腦神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)組織

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1、神經(jīng)組織神經(jīng)組織第第7 7章章Nervous Tissue神經(jīng)組織神經(jīng)組織(nervous tissue) 由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成 為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要組織成分組織成分 愛(ài)因斯坦愛(ài)因斯坦 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞(nerve cell) 約約1012個(gè),也稱神經(jīng)元(個(gè),也稱神經(jīng)元(neuron),接受),接受刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)沖動(dòng)刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)沖動(dòng) 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(neuroglial cell) 數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的1050倍,對(duì)神經(jīng)元起支倍,對(duì)神經(jīng)元起支持、保護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用持、保護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用胞體:大小形狀不一

2、,胞體:大小形狀不一,5100 m 細(xì)胞核:位于胞體中央,大而圓,常細(xì)胞核:位于胞體中央,大而圓,常染色質(zhì)多,著色淺,核仁大染色質(zhì)多,著色淺,核仁大 細(xì)胞質(zhì):尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維,還有細(xì)胞質(zhì):尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維,還有GC、線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐、線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐素素 細(xì)胞膜:含受體、離子通道,為可興細(xì)胞膜:含受體、離子通道,為可興奮膜,接受刺激、處理信息、產(chǎn)生并奮膜,接受刺激、處理信息、產(chǎn)生并傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類圖圖7-1 13 3神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干

3、細(xì)胞尼氏體(尼氏體(Nissl body) LM:強(qiáng)嗜堿性,粗塊狀或小顆粒狀:強(qiáng)嗜堿性,粗塊狀或小顆粒狀 EM:RER和游離核糖體和游離核糖體 功能:合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋功能:合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類、神經(jīng)白、合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類、神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)調(diào)質(zhì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì):神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì):神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)細(xì)胞傳遞的化學(xué)信息載體,為小分子細(xì)胞傳遞的化學(xué)信息載體,為小分子物質(zhì)物質(zhì)神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì):肽類,調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì):肽類,調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的反應(yīng)質(zhì)的反應(yīng) 突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)

4、突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)原纖維(神經(jīng)原纖維(neurofibril) LM:在鍍銀染色切片中,呈棕黑色細(xì):在鍍銀染色切片中,呈棕黑色細(xì)絲,交錯(cuò)排列成網(wǎng),并伸入樹(shù)突和軸絲,交錯(cuò)排列成網(wǎng),并伸入樹(shù)突和軸突突 EM:由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是:由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是由神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲由神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲 功能:構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架,微管功能:構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架,微管還參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸還參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞樹(shù)突(樹(shù)

5、突(dendrite) 每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹(shù)突,從樹(shù)突每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹(shù)突,從樹(shù)突干發(fā)出許多分支,樹(shù)突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)干發(fā)出許多分支,樹(shù)突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與胞體相似與胞體相似 在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起,稱在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起,稱樹(shù)突棘(樹(shù)突棘(dendritic spine) 功能:極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激功能:極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激的表面積的表面積突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞軸突(軸突(axon) 每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突,由軸丘發(fā)出,每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突,由軸

6、丘發(fā)出,此區(qū)無(wú)尼氏體,染色淡此區(qū)無(wú)尼氏體,染色淡 比樹(shù)突細(xì),直徑均一,有側(cè)支呈直角比樹(shù)突細(xì),直徑均一,有側(cè)支呈直角分出。軸突末端的分支較多,形成軸分出。軸突末端的分支較多,形成軸突終末突終末 胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚,產(chǎn)生神胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚,產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)經(jīng)沖動(dòng), , 沿軸膜向終末傳遞沿軸膜向終末傳遞圖圖7-4突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞 胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì),無(wú)尼氏體,含神經(jīng)絲、胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì),無(wú)尼氏體,含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等,參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸微管、微絲等,參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸慢速軸突運(yùn)輸:胞

7、體內(nèi)形成的神經(jīng)絲、慢速軸突運(yùn)輸:胞體內(nèi)形成的神經(jīng)絲、微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸:由胞體向軸突終快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸:由胞體向軸突終末快速輸送蛋白質(zhì)、酶、含神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)末快速輸送蛋白質(zhì)、酶、含神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)的小泡等的小泡等快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸:軸突終末的代謝快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸:軸突終末的代謝產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、病產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、病毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類:按神經(jīng)元的

8、突起數(shù)量分三類:多極神經(jīng)元(多極神經(jīng)元(multipolar neuron):一):一個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹(shù)突(最多)個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹(shù)突(最多)雙極神經(jīng)元(雙極神經(jīng)元(bipolar neuron):一個(gè)):一個(gè)樹(shù)突和一個(gè)軸突(很少)樹(shù)突和一個(gè)軸突(很少)假單極神經(jīng)元(假單極神經(jīng)元(pseudounipolar neuron):從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起,然):從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起,然后呈后呈形分為兩支,周圍突(分布到形分為兩支,周圍突(分布到周圍器官,接受刺激,為樹(shù)突;結(jié)構(gòu)周圍器官,接受刺激,為樹(shù)突;結(jié)構(gòu)與軸突相似)和中樞突(進(jìn)入與軸突相似)和中樞突(進(jìn)入CNS, , 傳出沖動(dòng),為軸突)傳出沖動(dòng),為軸突)圖圖7

9、-1神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類:按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類:感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元(感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元(sensory neuron):又稱):又稱傳入神經(jīng)元(傳入神經(jīng)元(afferent neuron),多為假),多為假單極神經(jīng)元單極神經(jīng)元運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元(運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元(motor neuron):又稱傳):又稱傳出神經(jīng)元(出神經(jīng)元(efferent neuron),一般為多),一般為多極神經(jīng)元極神經(jīng)元中間神經(jīng)元(中間神經(jīng)元(interneuron):主要為多):主要為多極神經(jīng)元,

10、位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之間,極神經(jīng)元,位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之間,加工和傳遞信息;占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)加工和傳遞信息;占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)99以上以上神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞圖圖7-5按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型:按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型:高爾基高爾基I 型神經(jīng)元(型神經(jīng)元(Golgi type I neuron):是具有長(zhǎng)軸突):是具有長(zhǎng)軸突( (可長(zhǎng)達(dá)可長(zhǎng)達(dá)1 1米米以上以上) )的大神經(jīng)元的大神經(jīng)元高爾基高爾基II 型神經(jīng)元(型神經(jīng)元(Golgi type II neuron):是具有短軸突)

11、:是具有短軸突( (僅數(shù)微米僅數(shù)微米) )的小神經(jīng)元(多)的小神經(jīng)元(多)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類:按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類:膽堿能神經(jīng)元(乙酰膽堿)膽堿能神經(jīng)元(乙酰膽堿)去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元(去甲腎上腺去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元(去甲腎上腺素)素) 胺能神經(jīng)元(多巴胺、胺能神經(jīng)元(多巴胺、5-5-羥色胺)羥色胺) 氨基酸能神經(jīng)元(氨基酸能神經(jīng)元(-氨基丁酸、甘氨基丁酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸)氨酸、谷氨酸) 肽能神經(jīng)元(神經(jīng)肽:腦啡肽、肽能神經(jīng)元

12、(神經(jīng)肽:腦啡肽、物物質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素)質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素) 一氧化氮(一氧化氮(NO)也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì))也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞( (neural stem cells) ) 分布:腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦分布:腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦海馬海馬 形態(tài):類似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形態(tài):類似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞 標(biāo)記物:巢蛋白標(biāo)記物:巢蛋白( (nestin) ) 功能:在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)功能:在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞

13、,元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞, 替換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)替換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體胞體樹(shù)突樹(shù)突軸突軸突分類分類神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞突觸(突觸(synapse):神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神):神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳遞信息的部位經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳遞信息的部位 最常見(jiàn)一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)最常見(jiàn)一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的樹(shù)突、樹(shù)突棘或胞體連接,分別形成軸元的樹(shù)突、樹(shù)突棘或胞體連接,分別形成軸- -樹(shù)、軸樹(shù)、軸- -棘或軸棘或軸- -體突觸體突觸

14、分類:分類: 化學(xué)突觸以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳遞信息的媒介化學(xué)突觸以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳遞信息的媒介 電突觸縫隙連接,傳遞生物電流(于人極電突觸縫隙連接,傳遞生物電流(于人極少)少) 突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)圖圖7-6神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 結(jié)構(gòu):由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成結(jié)構(gòu):由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成分構(gòu)成 突觸前成分突觸前成分: :即突觸小體,為神經(jīng)元的軸突即突觸小體,為神經(jīng)元的軸突終末,呈球狀膨大;內(nèi)有突觸小泡(終末,呈球狀膨大;內(nèi)有突觸小泡(synaptic vesicle ),含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì);突觸前膜較含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì);突觸前膜較厚,

15、含鈣離子通道厚,含鈣離子通道 突觸后成分:突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的突觸后成分:突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的受體受體圖圖7-7 79 9突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元圖圖7-10101515 在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間,神經(jīng)元與非在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間,神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間,除突觸部位以外,都神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間,除突觸部位以外,都被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣,以保證被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣,以保證信息傳遞的專一性和不受干擾信息傳遞的專一性和不受干擾 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞:有四中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞:有四種,在種,在HE染色切片中,除室管膜細(xì)胞染

16、色切片中,除室管膜細(xì)胞外,不易區(qū)分,用不同的鍍銀染色法外,不易區(qū)分,用不同的鍍銀染色法則能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌則能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(astrocyte) 體大,呈星形多突起體大,呈星形多突起, , 核圓或卵圓形,核圓或卵圓形,胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲(膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲(膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲)白構(gòu)成的中間絲) 功能:功能:支持和絕緣支持和絕緣突起末端可

17、擴(kuò)大形成腳板,在腦和脊突起末端可擴(kuò)大形成腳板,在腦和脊髓表面構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜;在血管周圍形髓表面構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜;在血管周圍形成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜,參與構(gòu)成血成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜,參與構(gòu)成血- -腦屏障腦屏障分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子組織損傷時(shí),細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕組織損傷時(shí),細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕圖圖7-1616突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 血血- -腦屏障(腦屏障(blood-brain barrier) 構(gòu)成:連續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮(

18、細(xì)胞間構(gòu)成:連續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮(細(xì)胞間有緊密連接);基膜;神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜有緊密連接);基膜;神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜 功能:阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦,功能:阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦,選擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)物通過(guò),維選擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)物通過(guò),維持腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定持腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定圖圖7-1717、1818突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(oligodendrocyte) 分布:神經(jīng)元胞體附近及軸突周圍分布:神經(jīng)元胞體附

19、近及軸突周圍 胞體較小,突起較少;突起末端擴(kuò)展胞體較小,突起較少;突起末端擴(kuò)展成扁平薄膜,包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突形成成扁平薄膜,包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突形成髓鞘髓鞘 功能:是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘形成細(xì)功能:是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘形成細(xì)胞胞突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(microglia) 最小,胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓,核小、染色最小,胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓,核小、染色深;突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支,表面有許多棘深;突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支,表面有許多

20、棘突突 由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演變而成,在中由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演變而成,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞,樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞,具有吞噬作用。(也可能起源于神經(jīng)具有吞噬作用。(也可能起源于神經(jīng)外胚層)外胚層)突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元室管膜細(xì)胞(室管膜細(xì)胞(ependymal cell) 襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面,形成襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面,形成單層上皮,即室管膜(單層上皮,即室管膜(ependyma

21、) 呈立方或柱狀,游離面有微絨毛,少呈立方或柱狀,游離面有微絨毛,少數(shù)細(xì)胞有纖毛;部分細(xì)胞的基底面有數(shù)細(xì)胞有纖毛;部分細(xì)胞的基底面有細(xì)長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部細(xì)長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部 參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液(于脈絡(luò)叢)參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液(于脈絡(luò)叢)突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞(施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞(Schwann cell) 參與參與PNS中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成,于有髓中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成,于有髓神經(jīng)纖維和無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施萬(wàn)細(xì)神經(jīng)纖維和無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施

22、萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的形態(tài)和功能有所差異胞的形態(tài)和功能有所差異 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的外表面有基膜施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的外表面有基膜 分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子, , 促進(jìn)受損傷的神促進(jìn)受損傷的神經(jīng)元存活及其軸突再生經(jīng)元存活及其軸突再生突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞(衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞(satellite cell) 是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁平或立方形細(xì)胞平或立方形細(xì)胞 核圓,染色質(zhì)較濃密;細(xì)胞外表面有核圓,染色

23、質(zhì)較濃密;細(xì)胞外表面有基膜基膜圖圖7-1919突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜室管膜細(xì)胞細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng) 神經(jīng)纖維(神經(jīng)纖維(nerve fiber)由神經(jīng)元的長(zhǎng))由神經(jīng)元的長(zhǎng)軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成 分類:分類: 有髓神經(jīng)纖維有髓神經(jīng)纖維 (myelinated nerve fiber) 無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維 (unmyelinated nerve

24、 fiber)突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元PNS的有髓神經(jīng)纖維的有髓神經(jīng)纖維 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外;相施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外;相鄰施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)鄰施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)( (Ranvier node) ),相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的,相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的一段神經(jīng)纖維稱結(jié)間體一段神經(jīng)纖維稱結(jié)間體( (internode) ),一個(gè)結(jié)間體的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬(wàn)一個(gè)結(jié)間體的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞細(xì)胞圖圖7-20202525突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖

25、維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層:中層為髓鞘施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層:中層為髓鞘(myelin sheath),以髓鞘為界胞質(zhì)分),以髓鞘為界胞質(zhì)分為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)極為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)極薄,光鏡下難分辨;外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略厚,薄,光鏡下難分辨;外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略厚,核位于其中核位于其中 髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞形成,電髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞形成,電鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀;含大量髓鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀;含大量髓磷脂(磷脂(myelin)和少量蛋白質(zhì);鋨酸)和少量蛋白質(zhì);鋨酸固定標(biāo)本上,可見(jiàn)髓鞘切跡,為內(nèi)、固定標(biāo)本上,可見(jiàn)髓鞘切跡,為內(nèi)、外側(cè)胞質(zhì)間的

26、狹窄通道外側(cè)胞質(zhì)間的狹窄通道突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元PNS的的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞為不規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)柱狀,表面有施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞為不規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)柱狀,表面有數(shù)量不等、深淺不同的縱行凹溝,縱數(shù)量不等、深淺不同的縱行凹溝,縱溝內(nèi)有較細(xì)的軸突,施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的膜不溝內(nèi)有較細(xì)的軸突,施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的膜不形成髓鞘形成髓鞘 一條無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維可含多條軸突一條無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維可含多條軸突 由于相鄰的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞銜接緊密,無(wú)郎由于相鄰的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞銜接緊密,無(wú)郎飛結(jié)飛結(jié)圖圖7-2626突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神

27、經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元CNS的的有髓神經(jīng)纖維有髓神經(jīng)纖維 結(jié)構(gòu):與結(jié)構(gòu):與PNS的的相似,但是由少突膠相似,但是由少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成髓鞘質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成髓鞘 少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的多個(gè)突起末端形成扁少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的多個(gè)突起末端形成扁平薄膜,可包卷多個(gè)軸突,其胞體位平薄膜,可包卷多個(gè)軸突,其胞體位于神經(jīng)纖維之間于神經(jīng)纖維之間 神經(jīng)纖維外表面無(wú)基膜,髓鞘內(nèi)無(wú)切神經(jīng)纖維外表面無(wú)基膜,髓鞘內(nèi)無(wú)切跡跡圖圖7-2727突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維

28、經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元CNS的的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維 軸突外面沒(méi)有特異性的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞軸突外面沒(méi)有特異性的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞包裹,軸突裸露地走行于有髓神經(jīng)纖包裹,軸突裸露地走行于有髓神經(jīng)纖維或神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間維或神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)纖維的功能神經(jīng)纖維的功能 傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),電流的傳導(dǎo)在軸膜進(jìn)傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),電流的傳導(dǎo)在軸膜進(jìn)行行 有髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)在郎飛結(jié)間有髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)在郎飛結(jié)間呈跳躍式傳導(dǎo),故傳導(dǎo)速度快呈跳躍式傳導(dǎo),故傳導(dǎo)速度快 無(wú)髓

29、神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)沿軸膜連續(xù)無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)沿軸膜連續(xù)傳導(dǎo),故傳導(dǎo)速度慢傳導(dǎo),故傳導(dǎo)速度慢突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)纖維集合在一起,周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)纖維集合在一起,構(gòu)成神經(jīng)(構(gòu)成神經(jīng)(nerve),分布到全身各器),分布到全身各器官官 多數(shù)神經(jīng)兼含感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維、運(yùn)動(dòng)神多數(shù)神經(jīng)兼含感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)纖維及自主神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維及自主神經(jīng)纖維圖圖7-2828突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)

30、纖維CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 神經(jīng)外膜(神經(jīng)外膜(epineurium):包裹在一條):包裹在一條神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組織神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組織 神經(jīng)束膜(神經(jīng)束膜(perineurium):位于神經(jīng)):位于神經(jīng)纖維束表面,由幾層扁平細(xì)胞圍成。纖維束表面,由幾層扁平細(xì)胞圍成。細(xì)胞間有緊密連接,對(duì)進(jìn)出神經(jīng)纖維細(xì)胞間有緊密連接,對(duì)進(jìn)出神經(jīng)纖維束的物質(zhì)起屏障作用束的物質(zhì)起屏障作用 神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜(神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜(endoneurium):每條神經(jīng)):每條神經(jīng)纖維表面的薄層結(jié)締組織纖維表面的薄層結(jié)締組織突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維

31、CNS 神神經(jīng)纖維經(jīng)纖維神神 經(jīng)經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)末梢(神經(jīng)末梢(nerve endings) 概念:周圍神經(jīng)纖維的終末,遍布全概念:周圍神經(jīng)纖維的終末,遍布全身身 分類:分類: 感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢游離神經(jīng)末梢、觸感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢游離神經(jīng)末梢、觸覺(jué)小體、環(huán)層小體、肌梭覺(jué)小體、環(huán)層小體、肌梭 運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢(運(yùn)動(dòng)終板)、內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢(運(yùn)動(dòng)終板)、內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元(假單極神經(jīng)元)的周是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元(假單極神經(jīng)元)的周

32、圍突末端,感受環(huán)境刺激并轉(zhuǎn)化為神圍突末端,感受環(huán)境刺激并轉(zhuǎn)化為神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)經(jīng)沖動(dòng)1.1.游離神經(jīng)末梢游離神經(jīng)末梢 為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維終末分支,分布于表為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維終末分支,分布于表皮、角膜、各種結(jié)締組織;感受溫度、皮、角膜、各種結(jié)締組織;感受溫度、應(yīng)力和某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的刺激,參與產(chǎn)應(yīng)力和某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的刺激,參與產(chǎn)生冷、熱、輕觸和痛覺(jué)生冷、熱、輕觸和痛覺(jué)圖圖7-2929突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元2.2.觸覺(jué)小體(觸覺(jué)小體(tactile corpuscle) 分布:真皮乳頭,于手指最多分布:真皮

33、乳頭,于手指最多 結(jié)構(gòu):卵圓形,長(zhǎng)軸與皮膚表面垂直;結(jié)構(gòu):卵圓形,長(zhǎng)軸與皮膚表面垂直;小體外包結(jié)締組織被囊,內(nèi)有許多橫小體外包結(jié)締組織被囊,內(nèi)有許多橫列的扁平細(xì)胞;感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢盤列的扁平細(xì)胞;感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢盤繞在扁平細(xì)胞間繞在扁平細(xì)胞間 功能:感受應(yīng)力刺激,參與產(chǎn)生觸覺(jué)功能:感受應(yīng)力刺激,參與產(chǎn)生觸覺(jué)圖圖7-30303232突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元3.3.環(huán)層小體(環(huán)層小體(lamella corpuscle) 分布:皮下組織、腹膜、腸系膜、韌分布:皮下組織、腹膜、腸系膜、韌帶

34、、關(guān)節(jié)囊等處帶、關(guān)節(jié)囊等處 結(jié)構(gòu):體大,圓或卵圓形,中央有一結(jié)構(gòu):體大,圓或卵圓形,中央有一均質(zhì)狀圓柱體,內(nèi)含神經(jīng)纖維末梢,均質(zhì)狀圓柱體,內(nèi)含神經(jīng)纖維末梢,周圍多層扁平細(xì)胞呈同心圓排列周圍多層扁平細(xì)胞呈同心圓排列 功能:感受較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)力,參與產(chǎn)生壓功能:感受較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)力,參與產(chǎn)生壓覺(jué)和振動(dòng)覺(jué)覺(jué)和振動(dòng)覺(jué)圖圖7-3333、3434突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元4.4.肌梭(肌梭(muscle spindle) 分布:骨骼肌內(nèi)分布:骨骼肌內(nèi) 結(jié)構(gòu):梭形,表面有結(jié)締組織被囊;結(jié)構(gòu):梭形,表面有結(jié)締組織

35、被囊;內(nèi)含數(shù)條細(xì)的梭內(nèi)肌纖維,核成串排內(nèi)含數(shù)條細(xì)的梭內(nèi)肌纖維,核成串排列或集中在肌纖維中段;感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末列或集中在肌纖維中段;感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢纏繞肌纖維中段,運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分梢纏繞肌纖維中段,運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分布在肌纖維兩端布在肌纖維兩端 功能:為本體感受器,感受骨骼肌的功能:為本體感受器,感受骨骼肌的舒縮狀態(tài),參與調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌活動(dòng)舒縮狀態(tài),參與調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌活動(dòng)圖圖7-3535、3636突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體的終末結(jié)構(gòu),支配肌纖維的

36、收縮和腺的終末結(jié)構(gòu),支配肌纖維的收縮和腺體的分泌體的分泌1.1.軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢(運(yùn)動(dòng)終板(運(yùn)動(dòng)終板 motor end plate):): 分布:骨骼肌分布:骨骼肌 LM:運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元軸突末端反復(fù)分支,:運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元軸突末端反復(fù)分支,每一分支呈葡萄狀終末與一條骨骼肌每一分支呈葡萄狀終末與一條骨骼肌纖維形成突觸;又稱神經(jīng)肌連接纖維形成突觸;又稱神經(jīng)肌連接 圖圖7-37373939突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元 EM:骨骼肌纖維表面凹陷為淺槽,槽:骨骼肌纖維表面凹陷為淺槽,槽底肌

37、膜即突觸后膜,有許多皺褶;軸底肌膜即突觸后膜,有許多皺褶;軸突終末即突觸小體,嵌入淺槽,突觸突終末即突觸小體,嵌入淺槽,突觸小泡內(nèi)含乙酰膽堿小泡內(nèi)含乙酰膽堿 功能:支配骨骼肌收縮功能:支配骨骼肌收縮 運(yùn)動(dòng)單位:一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及其支配運(yùn)動(dòng)單位:一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及其支配的全部骨骼肌纖維的全部骨骼肌纖維突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元2.2.內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢 分布:心肌分布:心肌, ,內(nèi)臟及血管平滑肌內(nèi)臟及血管平滑肌, ,腺體腺體 結(jié)構(gòu):無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維分支末段呈串珠結(jié)構(gòu):無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維分

38、支末段呈串珠樣膨體,貼附于細(xì)胞表面或穿行于細(xì)樣膨體,貼附于細(xì)胞表面或穿行于細(xì)胞之間,與細(xì)胞建立突觸胞之間,與細(xì)胞建立突觸 功能:控制或調(diào)節(jié)肌細(xì)胞收縮、腺體功能:控制或調(diào)節(jié)肌細(xì)胞收縮、腺體分泌分泌圖圖7-4040突觸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的光鏡與電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)(樹(shù)突、軸神經(jīng)元的光鏡與電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)(樹(shù)突、軸突、尼氏體、神經(jīng)原纖維)、功能及分類突、尼氏體、神經(jīng)原纖維)、功能及分類突觸的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能突觸的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能有髓與無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點(diǎn)有髓與無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖

39、維的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點(diǎn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分類、形態(tài)特點(diǎn)和主要功神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分類、形態(tài)特點(diǎn)和主要功能能各種運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一般各種運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一般結(jié)構(gòu)和作用結(jié)構(gòu)和作用本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn)圖圖7-1 7-1 神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)圖圖7-2 7-2 脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖圖圖7-3 7-3 神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )圖圖7-4 7-4 運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-1 7-1 神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)圖圖7-5 7-5 脊髓及神經(jīng)脊髓及神經(jīng) ( (示三種神經(jīng)元的關(guān)系示三種神經(jīng)元的關(guān)系

40、) )圖圖7-6 7-6 神經(jīng)元及其突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖神經(jīng)元及其突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-7 7-7 神經(jīng)元胞體表面的突觸小體神經(jīng)元胞體表面的突觸小體 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )圖圖7-8 7-8 突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-9 突觸電鏡圖突觸電鏡圖圖圖7-10 7-10 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖圖7-11 7-11 星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )圖圖7-12 7-12 培養(yǎng)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞 免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)(熒光素標(biāo)免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)(熒光素標(biāo)記)示膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白陽(yáng)性記)示膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白陽(yáng)性圖圖

41、7-13 7-13 少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )圖圖7-14 7-14 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )圖圖7-15 7-15 三種膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖三種膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖 ( (鍍銀染色鍍銀染色) )左圖為少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞左圖為少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞, ,右上為小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞右上為小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞, ,右下示星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞右下示星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖圖7-16 7-16 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì) 細(xì)胞模式圖細(xì)胞模式圖室管膜 細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì) 細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元膠質(zhì)界膜有髓神經(jīng)纖維星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞毛細(xì)血管有髓神經(jīng)纖維內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖圖7-17 血腦屏障模式圖血

42、腦屏障模式圖圖圖7-18 血腦屏障電鏡圖血腦屏障電鏡圖圖圖7-16 7-16 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì) 細(xì)胞模式圖細(xì)胞模式圖室管膜 細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì) 細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元膠質(zhì)界膜有髓神經(jīng)纖維星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞毛細(xì)血管有髓神經(jīng)纖維內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖圖7-19 7-19 神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞和衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞和衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞()()光鏡圖光鏡圖圖圖7-20 7-20 運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-21 7-21 周圍神經(jīng)纖維周圍神經(jīng)纖維圖圖7-22 7-22 有髓神經(jīng)纖維束縱切面光鏡圖有髓神經(jīng)纖維束縱切面光鏡圖(1(1軸突軸突 2 2髓鞘髓鞘 3 3施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核

43、4 4郎飛節(jié)郎飛節(jié)) )圖圖7-23 7-23 有髓神經(jīng)纖維束橫切面光鏡圖有髓神經(jīng)纖維束橫切面光鏡圖(1 1軸突軸突 2 2髓鞘髓鞘 3 3施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核 4 4神經(jīng)束膜)神經(jīng)束膜)圖圖7-24 7-24 有髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面電鏡圖有髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面電鏡圖圖圖7-25 7-25 周圍神經(jīng)纖維髓鞘形成周圍神經(jīng)纖維髓鞘形成 及其超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖及其超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-26 7-26 無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面模式圖無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面模式圖圖圖7-27 7-27 少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與中樞有髓神經(jīng)纖維關(guān)系模式圖少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與中樞有髓神經(jīng)纖維關(guān)系模式圖圖圖7-28 7-28 神經(jīng)橫切面模式圖神經(jīng)橫切面模式圖神經(jīng)纖

44、維脂肪組織血管神經(jīng)外膜神經(jīng)束膜圖圖7-29 7-29 游離神經(jīng)末梢游離神經(jīng)末梢 ( (左左: :模式圖模式圖 右右: :光鏡圖光鏡圖) )圖圖7-30 7-30 觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖( (手掌皮膚手掌皮膚) )圖圖7-31 7-31 觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖圖圖7-32 觸覺(jué)小體觸覺(jué)小體 (左左:模式圖模式圖 右右:光鏡圖光鏡圖)圖圖7-33 環(huán)層小體模式圖環(huán)層小體模式圖圖圖7-34 7-34 環(huán)層小體光鏡圖環(huán)層小體光鏡圖圖圖7-35 肌梭模式圖肌梭模式圖被囊花枝樣感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢環(huán)狀感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢梭內(nèi)肌細(xì)胞核梭內(nèi)肌細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)纖維圖圖7-36 肌梭光鏡圖(氯化金染色)肌梭光鏡圖(氯化金染色)圖圖7-37 運(yùn)動(dòng)終板模式圖運(yùn)動(dòng)終板模式圖圖圖7-38 7-38 運(yùn)動(dòng)終板光鏡圖運(yùn)動(dòng)終板光鏡圖 ( (氯化金染色氯化金染色) )圖圖7-39 7-39 運(yùn)動(dòng)終板超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖運(yùn)動(dòng)終板超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖圖7-40 7-40 內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和膨體結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和膨體結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖軸突線粒體膨體效應(yīng)細(xì)胞突觸前膜受體突觸后膜神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)突觸間隙突觸小泡

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