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模具的發(fā)展
一 模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位
模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。
采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。1989年3月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。1997年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對(duì)80多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門(mén)對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床工業(yè)，從1997年開(kāi)始，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過(guò)了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過(guò)60％。例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過(guò)三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來(lái)，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過(guò)模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。
二 模具的歷史發(fā)展
模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。
19世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無(wú)線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。50年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設(shè)計(jì)多憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)，參考已有圖紙和感性認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)模具零件的機(jī)能缺乏真切了解。從1955年到1965年，是壓力加工的探索和開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)代——對(duì)模具主要零部件的機(jī)能和受力狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)分橋，并把這些知識(shí)不斷應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際，使得沖壓技術(shù)在各方面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結(jié)果是歸納出模具設(shè)計(jì)原則，并使得壓力機(jī)械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結(jié)構(gòu)、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動(dòng)化裝置等領(lǐng)域面貌一新，并向?qū)嵱没姆较蛲七M(jìn)，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產(chǎn)優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品的第一階段。
進(jìn)入70年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動(dòng)校具。其代表是多達(dá)別多個(gè)工位的級(jí)進(jìn)模和十幾個(gè)工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機(jī)—彎曲機(jī)。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列——其模具加工精度進(jìn)入了微米級(jí)，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾千萬(wàn)次，硬質(zhì)合金鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾億次p每分鐘沖壓次數(shù)，小型壓力機(jī)通常為200至300次，最高為1200次至1500次。在此期間，為了適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品更新快、用期短(如汽車改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各種經(jīng)濟(jì)型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡膠模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發(fā)展。
從70年代中期至今可以說(shuō)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。隨著模具加工精度與復(fù)雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對(duì)設(shè)備和人員素質(zhì)的要求也不斷提高。依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來(lái)越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。90年代以來(lái)，機(jī)械技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，發(fā)展了NC機(jī)床，如數(shù)控線切割機(jī)床、數(shù)控電火花機(jī)床、數(shù)控銑床、數(shù)控坐標(biāo)磨床等。而采用電子計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)編程、控制的CNC機(jī)床提高了數(shù)控機(jī)床的使用效率和范圍。近年來(lái)又發(fā)展出由一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)以分時(shí)的方式直接管理和控制一群數(shù)控機(jī)床的NNC系統(tǒng)。
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，作為設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間聯(lián)系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。模具自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的最根本點(diǎn)是必須確立模具零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。要擺脫過(guò)去以人的思考判斷和實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為中心所組成的設(shè)計(jì)方法，就必須把過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思考方法，進(jìn)行系列化、數(shù)值化、數(shù)式化，作為設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則儲(chǔ)存到計(jì)算機(jī)中。因?yàn)槟＞邩?gòu)成元件也干差萬(wàn)別，要搞出一個(gè)能適應(yīng)各種零件的設(shè)計(jì)軟件幾乎不可能。但是有些產(chǎn)品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的規(guī)律，放可總結(jié)歸納，為自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)提供軟件。如日本某公司的CDM系統(tǒng)用于級(jí)進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)與制造，其中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開(kāi)、條料排樣、確定模板尺寸和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、繪制裝配圖和零件圖、輸出NC程序(為數(shù)控加工中心和線切割編程)等，所用時(shí)間由手工的20%、工時(shí)減少到35小時(shí)；從80年代初日本就將三維的CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)用于汽車覆蓋件模具。目前，在實(shí)體件的掃描輸入，圖線和數(shù)據(jù)輸入，幾何造形、顯示、繪圖、標(biāo)注以及對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的自動(dòng)編程，產(chǎn)生效控機(jī)床控制系統(tǒng)的后置處理文件等方面已達(dá)到較高水平；計(jì)算機(jī)仿真(CAE)技術(shù)也取得了一定成果。在高層次上，CAD／CAM／CAE集成的，即數(shù)據(jù)是統(tǒng)一的，可以互相直接傳輸信息．實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。目前．國(guó)外僅有少數(shù)廠家能夠做到。
三 我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“大而全”的企業(yè)特征，我國(guó)大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。
據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000家，約60萬(wàn)從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達(dá)200億元人民幣。但是，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的60％左右，還不能適應(yīng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)需要的大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長(zhǎng)壽命的模具還主要依靠進(jìn)口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，1997年進(jìn)口模具價(jià)值6.3億美元，這還不包括隨設(shè)備一起進(jìn)口的模具；1997年出口模具僅為7800萬(wàn)美元。目前我國(guó)模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和制造能力，是我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。
3.1 模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀
??按照中國(guó)模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的劃分，我國(guó)模具基本分為10大類，其中，沖壓模和塑料成型模兩大類占主要部分。按產(chǎn)值計(jì)算，目前我國(guó)沖壓模占50％左右，塑料成形模約占20％，拉絲模（工具）約占10％，而世界上發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具產(chǎn)值的40％以上。
我國(guó)沖壓模大多為簡(jiǎn)單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命不足100萬(wàn)次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到1億次以上，精度達(dá)到3～5um，有50個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國(guó)際上最高模具壽命6億次，平均模具壽命5000萬(wàn)次相比，處于80年代中期國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。
我國(guó)的塑料成形模具設(shè)計(jì)，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。目前單型腔，簡(jiǎn)單型腔的模具達(dá)70％以上，仍占主導(dǎo)地位。一模多腔精密復(fù)雜的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已經(jīng)能初步設(shè)計(jì)和制造。模具平均壽命約為80萬(wàn)次左右，主要差距是模具零件變形大、溢邊毛刺大、表面質(zhì)量差、模具型腔沖蝕和腐蝕嚴(yán)重、模具排氣不暢和型腔易損等，注射模精度已達(dá)到5um以下，最高壽命已突破2000萬(wàn)次，型腔數(shù)量已超過(guò)100腔，達(dá)到了80年代中期至90年代初期的國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。
3.2 模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀
??我國(guó)模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來(lái)講，與發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家及港臺(tái)地區(qū)先進(jìn)水平相比，還有較大的差距。
在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造模具方面，無(wú)論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。在應(yīng)用CAD技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)模具方面，僅有約10%的模具在設(shè)計(jì)中采用了CAD，距拋開(kāi)繪圖板還有漫長(zhǎng)的一段路要走；在應(yīng)用CAE進(jìn)行模具方案設(shè)計(jì)和分析計(jì)算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動(dòng)畫(huà)游戲階段；在應(yīng)用CAM技術(shù)制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進(jìn)適用的制造裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設(shè)備（包括近10多年來(lái)引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)設(shè)備）或因計(jì)算機(jī)制式（IBM微機(jī)及其兼容機(jī)、HP工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運(yùn)算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率較低，只有5%左右的模具制造設(shè)備近年來(lái)才開(kāi)展這項(xiàng)工作；在應(yīng)用CAPP技術(shù)進(jìn)行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進(jìn)行大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基礎(chǔ)工作；在模具共性工藝技術(shù)，如模具快速成型技術(shù)、拋光技術(shù)、電鑄成型技術(shù)、表面處理技術(shù)等方面的CAD/CAM技術(shù)應(yīng)用在我國(guó)才剛起步。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)，尚處于較低水平，需要知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累。我國(guó)大部分模具廠、車間的模具加工設(shè)備陳舊，在役期長(zhǎng)、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銑、刨、鉆、磨設(shè)備加工模具，熱處理加工仍在使用鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)陋，能耗高。設(shè)備更新速度緩慢，技術(shù)改造，技術(shù)進(jìn)步力度不大。雖然近年來(lái)也引進(jìn)了不少先進(jìn)的模具加工設(shè)備，但過(guò)于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有25%左右，設(shè)備的一些先進(jìn)功能也未能得到充分發(fā)揮。
缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。中國(guó)模具行業(yè)中的技術(shù)人員，只占從業(yè)人員的8%~12%左右，且技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人的總體技術(shù)水平也較低。1980年以前從業(yè)的技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人知識(shí)老化，知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的需要；而80年代以后從業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)匱乏，動(dòng)手能力差，不安心，不愿學(xué)技術(shù)。近年來(lái)人才外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質(zhì)水平下降，而且人才結(jié)構(gòu)也出現(xiàn)了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造的技術(shù)水平難以提高。
3.3 模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀
?近10多年來(lái)，特別是“八五”以來(lái)，國(guó)家有關(guān)部委已多次組織有關(guān)材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開(kāi)發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。但因材料的質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，缺乏必要的試驗(yàn)條件和試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格品種較少，大型模具和特種模具所需的鋼材及規(guī)格還有缺口。在鋼材供應(yīng)上，解決用戶的零星用量與鋼廠的批量生產(chǎn)的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解決。另外，國(guó)外模具鋼材近年來(lái)相繼在國(guó)內(nèi)建立了銷售網(wǎng)點(diǎn)，但因渠道不暢、技術(shù)服務(wù)支撐薄弱及價(jià)格偏高、外匯結(jié)算制度等因素的影響，目前推廣應(yīng)用不多。
模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來(lái)雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于試驗(yàn)摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術(shù)、模具表面熱處理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。一些關(guān)鍵、重要的技術(shù)也還缺少知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)。
我國(guó)的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件生產(chǎn)，80年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占20%，從市場(chǎng)上能配到的也只有約30個(gè)品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開(kāi)始供應(yīng)，模架及零件生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)渠道不暢，精度和質(zhì)量也較差。
3.4 模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀
??我國(guó)的模具工業(yè)相對(duì)較落后，至今仍不能稱其為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的行業(yè)。我國(guó)目前的模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)可劃分為四大類：專業(yè)模具廠，專業(yè)生產(chǎn)外供模具；產(chǎn)品廠的模具分廠或車間，以供給本產(chǎn)品廠所需的模具為主要任務(wù)；三資企業(yè)的模具分廠，其組織模式與專業(yè)模具廠相類似，以小而專為主；鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)模具企業(yè)，與專業(yè)模具廠相類似。其中以第一類數(shù)量最多，模具產(chǎn)量約占總產(chǎn)量的70%以上。我國(guó)的模具行業(yè)管理體制分散。目前有19個(gè)大行業(yè)部門(mén)制造和使用模具，沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一管理的部門(mén)。僅靠中國(guó)模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，集中攻關(guān)，跨行業(yè)，跨部門(mén)管理困難很多。
模具適宜于中小型企業(yè)組織生產(chǎn)，而我國(guó)技術(shù)改造投資向大中型企業(yè)傾斜時(shí)，中小型模具企業(yè)的投資得不到保證。包括產(chǎn)品廠的模具車間、分廠在內(nèi)，技術(shù)改造后不能很快收回其投資，甚至負(fù)債累累，影響發(fā)展。
雖然大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品廠的模具車間、分廠技術(shù)力量強(qiáng)，設(shè)備條件較好，生產(chǎn)的模具水平也較高，但設(shè)備利用率低。
我國(guó)模具價(jià)格長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)同其價(jià)值不協(xié)調(diào)，造成模具行業(yè)“自身經(jīng)濟(jì)效益小，社會(huì)效益大”的現(xiàn)象?！案赡＞叩牟蝗绺赡＞邩?biāo)準(zhǔn)件的，干標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的不如干模具帶件生產(chǎn)的。干帶件生產(chǎn)的不如用模具加工產(chǎn)品的”之類不正常現(xiàn)象存在。
四 模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
4.1 模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展
?1模具軟件功能集成化
模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過(guò)程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國(guó)Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國(guó)內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。
2模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化
?? 傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無(wú)紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺(jué)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過(guò)程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實(shí)感流動(dòng)模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評(píng)和應(yīng)用。國(guó)內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識(shí)的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對(duì)應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。
3模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì)
?? 隨著模具在企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國(guó)際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國(guó)在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開(kāi)發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。
4.2 模具檢測(cè)、加工設(shè)備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展
1模具檢測(cè)設(shè)備的日益精密、高效
?? 精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對(duì)檢測(cè)設(shè)備的要求越來(lái)越高?，F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達(dá)2～3μm，目前國(guó)內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)的高精度三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在國(guó)內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了從測(cè)量實(shí)物→建立數(shù)學(xué)模型→輸出工程圖紙→模具制造全過(guò)程，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用。這方面的設(shè)備還包括：英國(guó)雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLON SERIES2)可實(shí)現(xiàn)激光測(cè)頭和接觸式測(cè)頭優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，激光掃描精度為0.05mm，接觸式測(cè)頭掃描精度達(dá)0.02mm。另外德國(guó)GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺(tái)式掃描儀和英國(guó)泰勒·霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價(jià)化和功能復(fù)合化等特點(diǎn)。
2數(shù)控電火花加工機(jī)床
?? 日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機(jī)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動(dòng)反應(yīng)快、傳動(dòng)及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動(dòng)編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。
3高速銑削機(jī)床(HSM)
?? 銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工中心，其機(jī)床定位精度可達(dá)8μm，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達(dá)2500mm×5000mm×1800mm，轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)20500r/min，切削進(jìn)給速度達(dá)20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、壓鑄模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可達(dá)0.01mm。
4.3 快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)
?? 縮短產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期是贏得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的有效手段之一。與傳統(tǒng)模具加工技術(shù)相比，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)具有制模周期短、成本較低的特點(diǎn)，精度和壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)需求，是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的模具制造技術(shù)，具體主要有以下一些技術(shù)?！?
1快速原型制造技術(shù)(RPM)。它包括激光立體光刻技術(shù)(SLA) ；疊層輪廓制造技術(shù)(LOM) ；激光粉末選區(qū)燒結(jié)成形技術(shù)(SLS) ；熔融沉積成形技術(shù)(FDM) 和三維印刷成形技術(shù)(3D-P)等。
? 2表面成形制模技術(shù)。它是指利用噴涂、電鑄和化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù)。
??3澆鑄成形制模技術(shù)。主要有鉍錫合金制模技術(shù)、鋅基合金制模技術(shù)、樹(shù)脂復(fù)合成形模具技術(shù)及硅橡膠制模技術(shù)等。
??4冷擠壓及超塑成形制模技術(shù)。
??5無(wú)模多點(diǎn)成形技術(shù)。
??6 KEVRON鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)。
7模具毛坯快速制造技術(shù)。主要有干砂實(shí)型鑄造、負(fù)壓實(shí)型鑄造、樹(shù)脂砂實(shí)型鑄造及失蠟精鑄等技術(shù)。
??8其他方面技術(shù)。如采用氮?dú)鈴椈蓧哼?、卸料、快速換模技術(shù)、沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)、刃口堆焊技術(shù)及實(shí)型鑄造沖模刃口鑲塊技術(shù)等。
?4.4 模具材料及表面處理技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速
模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過(guò)早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具鋼有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火鋼(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國(guó)H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼(如美國(guó)P20)、時(shí)效硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)P21、日本NAK55等)、熱處理硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一勝白136等)、粉末模具鋼(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆蓋件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V鑄鐵等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密沖模常采用鋼結(jié)硬質(zhì)合金及硬質(zhì)合金YG20等。在模具表面處理方面，其主要趨勢(shì)是：由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展；由一般擴(kuò)散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展；可采用的鍍膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同時(shí)熱處理手段由大氣熱處理向真空熱處理發(fā)展。另外，目前對(duì)激光強(qiáng)化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍(刷鍍)防腐強(qiáng)化等技術(shù)也日益受到重視。
4.5 模具工業(yè)新工藝、新理念和新模式逐步得到了認(rèn)同
?? 在成形工藝方面，主要有沖壓模具功能復(fù)合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技術(shù)、塑料模氣體輔助注射技術(shù)及熱流道技術(shù)、高壓注射成形技術(shù)等。另一方面，隨著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和模具行業(yè)整體水平的提高，在模具行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了一些新的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、管理理念與模式。具體主要有：適應(yīng)模具單件生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)的柔性制造技術(shù)；創(chuàng)造最佳管理和效益的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，精益生產(chǎn)；提高快速應(yīng)變能力的并行工程、虛擬制造及全球敏捷制造、網(wǎng)絡(luò)制造等新的生產(chǎn)哲理；廣泛采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件通用件的分工協(xié)作生產(chǎn)模式；適應(yīng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保要求的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與制造等。
總結(jié)
總結(jié)進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的新形勢(shì)下，隨著資本、技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的重新整合，我國(guó)裝備制造業(yè)在加入WTO以后，將成為世界裝備制造業(yè)的基地。而在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中，無(wú)論哪一行業(yè)的工程裝備，都越來(lái)越多地采用由模具工業(yè)提供的產(chǎn)品。為了適應(yīng)用戶對(duì)模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)來(lái)加速模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，滿足各行各業(yè)對(duì)模具這一基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備的迫切需求。
Die history
1 Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.
With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match.Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development.The basis of the modern industrial economy. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die,so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role.March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." 經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從 1997 年到 2000 年，對(duì) 80 多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還 70% 的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門(mén)對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開(kāi)始，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過(guò)了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90 ％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過(guò) 60 ％。 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過(guò)三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 從產(chǎn)值看， 80 年代以來(lái)，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。 From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到 2000 年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 ％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成， 50 ％以上的金屬板材、 80 ％以上的塑料都特通過(guò)模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.
模具的歷史發(fā)展 2 The historical development of mold
模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。 The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.
19 世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè) ( 槍炮的彈殼 ) 、鐘表工業(yè)、無(wú)線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。 The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development.The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.
Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage.Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with.Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module.On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine.In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times.In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.
從 70 年代中期至今可以說(shuō)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。 From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times.With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve.Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold.Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on.The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope.In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。 With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management.International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role.Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards.To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store.Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software.If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die.Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements.At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network.Present.Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.
China's mold industry and its development trend
模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀 Die & Mould Industry Status
由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“ 大 而全” 的 企業(yè)特征，我國(guó)大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.
據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000家，約60萬(wàn)從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達(dá)200億元人民幣。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold.However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development.At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold.At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.
1、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀 3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold
In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part.Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.
我國(guó)沖壓模大多為簡(jiǎn)單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命不足100萬(wàn)次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到1億次以上，精度達(dá)到3～5um，有50個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國(guó)際上最高模具壽命6億次，平均模具壽命5000萬(wàn)次相比，處于80年代中期國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.
我國(guó)的塑料成形模具設(shè)計(jì)，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。 China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low.Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant.A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing.Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.
2、模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology
我國(guó)模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。 Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities.Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.
在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造模具方面，無(wú)論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started.Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption.Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity.Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.
缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology.In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.
3、模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition
近10多年來(lái)，特別是“八五”以來(lái)，國(guó)家有關(guān)部委已多次組織有關(guān)材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開(kāi)發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。 Over the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap.In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed.In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.
模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來(lái)雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于試驗(yàn)摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術(shù)、模具表面熱處理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。 Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization.Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.
我國(guó)的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件生產(chǎn)，80年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占20%，從市場(chǎng)上能配到的也只有約30個(gè)品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。 China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size.Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.
4、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization
我國(guó)的模具工業(yè)相對(duì)較落后，至今仍不能稱其為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的行業(yè)。 China's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar.Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output.Ch