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Die history
1 Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.
With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match.Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development.The basis of the modern industrial economy. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die,so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role.March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." 經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從 1997 年到 2000 年，對(duì) 80 多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還 70% 的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國務(wù)院和國家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90 ％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過 60 ％。 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 從產(chǎn)值看， 80 年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。 From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 據(jù)國際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到 2000 年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 ％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成， 50 ％以上的金屬板材、 80 ％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.
模具的歷史發(fā)展 2 The historical development of mold
模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。 The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.
19 世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè) ( 槍炮的彈殼 ) 、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。 The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國；而瑞士的精沖、德國的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development.The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.
Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage.Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with.Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module.On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine.In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times.In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.
從 70 年代中期至今可以說是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。 From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times.With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve.Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold.Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on.The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope.In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。 With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management.International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role.Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards.To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store.Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software.If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die.Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements.At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network.Present.Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.
China's mold industry and its development trend
模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀 Die & Mould Industry Status
由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“ 大 而全” 的 企業(yè)特征，我國大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.
據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000家，約60萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達(dá)200億元人民幣。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold.However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development.At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold.At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.
1、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀 3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold
In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part.Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.
我國沖壓模大多為簡(jiǎn)單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命不足100萬次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到1億次以上，精度達(dá)到3～5um，有50個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國際上最高模具壽命6億次，平均模具壽命5000萬次相比，處于80年代中期國際先進(jìn)水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.
我國的塑料成形模具設(shè)計(jì)，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。 China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low.Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant.A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing.Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.
2、模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology
我國模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。 Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities.Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.
在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造模具方面，無論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started.Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption.Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity.Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.
缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology.In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.
3、模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition
近10多年來，特別是“八五”以來，國家有關(guān)部委已多次組織有關(guān)材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。 Over the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap.In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed.In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.
模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于試驗(yàn)摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術(shù)、模具表面熱處理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。 Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization.Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.
我國的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件生產(chǎn)，80年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占20%，從市場(chǎng)上能配到的也只有約30個(gè)品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。 China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size.Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.
4、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization
我國的模具工業(yè)相對(duì)較落后，至今仍不能稱其為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的行業(yè)。 China's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar.Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output.Ch