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1、會計(jì)學(xué)1Jakobson our group Hallidaydifferent views on function of language第1頁/共20頁Jakobsons viewanguage is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. We study language as a science so we mention its function according to a principle. Here the function is not the social function only. Six prim
2、ary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact.Jakobsons well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication: 第2頁/共20頁Referential: to convey message and informationPoetic: to indulge in language for its own sakeEmotive: to e
3、xpress attitudes, feelings and emotionsConative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties)Phatic: to establish communion with othersMetalingual function: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. eg.We say make is a verb and he is a pronoun.第3頁/共20頁ContextreferentialAddress
4、erEmotivee.g. intonation showing angerMessagePoetice.g. poetryAddresseeConativee.g. Imperatives and vocativesContactPhaticHello, did you hear me?CodeMetalinguale.g. Let me make it brief.第4頁/共20頁指示功能（傳達(dá)信息）指示功能（傳達(dá)信息）詩學(xué)功能（完全就語言而語言詩學(xué)功能（完全就語言而語言)，感情功能（表達(dá)態(tài)度、感覺和感情）感情功能（表達(dá)態(tài)度、感覺和感情），意動功能（通過命令和請求去說服，意動功能（通過命令
5、和請求去說服和影響他人），和影響他人），交感功能（與他人建立交流）交感功能（與他人建立交流）元語言功能（弄清意圖、詞語和意義元語言功能（弄清意圖、詞語和意義）。）。第5頁/共20頁Hallidays viewFrom early on in his account of language, Halliday has argued that it is inherently functional. His early papers on the grammar of English make reference to the functional components of language,
6、as generalized uses of language, which, since they seem to determine the nature of the language system, require to be incorporated into our account of that system. Halliday argues that this functional organization of language determines the form taken by grammatical structure.第6頁/共20頁Ideational meta
7、function The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical function.1.語言是對存在于主客觀世界的過程和事物的反映，這是語言是對存在于主客觀世界的過程和事物的反映，這是“經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)”（experiential）功能，或者說關(guān)于所說的）功能，或者說關(guān)于所說的“內(nèi)容內(nèi)容”的功能。的功能。在語言中還有在語言中還有“邏輯（邏輯（lo
8、gical）功能，即以表現(xiàn)為并列關(guān)系和）功能，即以表現(xiàn)為并列關(guān)系和從屬關(guān)系的線性的循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式出現(xiàn)，由于兩者都是建立于說從屬關(guān)系的線性的循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式出現(xiàn)，由于兩者都是建立于說話人對外部世界和內(nèi)心世界的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，與其功能相比較是中性的，話人對外部世界和內(nèi)心世界的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，與其功能相比較是中性的，因而可統(tǒng)稱為因而可統(tǒng)稱為“概念概念”（ideational）功能）功能。 第7頁/共20頁Hallidays viewInterpersonal metafunction The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that ena
9、ble speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.2.語言是社會人的有意義的活動，是做事的手段，是動作，因此它的功能之一必須是反映人與人間的關(guān)系。這個(gè)純理功能稱為語言是社會人的有意義的活動，是做事的手段，是動作，因此它的功能之一必須是反映人與人間的關(guān)系。這個(gè)純理功能稱為“人際人際”（interpersonal）功能。）功能。第8頁/共20頁Hallidays viewTextual metafunction Halliday argues that both experiential and inte
10、rpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little constraint”. This means that “by and large, you can put any interactional spin on any representational content”. What allows meanings from these two modes to freely combine is the intercession
11、 of a third, distinct mode of meaning that Halliday refers to as the textual function. 第9頁/共20頁modes to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that Halliday refers to as the textual function. 3. 實(shí)際使用中的語言基本單位不是詞或句，而是表達(dá)相對的來說是完實(shí)際使用中的語言基本單位不是詞或句，而是表達(dá)相對的來說是完整思想的整思想的“語篇語篇”
12、（texttext），上述兩種功能部分最后要由說話人把），上述兩種功能部分最后要由說話人把它們組織成語篇才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。這就是它們組織成語篇才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。這就是語篇（語篇（textualtextual）功能）功能。語篇功。語篇功能使語言和語境發(fā)生聯(lián)系，是說話人只產(chǎn)生與語境相一致的語篇。能使語言和語境發(fā)生聯(lián)系，是說話人只產(chǎn)生與語境相一致的語篇。第10頁/共20頁my group members viewphatic functiondirective functioninformative functioninterrogative functionexpressive functionevocative
13、 functionperformative function第11頁/共20頁P(yáng)hatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give information about facts. Interrogative: get information from others.Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions. 第12頁/共20頁第13頁/共20頁第14頁/共20頁第15頁/共20頁第16頁/共20頁第17頁/共20頁第18頁/共20頁第19頁/共20頁
英語語言學(xué)function of languagePPT學(xué)習(xí)教案
