle, few, seldom等準(zhǔn)否定詞。與此相近的用法還有if anything，意思是“if at all”或“if there is any difference”,可以譯為“倘若有異同，如果稍有區(qū)別的話”。還有“if a day”意思是“at least”。 There is little , if any , hope.希望甚微。 It occurs seldom, if ever( = seldom or never).真有其事，也不常發(fā)生。 If anything, he is a little better today.如有什么不同，他比昨天好了一點(diǎn)。 The greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank or power.真正的偉大是和權(quán)力與地位毫無關(guān)系的。 下面的內(nèi)容雖然與帖子的名稱不太相符，但是作為構(gòu)成句式的基本單元------詞匯，也是不容忽視的啊。 學(xué)習(xí)過程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的詞匯（詞組），曾