英漢翻譯理論與技巧之詞匯翻譯.ppt

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英漢翻譯理論與技巧 之詞匯翻譯,,,The fact is that while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. (Wilkins 1972:11) 翻譯的基本單位不是詞語(yǔ)這一層面，但是，透徹理解原文詞語(yǔ)的含義并用準(zhǔn)確的譯文詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)則是翻譯的核心工作之一。,,G. Leech’s seven types of meaning in Semantics: conceptual meaning connotative meaning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning thematic meaning,,Newmark: The chief difficulties in translation are lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.,Diction,Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for them.,Word-for-word Correspondence,Marxism = 馬克思主義 Aspirin = 阿司匹林 H-beam = 工字梁 o-ring = 環(huán)形圈 u-steel = 槽鋼 v-belt = 三角皮帶 x-brace = 交叉支撐 y-curve = 叉形曲線,Words without Equivalents,Teenager Clock-watcher A throwaway society,1. Determine whether the meaning is commendatory, neutral or derogatory,(1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. (2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied.,2．Judging from the part of speech,He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)甚于喜歡物理學(xué)。（動(dòng)詞） He does not look like his brother. 他看起來(lái)不像他兄弟。（介詞） Like knows like. 英雄識(shí)英雄。（名詞） We will never see his like again. 我們?cè)僖惨?jiàn)不到他那樣的人了。（名詞） Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。（形容詞） The teacher cannot cite a like instance. 老師一時(shí)舉不出類似的例子。（形容詞）,3．Judging from the Collocation,“ …who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband…” --Vanity Fair 虔誠(chéng)的教徒 a faithful Christian 慈愛(ài)的父母 a loving parent 孝順的兒女 a obedient child 賢良的妻子 a virtuous wife 盡職的丈夫 a dutiful husband,Judging from the Collocation,delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food delicate features,4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference,(1). Wife 妻子、愛(ài)人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內(nèi)人、賤內(nèi)、拙荊、家里的 Potato 馬鈴薯、洋芋、土豆、山藥蛋 President: 總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長(zhǎng)、議長(zhǎng)、會(huì)長(zhǎng)、社長(zhǎng)、校長(zhǎng) (2). Winds / red flower / green willow,,(3). scheme The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt. We have mapped out a scheme. (4). She is pregnant. She is in a family way. She is expecting. She is in a delicate condition.,5. Judging from the context,(1). It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. 你上學(xué)沒(méi)有畢業(yè)真是個(gè)憾事。 (2). Haig was planning a new attack but the Germans beat him and launched theirs on 21 March. 海格在計(jì)劃一次新的進(jìn)攻，但德國(guó)人趕在他的前面于3月21日發(fā)起了進(jìn)攻。 (3). If misery loves company, so do sports fans. 同病相憐，排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)買票看比賽的人也總是互相照顧著。,6. Understanding the meaning implied in a word or an expression before extending its meaning,tension，complacency，unemployment, dependence，commercialization，jealousy，irregularity，abstraction，arrogance，lightheartedness (1). The civilization of China is the civilization of longest continuous existence. 中華文明是存在最長(zhǎng)、從未間斷過(guò)的一個(gè)文明。 (2). Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that region. 華盛頓想在那個(gè)地區(qū)維持美國(guó)的存在。,7．Use different Chinese words to translate the same English word and vice versa,(1). A porter is a baggage carrier. (2). Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (3). The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier.,8. Differentiate words or expressions which are similar in form but different in meaning,A drawing-room A retiring man,Meaning Extension,Translate the following sentences: 1. Paula doesn’t need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 2. He was a tough proposition. 3. He told me that the people leading the movement were the salt of the earth. 4. I hope the book will come out on time in spite of all the bottlenecks. 5. He is a weasel even to his old friend Jack. 6. What a peacock my neighbor is. She always talks about her rich family while meeting anybody.,References:,1. 說(shuō)到辦公室明爭(zhēng)暗斗那一套，波拉可是無(wú)師自通。 2. 他是個(gè)難對(duì)付的人。 3. 他告訴我說(shuō)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的人都是優(yōu)秀人才。 4. 盡管有重重阻礙我仍希望那本書能如期出版。 5. 即使對(duì)他的老朋友杰克，他也愛(ài)耍卑鄙手段。 6. 我的鄰居真愛(ài)炫耀，碰到什么人她都要談到她那有錢的家。,Meaning Extension,英、漢兩種語(yǔ)言是兩個(gè)不同語(yǔ)系的語(yǔ)言，由于文化、政治、生活習(xí)慣、生活環(huán)境、思維方式等方面的差異，兩種語(yǔ)言在詞語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵意義、搭配意義以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)上，存在許多差異。英漢互譯時(shí)，總有些詞或詞組難以按原文的字面意義直接譯出來(lái)。為了使譯文通順達(dá)意，常常根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系將原文的內(nèi)涵意義挖掘出來(lái)。這種方法就叫詞義引申法。引申詞義要根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和邏輯關(guān)系，透過(guò)原文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)，用恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g入語(yǔ)和符合譯入語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的表達(dá)法將原文詞語(yǔ)的深層意義表達(dá)出來(lái)，不能主觀隨意，不能脫離原文詞義的基本范圍。 Methods of Extension： I. Generalization II. Specification III. Logical Extension,I. Generalization,1. Lee Kuan-yew contemplates retiring with a hand on the helm. 李光耀打算退位，但依然聽(tīng)政。 2. For many families, especially in Tokyo, two incomes are a necessary. 對(duì)許多家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，夫妻倆都去上班賺錢是迫不得已的事，在東京尤其如此。 3. John was a fool for danger. 約翰是天不怕地不怕的。 4. This is an “egg-and-hen” question. 這是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論不休的問(wèn)題。,,5. His words are worth taking with a grain of salt. 他的話不能全信，應(yīng)該打點(diǎn)折扣。 6. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝國(guó)主義者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。 7. The EU’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding ￡13. 50 a week to the food bill of the average British family. 歐盟的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策早已不合時(shí)宜，它要使英國(guó)家庭平均每周在食品開銷上多支出13. 50英鎊。,II. Specification,1. Her jealousy is the cause of her failure. 她的嫉妒心理是她失敗的根源。 2. We have made some achievements , and we must guard against complacency. 我們?nèi)〉昧艘恍┏删?但要防止自滿情緒。 3. Wait a minute. Let me put on my things. 等一等。讓我把衣服穿上。 4. I am of one mind with you on this. 在這一點(diǎn)上，我和你意見(jiàn)一致。,,5. It is hard to get along with a man who blows hot and cold. 和反復(fù)無(wú)常的人在一起是很難相處的。 6. The actress was quite a phenomenon in show business circle. 這位女演員堪稱是演藝界的杰出人才。,III. Logical Extension,1. Hanoi romanced its Asian neighbors for six years before winning its membership in ASEAN. 河內(nèi)對(duì)其鄰國(guó)進(jìn)行了六年的親善努力后成為東盟的一員。 2. Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar. 在那以前，我要是對(duì)一本書真感興趣，往往一頁(yè)一頁(yè)拼命往下翻，急于知道下文的內(nèi)容。現(xiàn)在我決定像守財(cái)奴那樣不輕易放過(guò)每一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)；也像窮人過(guò)日子，把每一個(gè)句子當(dāng)作身邊最后一塊錢，省吃儉用，慢慢花費(fèi)。,Exercise:,1. I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 2. I have no head for music. 3. How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart? 4. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out. 5. The matter was finally settled under the table . 6. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting。 7. If you dare to play the fox with me , I’ll shoot you at once. 8. All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.,References:,1. 我?guī)缀跏强嗫喟?但他依然拒絕。 2. 我沒(méi)有音樂(lè)方面的天賦。 3. 評(píng)論家和讀者之間,也就是理智和感情之間的這種分歧該如何解釋呢? 4. 有了兒子，又要工作，又要做家務(wù)，就不能卿卿我我了。 5. 事情終于私下解決了。 6. 鑄造是把原材料加工成成品的最簡(jiǎn)便方法。 7. 你要是敢對(duì)我耍滑頭,我馬上斃了你。 8. 在那所大學(xué)里，作出任何越軌行為的學(xué)生都受到了懲罰。,Conversion,Translate the following sentences: The Wilde family were religious. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but soft． He was a regular visitor.,Conversion,Translate the following sentences: 1. 王爾德全家都是虔誠(chéng)的教徒。 2. 史蒂文森有口才，有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。 3. 他以前經(jīng)常來(lái)。,Nouns Converted into Verbs,I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽煙。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到心馳神往。 Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷地消耗美國(guó)的資源。 The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府號(hào)召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校。 I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父親，因?yàn)樵谖倚r(shí)候他總是不斷地鼓勵(lì)我。,Prepositions Converted into Verbs,“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “來(lái)啦！”她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦跳著越過(guò)草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺(tái)階，穿過(guò)涼臺(tái)，進(jìn)了門廊。 Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百萬(wàn)山區(qū)人終于擺脫了貧窮。 He came to my home for help. 他來(lái)到我家，請(qǐng)求幫助。 The people are with him. 人民擁護(hù)他。 The woman, with her two daughters, arrived. 這婦女帶著她的兩個(gè)女兒到了。 He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球。 A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動(dòng)，就需要一個(gè)力。,Adjectives Converted into Verbs,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 醫(yī)生說(shuō)他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 It was a very informative meeting. 會(huì)上透露了很多信息。,Adverbs Converted into Verbs,In this case the temperature in the furnace is up. 這種情況下，爐溫就升高。 When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through. 當(dāng)開關(guān)斷開時(shí)，電路就形成開路，電流不能通過(guò)。,Nouns Converted into Verbs,I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽煙。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到心馳神往。 Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷地消耗美國(guó)的資源。 The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府號(hào)召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校。 I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父親，因?yàn)樵谖倚r(shí)候他總是不斷地鼓勵(lì)我。,Converted into Nouns,1) Verbs Converted into Nouns He roared, which threatened his enemies away. 他的大吼大叫嚇走了他的敵人。 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他們看來(lái), 他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的化身。 Our age is witnessing a profound political change. 我們的時(shí)代是深刻的政治變化的見(jiàn)證。,Converted into Nouns,2) Adjectives Converted into Nouns Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter weak. 這兩種化合物都是酸，前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸。 Official Moscow is going to object the proposal. 莫斯科官方準(zhǔn)備反對(duì)此項(xiàng)提議。,Converting into Adjectives,1) Nouns Converted into Adjectives The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒。 It is an old story w hen a woman divorces her husband for too much drinking. 女人因丈夫酗酒而跟他離婚已是司空見(jiàn)慣的了。 W e are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it. 我們深信這一政策是正確的, 并有堅(jiān)定的決心繼續(xù)奉行這一政策。,Converting into Adjectives,2) Adverbs Converted into Adjectives Earthquakes are closely related to faulting. 地震與地層斷裂有密切的關(guān)系。 It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic. 人們已經(jīng)證實(shí)，氣體具有理想的彈性。 Traditionally, there had always been good relationship between them. 它們之間一直有著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。,Converting into Adverbs,1) Adjectives Converted into Adverbs Below 4 ℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 水在4攝氏度以下就不斷地膨脹，而不是不斷地收縮。 We have known a similar past of humiliation and exploitation. 在過(guò)去, 我們都同樣遭受到凌辱和剝削。 There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in towns and villages. 在城市和鄉(xiāng)村, 托兒所和幼兒園都在大量地發(fā)展。,Converting into Adverbs,2) Nouns and Verbs Converted into Adverbs I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我榮幸地通知您，您的請(qǐng)求已得到批準(zhǔn)。 Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet. 加熱面上的迅速蒸發(fā)，往往使蒸汽的濕度變大。,