英漢翻譯技巧-第八章.ppt

《英漢翻譯技巧-第八章.ppt》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《英漢翻譯技巧-第八章.ppt（34頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

英漢翻譯技巧,主編：鐘書能教授,第8章 英漢翻譯中的視角轉(zhuǎn)移 Shift of Perspective in E-C Translation,一、概述,我們經(jīng)常會說這樣的話“換個角度看問題”、“設身處地”。從哲學角度來看，一個事物有許多方面，事物之間的關系也是多方面、多維度的。事物都是相互聯(lián)系、相互作用的。事物之間的主客、主次關系也可以轉(zhuǎn)換。這是我們多角度、多視角看問題的哲學基礎。 語言也是多角度的。我們經(jīng)常用不同的說法表達相同或者相近的意思。比如我們可以說“他這個人很好”，也可以說“他這個人不錯”或“他這個人不賴”。我們可以說“他坐著飛機去上?！?，也可以說“飛機載著他到了上?！?。我們可以說“窗打不開了”，也可以說“我打不開這扇窗”。我們可以說“They stayed together for the rest of their life because they love each other”，也可以說“Their love made them stay together all their life”。 既然人類可以多角度地使用語言進行表達，在翻譯時我們也要學會多角度地思考問題。碰到難點或陷入僵局時，不妨換個角度來看，說不定就可以找到更合適或更精彩的翻譯手法。這就是我們所說的翻譯中的視角轉(zhuǎn)移。 具體來說，我們可以從以下幾個方面來考慮英漢翻譯中視角的轉(zhuǎn)移。,,第一，主體的轉(zhuǎn)移。幾個事物聯(lián)系在一起時有主客、主次之分，這也就是主體轉(zhuǎn)換的基礎。中英文之間有巨大的差異，有時在英文里習慣做主體的事物在中文里很少做主語。如果照原樣翻譯就會產(chǎn)生問題。這個時候就要轉(zhuǎn)換主體。 第二，空間視角的轉(zhuǎn)移?？臻g有前后、內(nèi)外、大小之分。在這些方面，我們習慣的說法與外國人的說法可能不同。比如說英語中有“I am sitting in front of a bottle of beer” 如果直譯則成為“我坐在一瓶啤酒前”。但我們不習慣這樣說，我們習慣的說法是，“我面前放著一瓶啤酒?！?,第三，時間視角的轉(zhuǎn)移。時間有先后之分。同一件事發(fā)生的時機可以從前往后看，也可以從后往前看。這是時間視角轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎。比如這樣一個句子“Ten days passed before he could move his leg.”如果直譯就成為“他的腿能動之前過了十天?！钡珴h語里我們不習慣這么說，我們習慣的說法是“十天后，他的腿才能動?！?,第四，正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移。正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移是視角轉(zhuǎn)移的一種重要方式。英語和漢語都有大量用正反兩種形式表達相同意思的現(xiàn)象，這為我們實現(xiàn)正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移奠定了堅實基礎。比如這樣一句話“He would say no more”，如果采用否定的方法翻譯，可以翻譯成“他不肯再多說了”，如果用肯定的說法，可以翻譯成“他只肯說到這里”。 當然，這只是視角轉(zhuǎn)移的幾種方式。有句詩說得好，“橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰”，只要我們留心，可以說視角的轉(zhuǎn)移在翻譯中無處不在，轉(zhuǎn)移的方式也是千變?nèi)f化的。如果我們能恰當?shù)厥褂靡暯寝D(zhuǎn)移的方法，必將給譯文增色不少。,二、翻譯示例,,,,,1. 主體的轉(zhuǎn)移,主體的轉(zhuǎn)移是視角轉(zhuǎn)移中最常見的一種。從語法角度看，它表現(xiàn)為主語的更改，進而引起句子結(jié)構(gòu)的更改。英語和漢語在選擇主語方面的差異非常巨大。比如說漢語傾向于選擇有生命的生命體作為主語，而英語在使用生命體作主語的同時也經(jīng)常采用無生命體作主語。比如下面這個俚語“Walls have ears”，漢語翻譯成“隔墻有耳”。乍看很相似，但二者的語法差異是巨大的，英文中是以“walls”作為主語，采用擬人的方式表達。漢語則是采取了“有”（相當于英文的there be句型）這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)。英語是說墻長了耳朵，漢語則是說墻的另一邊有人在偷聽，二者的主體是斷然不同的。當然，主體轉(zhuǎn)移的情況不限于這一種情況，而是一種非常普遍的現(xiàn)象。下面幾個例子都是主體轉(zhuǎn)移的范例：,(1) I felt that life was passing me by.,譯文 我感覺自己在虛度光陰。,,,,,譯文 我并無貶低商業(yè)的意思，我只是覺得自己不適合做生意。,(2) Now I do not for a moment mean to disparage business. My whole point is that it was not for me.,譯文隨著家里的經(jīng)濟狀況好轉(zhuǎn)，不再需要我的資助，我就辭去了工作。,(3) The family being once more solvent, and my help no longer necessary, I resigned from my position.,在以上幾個例子中，譯文的主體都不同于原文的主體，均發(fā)生了主體的轉(zhuǎn)移。比如例（1）中主體本來是“l(fā)ife”，譯文轉(zhuǎn)換為“自己”；例（2）中原文說“it was not for me”，即“生意不適合我”，譯文中轉(zhuǎn)換為“我不適合做生意”；等等?？梢赃@樣說，在英漢翻譯中，主體轉(zhuǎn)移的例子比比皆是，堪稱一種普遍現(xiàn)象。,,,,,(1) Stay in.,譯文 呆在家里。/別出去。/別出門。,2. 空間視角的轉(zhuǎn)移,空間視角的轉(zhuǎn)移也是很常見的。內(nèi)與外，上與下，高與低，前與后是常見的空間關系。比如這個短語“stay out of trouble”，這里的trouble似乎是一個地域范圍，人作為個體要呆在這個范圍之外。當然，翻譯成漢語絕不能是“呆在麻煩外面”，我們會翻譯成“別惹麻煩”或者“別找麻煩”。又比如“stay out of my sight”，這個句子就有一個明顯的空間范圍“my sight”，意即警告對方不要進入自己的視線。翻譯成中文也不能是“呆在我的視線之外”，而應該是“別讓我看到你”。下面是幾個空間視角轉(zhuǎn)移的例子：,(2) Up to the neck in debts.,譯文 債臺高累。,(3) Out of sight, out of mind,譯文 眼不見，心不煩。,,,,,3. 時間視角的轉(zhuǎn)移,與空間視角轉(zhuǎn)移一樣，時間視角也可以靈活地進行轉(zhuǎn)移。時間的前或后是我們可以靈活調(diào)整變換的關系。在英文中，這一類的句子通?？縝efore，since等詞連接起來。,(4) Close the window and keep the rain out.,譯文 關上窗，別讓雨進來了。,從這幾個例子看出，內(nèi)與外，上與下，高與低，前與后這些空間關系在英漢翻譯中都可以靈活地進行轉(zhuǎn)換?！癝tay in”可以翻譯成“不出門”；“out of sight”可以翻譯成“眼不見”；“keep the rain out”可以翻譯成“別讓雨進來了”。在翻譯中，靈活地進行空間視角轉(zhuǎn)移可以讓翻譯的思路更為寬廣，譯文更為靈活多樣。,(1) It was not long before he died.,譯文 過了不久，他就死了。,,,,,(4) You have to ask for his consultation before you make any decision.,譯文 必須咨詢他之后才能做出決定。/做決定前，一定要咨詢他的意見。,(2) It has been one year since I last smoked.,譯文 一年前，我戒了煙。/ 我戒煙已經(jīng)一年了。,(3) This is well out of the line of traffic and it was three years before any ship sighted the castaways.,譯文 這里遠離航線，過了三年，過往船只才發(fā)現(xiàn)這群流落荒島的人。,從以上幾個例子我們可以看出，時間的前與后取決于我們看問題的視角。同樣一件事情，你可以從不同的時間角度來看。比如“It has been one year since I last smoked.”，我們既可以站在過去的角度看，把它翻譯成“一年前，我戒了煙”；也可以站在現(xiàn)在的角度看過去，翻譯成“我戒煙已經(jīng)一年了”。又比如例（4）兩種不同的翻譯，“必須咨詢他之后才能做出決定”與“做決定前，一定要咨詢他的意見?！倍唠m然在意思上沒有差別，但擁有不同的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和句法特征，可以給譯文帶來不同的風格。,,,,,4. 正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移,(2) The villagers found themselves vulnerable to the process of industrialization.,譯文 村民們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無力抵擋工業(yè)化的進程。,在英漢翻譯過程中，由于兩種語言習慣的不同，經(jīng)常需要把英語中的正說譯成漢語中的反說，或把英語中的反說譯成漢語中的正說。這樣才能確切表達原意并符合目標語的規(guī)范。這種翻譯方法就是依靠了正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移。請看以下的幾個例子。,(1) Office area, staff only.,譯文 辦公區(qū)域，閑人免進。,(3) This problem is quite above me.,譯文 這個問題難住了我。/ 這個問題我不懂。,,,,,從根本來說，是邏輯習慣和語言習慣決定了在翻譯中是否應該采取正反視角轉(zhuǎn)移的方法。比如英文中的“staff only”，如果直譯則成為“員工專用”或“只有員工能進入”。我們采取“閑人免進”來翻譯它，一方面是為了形成四字格；另一方面它采取否定說法，口氣更為嚴厲。從以上的幾個示例可以看出，正反視角的轉(zhuǎn)移不只是給我們提供了一種翻譯的技巧，更為我們提供了一種在翻譯中逆向思維的方法。,5. 綜合示例分析,(1) By the time I reached Stanislau, all the people were gone, too.,分析 在翻譯時由于中英兩種語言和民族思維方式不同，我們經(jīng)常按照譯 語的思維方式或表達習慣重新組織原句的信息，從與原語不同的角 度來表達同樣意思。例子中采用了人稱視角，原譯的視角沒有變化， 而試譯則將all the people換成了“此地”，這便是從物稱視角到人 稱視角的轉(zhuǎn)換。這里的“人稱視角”不是語法上的第一、二、三人 稱的意思，而是以“人”為切入點的表述視角；與之相對的“物稱 視角”則指表述時以“物”或“事”為著眼點。采用了物化視角的 轉(zhuǎn)換，可以與前一部分“我抵達斯丹尼斯勞時”的地方對應，使句 子前后意思更加一致。,原譯 我抵達斯丹尼斯勞時，所有人都已經(jīng)走了。 試譯 我抵達斯丹尼斯勞時，此地已經(jīng)成為空城了。,,,,,(2) The new century is upon us.,試譯 我們即將迎來新世紀。,分析 英語重客觀，漢語重主觀，把英語翻譯成漢語時需要進行調(diào)整，如 果翻譯成“新世紀來到我們身邊”就沒有“我們即將迎來新世紀” 符合漢語表達習慣。,試譯 我啜吸三口就喝光了，不過咖啡的香濃溫暖我卻至今難忘。,分析 after three sips it was gone 直譯成漢語就是：喝了三口，咖啡就一 點不剩了。這樣的譯文“忠實”于原文，但是和后面的句子不夠連 貫和流暢。試譯使用視角轉(zhuǎn)移的翻譯技巧，就更符合漢語的表達習慣。,(3) After three sips it was gone, but I could still feel its warmth and energy.,(4) Being a writer had been far from my expectations; being a best-selling author was almost unfathomable.,試譯 我根本沒有料到過自己能成為一名作家，更不敢想象自己能成為 一位暢銷書作者。,分析 翻譯上例原文，我們有不同的視角選擇。（1）成為一名作家曾 遠遠超出我的期待，成為一名暢銷書作者幾乎更是不可觸及的 （夢想）。（2）我根本沒有料到過自己能成為一名作家，更不敢 想象自己能成為一位暢銷書作者。,,,三、英語語篇漢譯,The Beauty of Britain by J. B. Priestley 英 倫 之 美,,,,,,,,,,The beauty of our country — or at least all of it south of the Highlands — is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy. Remembering other and larger countries, we see at once that one of its charms is that it is immensely varied within a small compass. We have here no vast mountain ranges, no illimitable plains, no leagues of forests, and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things. But we have superb variety. A great deal of everything is packed into little space. I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner. We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space. Nature, we feel, has carefully adjusted things — mountains, plains, rivers, lakes — to the scale of the island itself. A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster here, as wrong as a plain 400 miles long, a river as broad as the Mississippi. In America the whole scale is too big, except for aviators. There is always too much of everything. There you find yourself in a region that is all mountains, then in another region that is merely part of one colossal plain. You can spend a long, hard day in the Rockies simply traveling up or down one valley. You can wander across prairie country that has the desolating immensity of the ocean. Everything is too big; there is too much of it.,,,,,,,,,英倫之美，至少在高地以南區(qū)域的美，難以定義卻易于領略。跟其他較大的國家相比，英國的魅力在于它范圍雖小，變化卻多。它沒有連綿的山麓，廣袤的平原，成片的森林，也就自然缺失了伴隨這些景色的宏大壯觀的感覺。但它的多樣性是一流的。小小的空間內(nèi)集中了各種景色。我們大概都隱約知道，它是一個小島，海水總圍繞在旁邊。各種事物要細致安排，才能放得下。造物似乎是按照這座島的大小調(diào)整了山川河湖的尺寸。在這里，海拔12,000的大山將會是龐然大物，綿延四百里的平原將不可思議，寬闊如密西西比的河流也是難以想象的。在美國，一切都顯得太大。當然，飛行員可能不這么想。一切都太多太大了。有一些地方盡是大山，而一些地方則只是大平原的一部分。你在洛基山脈走上一整天，可能還沒有走出一條山谷。你也可以在浩瀚如海的北美大草原上漫步。一切都太大了，一切都有過分之嫌。,,,,,,,,,Though the geographical features of this island are comparatively small, and there is astonishing variety almost everywhere, that does not mean that our mountains are not mountains, our plains not plains. Consider that piece of luck of ours, the Lake District. You can climb with ease — as I have done many a time — several of its mountains in one day. Nevertheless, you feel that they are mountains and not mere hills — as a correspondent pointed out in the Times recently. This same correspondent told a story that proves my point. A party of climbers imported a Swiss guide into the Lake District, and on the first morning, surveying the misty, jagged peaks before him, he pointed to a ledge about two thirds of the way up one of them and suggested that the party should spend the night there. He did not know that that ledge was only an hour or two’s journey away and that before the light went they would probably have conquered two or three of these peaks. He had not realized the scale of the country. He did not know that he was looking at mountains in miniature. What he did know was that he was certainly looking at mountains, and he was right, for these peaks, some of them less than 3,000 feet high, have all the air of great mountains, like those in the Snowdon country, with their grim slaty faces.,,,,,,,,,盡管英國的地域小且每個地方都有多種地貌，但這并不意味著我們的山就不是山，平原就不算平原。就拿我們的寶地之一湖區(qū)來說吧。湖區(qū)的山你一天可以爬上幾座，我就親自體驗過許多次。 但正如一位記者在《泰晤士報》所說過的，你仍會覺得它是山而不是小山包。這位記者還寫過一個故事，可以證明我的觀點。一群登山客帶了一位瑞士導游到了湖區(qū)。頭天早上，這位導游觀察了面前霧氣蒼茫的山峰，然后指向一個距離他們還有三分之二路程的山頭，建議大家晚上在那里過夜。他還不知道，那座山頭離他們只有一兩小時的路程。天黑之前，他們將至少可以翻過兩三座這樣的山頭。他并未發(fā)覺，眼前的山是縮小版的?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?，他感覺自己面前的是山。他的感覺沒錯，因為這里的山峰，即使只有三千英尺高，也有大山的雄偉風范，可以媲美板巖山體的斯諾登山。,,,,,,,,,My own favorite country, perhaps because I knew it as a boy, is that of the Yorkshire Dales. For variety of landscape, these Dales cannot be matched on this island or anywhere else. A day’s walk among them will give you almost everything fit to be seen on this earth. Within a few hours, you have enjoyed the green valleys, with their rivers, fine old bridges, pleasant villages, hanging woods, smooth fields; and then the moorland slopes, with their rushing streams, stone walls, salty winds and crying curlews, white farmhouses; and then the lonely heights, which seem to be miles above the ordinary world, with their dark tarns, heather and ling and harebells, and moorland tracks as remote, it seems, as traits in Mongolia. Yet less than an hour in a fast motor will bring you to the middle of some manufacturing town, which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights.,,,,,,,,,我最喜歡的地區(qū)是約克郡山谷，可能是我在那里長大的緣故吧。約克郡山谷的地貌多樣性在英國甚至全世界都首屈一指。在山谷里走上一天，就可以見到地球上幾乎所有地貌。短短幾個小時，你就可以看到翠綠的山谷、蜿蜒的河流、精致的古橋、美麗的村莊、懸空的森林、平整的田野。高沼地上溪水奔流，石墻聳立，咸風勁吹，杓鷸鳴叫，農(nóng)舍儼然。孤零零的高地似乎高出平地幾里，高地上有深色的小湖，雜生著帚石楠和風鈴草。高沼地上的痕跡像是在蒙古一樣偏僻。但一小時的車程，就可以從這里趕到繁華的市中心。市井之繁華，從高地處易于到達又便于遺忘。,,,,,,,,,Another characteristic of our landscape is its exquisite moderation. It looks like the result of one of those happy compromises that make our social and political plans so irrational and yet so successful. It has been born of a compromise between wildness and tameness, between Nature and Man. In many countries you pass straight from regions where men have left their mark on every inch of ground to other regions that are desolate wildernesses. Abroad, we have all noticed how abruptly most of the cities seem to begin: here, no city; there, the city. With us the cities pretend they are not really there until we are well inside them. They almost insinuate themselves into the countryside. This comes from another compromise of ours, the suburb. There is a great deal to be said for the suburb. To people of moderate means, compelled to live fairly near their work in a city, the suburb offers the most civilized way of life. Nearly all Englishmen are at heart country gentlemen. The suburban villa enables the salesman or the clerk, out of hours, to be almost a country gentleman. (Let us admit that it offers his wife and children more solid advantages.) A man in a newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country. There are, however, things to be said against the suburb. To begin with, now that everybody has a passion — and, in my opinion, a ridiculous passion — for living in detached or semidetached villas. The new suburbs eat into the countryside in the greediest fashion and immensely enlarge the bounds of their cities. Nor is there anything very pleasing in the sight of these villas and bungalows, thickly sown,,,,,,,,,for miles, higgledy-piggledy and messy. Then again, there are disadvantages about being neither completely urban nor completely rural. It might be better if people who work in the cities were more mentally urban, more ready to identify themselves with the life of the city proper. Thus there is something more than cheap snobbery behind that accusing cry of “Suburban!” which we hear so often. It may mean that the accused, with his compromises, has contrived to lose the urban virtues without acquiring the rural ones, and is mentally making the worst of both worlds. 英倫風景的又一特色是它的中庸。這就像英國許多次妥協(xié)的結(jié)果一樣，讓我們的社會與政治機制看起來極不合理，但又很成功。這里是荒蠻與馴化妥協(xié)的結(jié)果，是自然與人類博弈的結(jié)果。在許多國家，有些地方到處是人類的痕跡，有些地方則人跡罕至。在國外，城市與郊外的分界非常明顯。這里是郊區(qū)，那里是市區(qū)。但在英國，你只有到城市深處才發(fā)覺自己到了市區(qū)，好像之前它藏匿了起來。市區(qū)藏匿在郊區(qū)之中。郊區(qū)也是英國式妥協(xié)的一個結(jié)果。對于喜好中庸的人士，如果不得不住在工作地點旁邊，郊區(qū)可以提供最文明的生活方式。從骨子里來說，幾乎所有英國人都是鄉(xiāng)村紳士。住在郊區(qū)的別墅里，在城市工作的推銷員或職員下班以后也可以變身為鄉(xiāng)村紳士。（這種生活對妻小也有益處）新郊區(qū)給人一種一腳在城市，一腳在鄉(xiāng)村的感覺。當然，居住在郊區(qū)也有不好的地方。首先，現(xiàn)在每個人都樂意住在獨立或半獨立的別墅里，我覺得這種想法挺可笑的。其次，新郊區(qū)貪婪地吞噬了鄉(xiāng)村地域，擴大,,,,,,,,,了城市的范圍。還有，這些密密麻麻數(shù)英里長的別墅和平房群也不怎么好看。 但說起來，半市區(qū)和半郊區(qū)也有它的壞處。如果在市區(qū)工作的人的思想再都市化一點，對城市生活的認同感再強一點就好了。這樣那些整天喊著要去郊區(qū)生活的人就可能沒那么功利了。有可能的是，這些人可能失去了城市的便利，但又未獲得鄉(xiāng)村生活的益處。結(jié)果在思想上，把兩個世界都變得一團糟。 We must return, however, to the landscape, which I suggest is the result of a compromise between wildness and cultivation, Nature and Man. One reason for this is that it contains that exquisite balance between Nature and Man. We see a cornfield and a cottage, both solid evidences of Man’s presence. But notice how these things, in the middle of the scene, are surrounded by witnesses to that ancient England that was nearly all forest and heath. The fence and the gate are man-made, but are not severely regular and trim as they would be in some other countries. The trees and hedges, the grass and wild flowers in the foreground, all suggest that Nature has not been dragooned into obedience. Even the cottage, which has an irregularity and coloring that make it fit snugly into the landscape (as all good cottage should do), looks nearly as much a piece of natural history as the trees: you feel it might have grown there. In some countries, that cottage would have been an uncompromising cube of,,,,,,,,,brick which would have declared, “No nonsense one. Man, the drainer, the tiller, the builder, has settled here.” In this English scene there is no such direct opposition. Men and trees and flowers, we feel, have all settled down comfortably together. The motto is, “Live and let live.” This exquisite harmony between Nature and Man explains in part the enchantment of the older Britain, in which whole towns fitted snugly into the landscape, as if they were no more than bits of woodland; and roads went winding the easiest way as naturally as rivers; and it was impossible to say where cultivation ended and wild life began. It was a country rich in trees, birds, and wild flowers, as we can see to this day.,我們必須回歸到妥協(xié)之中，也就是荒蠻與文明的妥協(xié)，自然與人類的妥協(xié)。因為這種妥協(xié)代表著人與自然的和諧相處。比如說一片玉米田和一間小木屋，二者都是人類存在的標志。但要注意到，它們周圍包圍著古老英格蘭遺留下來的森林和灌木?；h笆和門是人造的，但并不像其他國家一樣制作精致光滑。院子前的灌木和雜草都說明自然并沒有屈服于人力。連那間小木屋的形狀與色澤都能夠與周圍的風景相得益彰（好的木屋都應該是這樣的），叫人看起來它好像是原本就生長在這里一樣。有些國家的木屋是磚塊砌成，似乎在宣布“別鬧了，人類來了，泥瓦匠，排水工，建筑工來了這里”。英國則沒有如此對立鮮明的場景。在這里，人類與花草樹木共同生活在一起。我們的格言是“和諧共生”。人與自然超乎尋常的和諧是老英國魅力的部分所在，有些城市恰到好處地嵌在周邊環(huán)境中，似乎是林地的一部分。公路像河流一樣自然地蜿蜒開來，你很難說出文明與自然的界限在哪里。直到今天，這個國家都是個鳥語花香，樹木蔥蔥的地方。,,,1. 翻譯標準,We have here no vast mountain ranges, no illimitable plains, no leagues of forests, and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things.,試譯 它沒有連綿的山麓，廣袤的平原，成片的森林，也就自然缺失了伴 隨這些景色的宏大壯觀的感覺。,分析 忠實與通順是翻譯的兩個重要標準。對于漢語來說，通順的語言還 意味著句式要整齊，對仗要工整。比如上句中英文的排比句式 “no vast mountain ranges, no illimitable plains, no leagues of forests”就要采取對仗的方式來翻譯，分別翻譯成“連綿的山麓， 廣袤的平原，成片的森林”。這樣的翻譯句式工整，讀起來也朗 朗上口。我們也可以采取四字格，翻譯成“連綿不斷的山麓，廣 袤無垠的平原，成片成片的森林”。,,翻譯技巧分析,2. 英漢語言對比,Yet less than an hour in a fast motor will bring you to the middle of some manufacturing town, which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights.,試譯 但一小時的車程，就可以從這里趕到繁華的市中心。市井之繁華， 從高地處易于到達又便于遺忘。,分析 英語的句子講究形合，一個句子中可以包含多個從句，表達比 較豐富的意義。漢語則講究形合，句子較短，句子之間的聯(lián)系 主要依賴意義。因此，在英漢翻譯中，經(jīng)常要把英文中的從句 單獨拆成一個句子來翻譯。比如這句話的后半句是個定語從句 which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights。在漢譯時就單獨分出一個句子。 在翻譯中，不只是從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為獨立句子，有時一個詞，一 個短語都可以單獨列為一個句子。,To begin with, now that everybody has a passion — and, in my opinion, a ridiculous passion — for living in detached or semidetached villas.,分析 這句話翻譯的關鍵在于中間的插入成分“a ridiculous passion”。如果直譯 為“一種可笑的熱情”則顯得不妥。首先從語序來說，這個插入成分要移到 最后才合適；其次，要把這個插入成分拓展成一個句子“我覺得這種想法挺 可笑的”。在這里，只有意譯才能準確表達出作者的用意。,3.直譯與意譯,試譯 首先，現(xiàn)在每個人都樂意住在獨立或半獨立的別墅里，我覺得這種想法挺 可笑的。,4.詞義的選擇,Remembering other and larger countries, we see at once that one of its charms is that it is immensely varied within a small compass.,試譯 跟其他較大的國家相比，英國的魅力在于它范圍雖小，變化卻多。,分析 詞義的選擇是英漢翻譯的關鍵之一。語境是確定詞義的最終標桿。每個詞在不 同的語境中，都是一個新詞。我們在翻譯中不能只憑印象，而要結(jié)合語境和詞 典釋義來確定詞的意義。這個句子的難點在于“compass”一詞的翻譯。我們 最熟悉的compass的釋義是“羅盤，指南針”，但仔細觀察之后，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn) 這個釋義不合適這里的語境。Compass還有一個意思是“區(qū)域，范圍”，這才 是我們翻譯中應該選擇的詞義。因此，在遇到一些看似熟悉的詞時，一定要認 真觀察。,,,5. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,You can wander across prairie country that has the desolating immensity of the ocean.,試譯 你也可以在浩瀚如海的北美大草原上漫步。,Yet less than an hour in a fast motor will bring you to the middle of some manufacturing town, which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights.,分析 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是經(jīng)常用到的翻譯技巧。在本句中，immensity本來是名詞， 在漢語翻譯中轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞“浩瀚”。,6. 增補、省略、重復,試譯 但一小時的車程，就可以從這里趕到繁華的市中心。市井之繁華， 從高地處易于到達又便于遺忘。 分析 翻譯中當增處要增，當減處要減。但增減都有一個尺度，不能隨意， 不能離譜，原則是要圍繞著作者的原意來增減。這一句中的“繁華 的市中心”就增添了“繁華的”，原文中只是說中心，而沒有繁華， 但根據(jù)作者的用意可以增加上去。因為作者要對比的是荒蕪的野外 與市中心，加上繁華也無可厚非。后面的“市井之繁華”也是增添 上去的，因為原文是定語從句，是用一個“which”代替了許多內(nèi)容 譯文中將從句拓展為獨立的句子，承上文將“市井之繁華”作為主語。,,,7. 拆譯與縮譯,試譯 在這里，海拔12,000的大山將會是龐然大物，綿延四百里的平原將不可思議， 寬闊如密西西比的河流也是難以想象的。,A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster here, as wrong as a plain 400 miles long, a river as broad as the Mississippi.,分析 這句話用三個類比表達了英國的小。翻譯方法是將here拆分出來，放到前面 翻譯成“在這里”。三個類比則用排比句，采取對仗工整的方式表達出來。,8.視角轉(zhuǎn)移,試譯 但在英國，我們只有到城市深處才發(fā)覺自己到了市區(qū)，好像之前它藏匿了起 來。,分析 視角的轉(zhuǎn)移有以下幾種：主客體轉(zhuǎn)移、空間轉(zhuǎn)移、時間轉(zhuǎn)移。這里采取的視 角轉(zhuǎn)移是主客體的轉(zhuǎn)移。原句中是采取了擬人的修辭手法，主體是城市。譯 文中的主體則變成了人。畢竟，這樣處理起來邏輯上比較合理。,With us the cities pretend they are not really there until we are well inside them.,9.時態(tài)處理,He did not know that that ledge was only an hour or two’s journey away and that before the light went they would probably have conquered two or three of these peaks.,試譯 他還不知道，那座山頭離他們只有一兩小時的路程。天黑之前，他們將至少 可以翻過兩三座這樣的山頭。,分析 如何表現(xiàn)動詞時態(tài)是英漢翻譯的一個重要內(nèi)容。英語的時態(tài)豐富，時態(tài)稍有偏差， 表達的意義就會有很大不同。漢語中表達時態(tài)通常需要添加時間狀語或助詞，比 如說“正在”、“了”、“著”、“將”等。這一句中的“would probably have conquered”是過去將來完成時，翻譯成“天黑之前，他們將至少可以……”。,10. 被動句,We have here no vast mountain ranges, no illimitable plains, no leagues of forests, and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things. But we have superb variety. A great deal of everything is packed into little space. I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner. We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space.,,,11. 否定句,For variety of landscape, these Dales cannot be matched on this island or anywhere else.,試譯 約克郡山谷的地貌多樣性在英國甚至全世界都首屈一指。,分析 反說正譯。反說正譯是翻譯否定句的一種重要方法，其原理是一個意思可以用正反兩種方式表達出來。比如說“她真漂亮”與“她長得很不錯”意思類似。Cannot be matched意即沒得比，換成正面表達就是首屈一指的意思。,試譯 它沒有連綿的山麓，廣袤的平原，成片的森林，也就自然缺失了伴隨這些景色的 宏大壯觀的感覺。但它的多樣性是一流的。小小的空間內(nèi)集中了各種景色。我們 大概都隱約知道，它是一個小島，海水總圍繞在旁邊。各種事物要細致安排，才 能放得下。 分析 這里有幾個被動句，都采取了化被動為主動的翻譯方法。第一句“we.are deprived of”翻譯時，主語跟前面保持一致，翻譯成“它……缺失了”。第二個 被動句“A great deal of everything is packed into little space”翻譯時被動變主 動。第三個被動句“everything has to be neatly packed into a small space”也 是變被動為主動。,12. 名詞從句與狀語從句,I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the corner.,試譯 我們大概都隱約知道，它是一個小島，海水總圍繞在旁邊。,分析 “The fact that”引導的是一個賓語從句，在翻譯中省略了引導詞 與先行詞，直接以句子的身份接在謂語后面。,13. 定語從句,Even the cottage, which has an irregularity and coloring that make it fit snugly into the landscape (as all good cottage should do), looks nearly as much a piece of natural history as the trees: you feel it might have grown there.,試譯 連那間小木屋的形狀與色澤都能夠與周圍的風景相得益彰（好的木屋 都應該是這樣的），叫人看起來它好像是原本就生長在這里一樣。 分析 定語從句的翻譯方法有許多種。比如定語前置法，重復先行詞法， 省略先行詞法。這個定語從句的翻譯方法是省略了which這個連接詞， 把定語從句直接用一個句子的形式表達出來，后面加上“叫人看起 來”，自然地連接在一起。,14. 長句翻譯,Within a few hours, you have enjoyed the green valleys, with their rivers, find old bridges, pleasant villages, hanging woods, smooth fields; and then the moorland slopes, with their rushing streams, stone walls, salty winds and crying curlews, white farmhouses; and then the lonely heights, which seem to be miles above the ordinary world, with their dark tarns, heather and ling and harebells, and moorland tracks as remote, it seems, as traits in Mongolia.,試譯 短短幾個小時，你就可以看到翠綠的山谷、蜿蜒的河流、精致的古橋、美 麗的村莊、懸空的森林、平整的田野。高沼地上溪水奔流，石墻聳立，咸 風勁