英漢翻譯：英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的不同之處.ppt

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Unit Two,The Differences Between English and Chinese,General Description,English —表音 Chinese —表意 English—多音節(jié) Chinese—單音節(jié),四聲 English—綜合型 Chinese—分析型 English—重形合 Chinese—重意合 English—靜態(tài)語(yǔ)言 Chinese—?jiǎng)討B(tài)語(yǔ)言,English—無(wú)靈 Chinese—有靈 English—多樣性 Chinese—重復(fù)性 English—多長(zhǎng)句 Chinese—多短句 English—后開(kāi)放 Chinese—前開(kāi)放 English—多被動(dòng) Chinese—多主動(dòng) Cultural differences,,石室詩(shī)士施氏，嗜獅，誓食十獅。氏時(shí)時(shí)適市視獅。十時(shí)，適十獅適市。是時(shí)，適施氏適市。氏視是十獅，恃矢勢(shì)，使是十獅逝世。氏拾是十獅尸，適石室。石室濕，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始試食十獅尸。食時(shí)，始識(shí)十獅尸，實(shí)十石獅尸。試釋是事.,綜合與分析型,綜合型語(yǔ)言:指該語(yǔ)言主要通過(guò)詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義（格、數(shù)、時(shí)等）。 e.g. he（主格）him（賓格）his（所有格） dog（單數(shù)）dogs（復(fù)數(shù)） She is doing her homework。 She did her homework yesterday. She has done her homework. 分析型語(yǔ)言:指該語(yǔ)言中的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系不通過(guò)詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)，而是通過(guò)虛詞、詞序等手段來(lái)表示。 e.g. 克服困難；困難的問(wèn)題,綜合與分析型,“比起來(lái),還是中國(guó)文化看得開(kāi)些——陰陽(yáng)不分,古今同在,眾寡通融,真是了無(wú)絆礙。文法這么簡(jiǎn)單,省下來(lái)的時(shí)間拿來(lái)做什么呢? 拿來(lái)嘛——西方人做夢(mèng)也想不到——拿來(lái)推敲平仄,對(duì)對(duì)子了,哈哈! ” ——余光中,Verbs （動(dòng)詞）,英文中的動(dòng)詞形態(tài)有人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化；而漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞則相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞等多種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式；而漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有這些變化。但在漢語(yǔ)中，一句話可以有一個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞，英語(yǔ)中每句話只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 漢語(yǔ)中的兼語(yǔ)句是英語(yǔ)中所沒(méi)有的一種特殊句型。,動(dòng)詞的變化 (數(shù)，時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)）,It rains everyday recently.最近天天下雨。 It rained yesterday.昨天下了場(chǎng)雨。 It is going to rain.要下雨了。 It is raining hard outside.外面正下大雨呢！ The window was broken.窗戶被砸碎了。 They loved each other and there is no love lost between them. 他們過(guò)去是相愛(ài)的，但現(xiàn)在已沒(méi)什么感情可言了。 This pot is made of stainless steel.這個(gè)鍋是(用)不銹鋼做的。 Enough attention has been paid to that problem.那個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起了足夠的重視。,兼語(yǔ)句,我見(jiàn)他正在讀書(shū)。 老師讓他進(jìn)去。 真抱歉，讓您久等了。 大家選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。,I saw him reading books The teacher let him in . I’m really sorry to have kept you waiting . We made him our monitor.,Nouns & Pronouns （名&代）,英語(yǔ)中的名詞有性、格、數(shù)的區(qū)別。而且有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在意義上并不相同 。 英語(yǔ)中的代詞分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞和關(guān)系代詞八種；漢語(yǔ)中則主要是人稱代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞和指示代詞。 像名詞一樣，英語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞也有性、格和數(shù)的變化；而漢語(yǔ)中則只在書(shū)寫(xiě)上有性的區(qū)別，沒(méi)有格和數(shù)的變化，需要時(shí)在人稱代詞后加“的”表示所有格，加“們”表示復(fù)數(shù)。,名詞&代詞例句,waiter-waitress-waiter’s服務(wù)員-女服務(wù)員-服務(wù)員的 custom(習(xí)慣);customs(海關(guān)) He put his hands into his pockets. 他把手插進(jìn)了口袋。 They had their lunch at half past twelve today. 今天他們十二點(diǎn)半吃的午飯。 Anna, who was here a moment ago , left this note. 安娜剛才來(lái)過(guò)，是她留下的這張條子。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)零件上都有國(guó)家的標(biāo)志。 God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。,Adjectives & Adverbs（形&副）,形容詞和副詞的翻譯需要注意英語(yǔ)中這兩類(lèi)詞有相應(yīng)的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式，而漢語(yǔ)中則沒(méi)有，需要加“一些”、“比較”、“還”、“較”、“最”、“很”、“十分”、“非?！钡雀痹~或其它手段來(lái)幫助體現(xiàn)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的意義。 由動(dòng)詞的分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞，其涵義不同，－ed分詞有被動(dòng)和完成的意味，－ing分詞有主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行的意味。,形&副例句,This magazine is more interesting. 這本雜志更有意思一些。 This book is the best one . 這本書(shū)是最好的。 The book is interesting. He is interested in the book. The film was very moving. All the people were moved by the story.,Articles（冠詞）,英語(yǔ)中有三個(gè)冠詞：a, an, the,而漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有這一詞類(lèi)。 a cup of tea 一杯茶 an English book 一本英語(yǔ)書(shū) He is a student in our class. 他是我們班的學(xué)生。 The end does not justify the means. 即使目的正當(dāng)，也不能不擇手段。 I like the red one. 我喜歡那個(gè)紅的。,Compounds(連詞）,英語(yǔ)重形合，是一種逐漸從綜合型向分析型發(fā)展的語(yǔ)言；而漢語(yǔ)則重意合，是以分析為主的語(yǔ)言。所以英語(yǔ)使用連詞的頻率比漢語(yǔ)高得多。 She was so excited that tears came to her eyes. 她激動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶。 （試比較：她是那么地激動(dòng)，以至于眼淚流出來(lái)了。） 你不走我也不走。 If you don’t leave, I won’t leave either. （試比較：You don’t leave ,I won’t leave either.）,Prepositions (介詞),漢語(yǔ)中的介詞不多，而英語(yǔ)中則有大量的介詞。 He goes to school at seven o’clock every morning. 他每天早晨七點(diǎn)鐘上學(xué)。 （試比較：他每天早晨在七點(diǎn)鐘去上學(xué)。） Across the street, he began to run very fast. 他穿過(guò)大街，飛跑起來(lái)。,Quantity words (量詞),漢語(yǔ)中有量詞，而英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有。漢語(yǔ)的量詞分物量詞（修飾人或物的量詞）和動(dòng)量詞（修飾行為或動(dòng)作的量詞）。 打一拳 give a punch 看一看 have a look 開(kāi)一槍 fire a shot 踢一腳 give a kick 一根頭發(fā) a piece of hair 兩張紙 two pieces of paper 三片面包 three pieces of bread 四根木頭 four pieces of wood,形合與意合,在英文里, 詞性相同的字眼常用and 來(lái)連接: 例如man and wife, you and I, back and forth。但在中文里,類(lèi)似的場(chǎng)合往往不用連接詞,所以只要說(shuō)“夫妻”、“你我”、“前后”就夠了。同樣地,一長(zhǎng)串同類(lèi)詞在中文里,也任其并列,無(wú)須連接:例如“東南西北”、“金木水火土”、“禮樂(lè)射御書(shū)數(shù)”、“油鹽醬醋茶”皆是。中國(guó)人絕不說(shuō)“開(kāi)門(mén)七件事,柴、米、油、鹽、醬、醋以及茶。”誰(shuí)要這么說(shuō),一定會(huì)惹笑。同理,中文只說(shuō)“思前想后”、“說(shuō)古道今”,英文卻必須動(dòng)用連接詞,變成“思前和想后”、“說(shuō)古及道今” ——余光中,形合與意合,The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass. 枯藤老樹(shù)昏鴉 小橋流水人家 古道西風(fēng)瘦馬 夕陽(yáng)西下 斷腸人在天涯 （意合） As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. a. 因?yàn)樘鞖廨^好，所以我們決定去爬山。 b. 天氣好，我們決定去爬山。,動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài),Carlisle Street runs westward , across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meatmarkets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. （卡萊爾大街往西伸展，越過(guò)一座黑色大橋，爬下山崗又爬上去，經(jīng)過(guò)許多小鋪和肉市，又經(jīng)過(guò)一些平房，然后突然朝著大片綠色草地中止了。）,無(wú)靈與有靈,The moment we stepped into the country，care and kindness surrounded us on every one side. a. 一踏上國(guó)土，到處都是關(guān)懷與照顧包圍著我們。 b. 一踏上國(guó)土，我們就隨時(shí)隨地感受到關(guān)懷與照顧。 Thrift and diligence make him roll up a fortune. 他靠著勤儉積攢了一筆財(cái)產(chǎn)。 It is necessary for us to observe the traffic rules. 我們必須遵守交通規(guī)則。,多樣性與重復(fù)性,Jos was a soft fellow in anybody’s hands, Dobbin most active in anybody’s concerns but his own; the civilian was, therefore, an easy victim to the guileless arts of this good—natured diplomatist and was ready to do, to purchase, hire, or relinquish whatever his friend thought fit. 好在喬斯是肯聽(tīng)人調(diào)度的，都賓又是除了自己的事之外都肯出力死干的。這好性子的家伙手段實(shí)在圓滑，把那印度官兒籠絡(luò)的言聽(tīng)計(jì)從，該買(mǎi)什么，該租什么，什么事該辦，什么東西該脫手，全讓他做主。,多樣性與重復(fù)性,Having partaken of a copious breakfast, with fish, and rice , and hard eggs, at Southampton…… 他在沙烏撒潑頓吃過(guò)一頓豐盛的早飯，有魚(yú)，有米飯，有煮老雞蛋……,長(zhǎng)句與短句,請(qǐng)?jiān)囎g下列兩句話，并將譯文寫(xiě)在一張字條上： In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.,試比較：,門(mén)口放著至少有十二把五顏六色大小不一的雨傘。 門(mén)口放著一堆雨傘，少說(shuō)有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。 這是一位年老的婦女,身材苗條高挑,盡管歲月留下的皺紋已經(jīng)爬上了她的臉,當(dāng)他停下,轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身,眼睛落在她身上. 他站住，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，定睛一看，原來(lái)是個(gè)年邁的婦女。她身材修長(zhǎng)，雖受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴，但風(fēng)韻猶存。,前開(kāi)放與后開(kāi)放,This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. 這是那只吃了老鼠的貓。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麥芽。那屋子是杰克蓋的。 好！ 她唱得好。 我聽(tīng)她唱得好。 開(kāi)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候我聽(tīng)她唱得好。 那天開(kāi)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候我聽(tīng)她唱得好。 我們學(xué)校那天開(kāi)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候我聽(tīng)她唱得好。,句子重心,He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了,只得呆在家里。 His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been petting from him. 他使我認(rèn)識(shí)到，我從他那里學(xué)到的，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不只是知識(shí)，這是他最大的貢獻(xiàn)。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms, and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小國(guó)人民只要敢于起來(lái)斗爭(zhēng)，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)，就一定能打敗大國(guó)的侵略。,主動(dòng)與被動(dòng),Great progress has been made . Not only is the sun now used for cooking, but it also supplies power for such things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes; it operates telephone lines, movie cameras, portable radios, electric clocks, and hearing aids. It is also being used to operate communications satellites. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being heated with solar energy 人們?cè)谑褂锰?yáng)能方面取得了很大進(jìn)展。太陽(yáng)能現(xiàn)在不僅用來(lái)做飯，而且用來(lái)為給輪船和飛機(jī)導(dǎo)航的信標(biāo)燈提供電能，它為電話線路、電影攝影機(jī)、袖珍收音機(jī)、電鐘和助聽(tīng)器提供工作電源。目前它還用于操縱通訊衛(wèi)星?，F(xiàn)在，美國(guó)的一些家庭和辦公室也靠太陽(yáng)能供熱。,文化差異（Cultural Differences）,自然環(huán)境不同 風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣與觀念不同 歷史文化背景不同 宗教信仰不同 聯(lián)想意義上的不同,英漢語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)的突出問(wèn)題,長(zhǎng)與短(長(zhǎng)句的翻譯部分) 主與被(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯) 肯與否（肯定與否定之間的轉(zhuǎn)換） 動(dòng)與靜 抽象化與具體化 有靈動(dòng)詞與無(wú)靈動(dòng)詞 形合法和意合法 ……,課堂練習(xí),He was an able and a successful one. You shouldn‘t be sensitive about ones clothing. Their experiment has been over. I saw you out with a boy yesterday. It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.,課堂練習(xí),The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. Anger choked his words. Dawn met him well along the way. A lot of troubles visited the poor family. We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. As she talked on she got more and more excited.,課堂練習(xí)答案,他為人能干，事業(yè)成功。 你不要太注重衣著了。 他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。 昨天我看見(jiàn)你和一個(gè)男孩上街了。 它的主要特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。 孕婦和哺乳期的婦女可能需要維生素。 星星在清澈的夜空中閃爍。 他氣得話也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。 東方欲曉的時(shí)候， 他已走了一大段路了。 這個(gè)貧困的家庭遇到不少麻煩。 我們起飛了，飛過(guò)城市，慢慢飛高。 她越講越興奮。,