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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標 題
Energy - saving car development: past, present and
? future
譯 文 標 題
節(jié)能小車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來
作者所在系別
機械工程系
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13142
作 者 姓 名
張林
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322323
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
何濤
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
副教授
完 成 時 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
— 42 —
譯文標題
節(jié)能小車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來
原文標題
Energy - saving car development: past, present and future
作 者
Lixin Situ
譯 名
國 籍
中國香港
原文出處
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1
譯文：
摘要
當比傳統(tǒng)的石油燃燒發(fā)動機更環(huán)保時，這種車輛被認為是綠色環(huán)保的，其中包括混合動力汽車，插電式，燃料電池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油經(jīng)濟性的任何非傳統(tǒng)汽車。節(jié)能汽車的發(fā)展已有一百多年，但由于各種原因的解釋，未能在各階段得到公眾的認可。雖然電動汽車從未大量生產(chǎn)，但混合動力汽車近年來取得了勢頭。福特已經(jīng)推出了第二代HEV，通用還宣布在2010年首次亮相Volt。與常規(guī)HEV相比，插電是混合動力汽車開發(fā)的新趨勢，因為只要行駛距離小于充電閾值，那么電動模式下行駛距離可以延長并達到零排放的可能性。 然而，最近汽車行業(yè)的電氣化趨勢已經(jīng)發(fā)展一段時間了并將使汽車行業(yè)發(fā)生徹底的革命。 隨著電動汽車技術(shù)的正確政策和政策的推進，節(jié)能汽車的發(fā)展前景將是未來發(fā)展的重點。
關(guān)鍵字：節(jié)能汽車 混合動力 插入 綠色 歷史
1 引言
與能源獨立和環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的替代燃料車輛，特別是電動和混合動力電動汽車已成為全球政府政策的一部分。美國要求制定更嚴格的燃油經(jīng)濟標準。中國今年發(fā)布新能源汽車政策，加快推行電力配置，2011年達到500k的目標。香港在不久的將來也建立了電動汽車應(yīng)用的明確愿景。
至于汽車行業(yè)，汽油價格大幅上漲至超過2美元水平和市場對此類汽車的需求后，無聲的綠色解決方案將經(jīng)歷重大轉(zhuǎn)型。該行業(yè)推出更多的燃油高效HEV和較少污染的車輛進入市場。隨著過去幾年油價急劇上漲，這一現(xiàn)象推動了純電動汽車的發(fā)展，重新吸引了汽車制造商和政府。
消費市場在替代燃料車輛以及HEV和電動車輛方面帶來了顯著的增長。 Polk＆Company進行的HEV研究表明，美國和西歐的HEV銷售市場份額呈上升趨勢。事實上，OEM廠商的HEV模型選擇從2000年的兩倍（Insight＆Prius）增長到今天的二十多歲。 2007年，HEV的銷售量已經(jīng)超過了30萬輛HEV。來自O(shè)EM的HEV和電動車輛的進一步已知承諾將進一步改善HEV生產(chǎn)。增加插電式和電動汽車，將加強和加快目前的電氣化趨勢。
第一款插電式混合動力車雪佛蘭Volt，以及北美最終消費者的一批計劃中的電動汽車，將為市場帶來一輪新能源汽車。
一、電動車發(fā)展歷史
電動汽車的發(fā)展歷史悠久。自從發(fā)明電動機以來，電動汽車已經(jīng)有150多年了。從簡單的不可充電到現(xiàn)代技術(shù)控制系統(tǒng)，電動汽車的發(fā)展可分為三個階段：
A.早期發(fā)展階段
電動汽車被認為是最早的汽車之一，遠優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機。在20世紀20年代后期至20世紀30年代，汽油車輛的登記比例為3：1，汽油車輛占有率高達20％。這是一種主要的運輸工具，在馬車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，在當?shù)剡\輸中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。
直到1930年，電動汽車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層被汽油車開發(fā)所取代，無法重新獲得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生產(chǎn)。隨著模具制造過程革命的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，車輛突然向公眾開放，并作為改善生活的途徑。汽油車在性能和成本方面都領(lǐng)先于超級電動汽車。城市間旅行的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施改善和需求需要較長的旅行距離，以前無法利用電動車輛。缺乏充電基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施開發(fā)，可靠的電力傳輸和有限的旅行距離，電動汽車不再適應(yīng)消費者需求，并失去了普通汽油車的優(yōu)勢。有限的或沒有電氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持迫使早期電動汽車的辭呈和豐富。
汽油廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn)，廉價燃料的準備就緒也促成了汽油車輛的普及。汽油在20世紀30年代為車輛運輸提供了直接的便宜的能源。它可以通過容器攜帶，從而使擁有車輛的流動性得以擴大。
B.中期發(fā)展（20世紀30年代至80年代）
電動汽車的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展在1935年內(nèi)燃機接管后的個人運輸中停止。與歐佩克的政治敏感性在20世紀60年代和70年代創(chuàng)造了能源獨立的必要性。美國政府和環(huán)境保護主義者重新制定了更嚴格的燃油效率標準，并引發(fā)了該期間董事會對電動汽車的興趣。 70年代初的能源危機驅(qū)使美國郵政服務(wù)放置了大量的350 EV測試車隊。它是中期發(fā)展的最高節(jié)點。然而，部分原因是由于業(yè)績有限，其他政府優(yōu)先事項，董事會基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配置的缺乏和公司參與的范圍，這一時期的發(fā)展很慢。
C.現(xiàn)代發(fā)展
現(xiàn)代EV發(fā)展由通用汽車公司生產(chǎn)的EV1車隊主導(dǎo)。在能源部資助的計劃之后，福特開發(fā)了EV Ranger接收卡車，豐田提供Rav4 EV，而本田在20世紀90年代末和21世紀初期也有EV可用。不幸的是，由于政治，經(jīng)濟，教育和技術(shù)這個復(fù)雜的問題，包括車輛生產(chǎn)成本和安全問題，電動車可用性的短暫增長并沒有實現(xiàn)到商業(yè)生產(chǎn)中。 EV1，Ranger，Rav4和本田EV僅用于艦隊測試，幾乎所有車輛已經(jīng)停產(chǎn)，銷毀和回收利用。只有少數(shù)電動車在電動汽車愛好者手中幸存下來。
D.現(xiàn)代HEV發(fā)展
然而，在1999年至21世紀初期，純電動汽車出現(xiàn)了一種新型的電動汽車。本田向美國市場推出首款HEV，本田Insight，為汽車行業(yè)帶來了另一個里程碑。隨著市場的接受和普銳斯的成功，HEV技術(shù)顯示出成熟和潛力。福特在“曼哈頓坦克”活動期間推出了第一款美國混合動力電動汽車Escape SUV HEV，并在充氣城市交通中注冊了600英里/坦克，開啟了HEV中美國新時代的競爭。截至2008年，HEV銷售總額達到2.5％以上。深刻的是，豐田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已經(jīng)在2009年引入了更新技術(shù)的進一步細化。燃油效率也有所提高。
豐田是HEV競技場的明顯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以其“協(xié)同驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)”的體積和范圍。本田和福特公司正在配備完整的混合動力車。通用在混合客車和卡車方面也提供了“雙模”技術(shù)。
E.未來發(fā)展
隨著汽油價格快速上漲，再加上環(huán)保問題，社會責任重新得到社會責任。電動車等AFV突然變得流行起來。
隨著幾年前Chevy Volt插件概念的推出以及日產(chǎn)的純電動汽車，新一輪的電動汽車發(fā)展已經(jīng)在未來幾年復(fù)活到OEM的周轉(zhuǎn)計劃中。這一EV趨勢的結(jié)果將在未來三年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)。
與以往的電動汽車發(fā)展相比，有以下幾個因素可以確保未來的發(fā)展取得成功：
汽車經(jīng)營者是開發(fā)電動汽車的直接目標客戶。市場驅(qū)動的方法始終以合理的成本和性能創(chuàng)造出具有競爭力和吸引力的產(chǎn)品。
早期的技術(shù)和環(huán)境采用者將是最初的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和用戶。他們愿意支持并有能力影響成功。各種教育計劃和電動汽車計劃也改變了對燃油效率車輛的普遍了解以及他們的好處。電動汽車的熱烈接受在未來幾年是高的。
電站和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展合作受到不同層次的關(guān)注。正在探索各種商業(yè)模式。行業(yè)和政府相信，最終計劃將在電動汽車大規(guī)模發(fā)布之前達到。
儲能技術(shù)的改進使得鋰電池的使用在車輛上變得安全。系統(tǒng)管理的復(fù)雜化升級，并將電動汽車提升到可比較的內(nèi)燃機水平。最后，適當?shù)恼呤切袠I(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。特別稅收優(yōu)惠和補貼將抵消消費者購買電動汽車的負擔。在政府愿意提供財務(wù)和戰(zhàn)略支持的情況下，對產(chǎn)品的投票是自信的。
三，結(jié)論
像許多新興技術(shù)一樣，電動汽車的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用已經(jīng)存在了很長時間，但直到最近，技術(shù)還沒有真正起飛。盡管HEV是汽油車的良好替代品，并被媒體廣泛宣傳，但它只是作為中間步驟或近期解決方案的代表。政府法規(guī)和環(huán)境前景，特別是推動運輸電氣化的采用。電動車將是最終目標。事實上，隨著OEM到2012年為終端消費者推出更多的電動汽車模型，電動汽車的展示將被廣泛認可和認可。隨著新型電動汽車的發(fā)展，同時也將引進電力電子技術(shù)相關(guān)技術(shù)的巨大機遇。利用這個機會，為綠色發(fā)展做出貢獻。
原文：
Abstract
A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of electric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.
Key words: electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, history
I. INTRODUCTION
As associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future.
As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments.
The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 2007[2]. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend.
Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.
II. HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT
The development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:
A. Early development stage
Electric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages.
Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.
Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.
B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s)
Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet down quickly during this period.
C. Modern Development
Modern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric vehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts.
D. Modern HEV development
However, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the ‘Manhattan on a Tank’ event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.
Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models with it “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.
E. Future Development
As gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.
With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEM’s cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.
Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:
Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.
Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.
Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and government are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.
Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Lastly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. It is a confident vote for the product when government is willing to provide financial and strategic support.
III. CONCLUSION
Like many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only represented as the intermediate step or near term solution. Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final goal. In fact, as OEM introduce more EV model to the end consumer by 2012, the presents of electric vehicle will be widely seen and recognized. Along with new electric vehicle development on the way, it will also introduce tremendous opportunity in associated technology especially in Power electronics. We shall utilize this opportunity and contribute to the green trend.
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