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液壓技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢
液壓技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢液壓技術(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化傳動與控制的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一，世界各國對液壓工業(yè)的發(fā)展都給予很大重視。世界液壓元件的總銷售額為350億美元。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，世界各主要國家液壓工業(yè)銷售額占機(jī)械工業(yè)產(chǎn)值的2%~3.5%，而我國只占1%左右，這充分說明我國液壓技術(shù)使用率較低，努力擴(kuò)大其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，將有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。液壓氣動技術(shù)具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如:液壓技術(shù)具有功率重量比大，體積小，頻響高，壓力、流量可控性好，可柔性傳送動力，易實(shí)現(xiàn)直線運(yùn)動等優(yōu)點(diǎn)；氣動傳動具有節(jié)能、無污染、低成本、安全可靠、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并易與微電子、電氣技術(shù)相結(jié)合，形成自動控制系統(tǒng)。因此，液壓氣動技術(shù)廣泛用于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門。但是近年來，液壓氣動技術(shù)面臨與機(jī)械傳動和電氣傳動的競爭，如：數(shù)控機(jī)床、中小型塑機(jī)已采用電控伺服系統(tǒng)取代或部分取代液壓傳動。其主要原因是液壓技術(shù)存在滲漏、維護(hù)性差等缺點(diǎn)。為此，必須努力發(fā)揮液壓氣動技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，克服缺點(diǎn)，注意和電子技術(shù)相結(jié)合，不斷擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，同時降低能耗，提高效率，適應(yīng)環(huán)保需求，提高可靠性，這些都是液壓氣動技術(shù)繼續(xù)努力的永恒目標(biāo)，也是液壓氣動產(chǎn)品參與市場競爭是否取勝的關(guān)鍵。 液壓產(chǎn)品技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢由于液壓技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用了高科技成果，如：自控技術(shù)、計算機(jī)技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、可靠性及新工藝新材料等，使傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)有了新的發(fā)展，也使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、水平有一定的提高。盡管如此，走向21世紀(jì)的液壓技術(shù)不可能有驚人的技術(shù)突破，應(yīng)當(dāng)主要靠現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的改進(jìn)和擴(kuò)展，不斷擴(kuò)大其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域以滿足未來的要求。其主要的發(fā)展趨勢將集中在以下幾個方面。 減少損耗，充分利用能量液壓技術(shù)在將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成壓力能及反轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，總存在能量損耗。為減少能量的損失，必須解決下面幾個問題：減少元件和系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部壓力損失，以減少功率損失；減少或消除系統(tǒng)的節(jié)流損失，盡量減少非安全需要的溢流量；采用靜壓技術(shù)和新型密封材料，減少摩擦損失；改善液壓系統(tǒng)性能，采用負(fù)荷傳感系統(tǒng)、二次調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)和采用蓄能器回路。 泄漏控制泄漏控制包括：防止液體泄漏到外部造成環(huán)境污染和外部環(huán)境對系統(tǒng)的侵害兩個方面。今后，將發(fā)展無泄漏元件和系統(tǒng)，如發(fā)展集成化和復(fù)合化的元件和系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)無管連接，研制新型密封和無泄漏管接頭，電機(jī)油泵組合裝置等。無泄漏將是世界液壓界今后努力的重要方向之一。 污染控制過去，液壓界主要致力于控制固體顆粒的污染，而對水、空氣等的污染控制往往不夠重視。今后應(yīng)重視解決：嚴(yán)格控制產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中的污染，發(fā)展封閉式系統(tǒng)，防止外部污染物侵入系統(tǒng)；應(yīng)改進(jìn)元件和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，使之具有更大的耐污染能力。同時開發(fā)耐污染能力強(qiáng)的高效濾材和過濾器。研究對污染的在線測量；開發(fā)油水分離凈化裝置和排濕元件，以及開發(fā)能清除油中的氣體、水分、化學(xué)物質(zhì)和微生物的過濾元江及檢測裝置。 主動維護(hù)開展液壓系統(tǒng)的故障預(yù)測，實(shí)現(xiàn)主動維護(hù)技術(shù)。必須使液壓系統(tǒng)故障診斷現(xiàn)代化，加強(qiáng)專家系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)研究，建立完整的、具有學(xué)習(xí)功能的專家知識庫，并利用計算機(jī)和知識庫中的知識，推算出引起故障的原因，提出維修方案和預(yù)防措施。要進(jìn)一步開發(fā)液壓系統(tǒng)故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)通用工具軟件，開發(fā)液壓系統(tǒng)自補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)，包括自調(diào)整、自校正，在故障發(fā)生之前進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償，這是液壓行業(yè)努力的方向。 機(jī)電一體化機(jī)電一體化可實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓系統(tǒng)柔性化、智能化，充分發(fā)揮液壓傳動出力大、慣性小、響應(yīng)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，其主要發(fā)展動向如下：液壓系統(tǒng)將有過去的電液開發(fā)系統(tǒng)和開環(huán)比例控制系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向閉環(huán)比例伺服系統(tǒng)，同時對壓力、流量、位置、溫度、速度等傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化；提高液壓元件性能，在性能、可靠性、智能化等方面更適應(yīng)機(jī)電一體化需求，發(fā)展與計算機(jī)直接接口的高頻，低功耗的電磁電控元件；液壓系統(tǒng)的流量、壓力、溫度、油污染度等數(shù)值將實(shí)現(xiàn)自動測量和診斷；電子直接控制元件將得到廣泛采用，如電控液壓泵，可實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓泵的各種調(diào)節(jié)方式，實(shí)現(xiàn)軟啟動、合理分配功率、自動保護(hù)等；借助現(xiàn)場總線，實(shí)現(xiàn)高水平信息系統(tǒng)，簡化液壓系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)、爭端和維護(hù)。 液壓CAD技術(shù)充分利用現(xiàn)有的液壓CAD設(shè)計軟件，進(jìn)行二次開發(fā)，建立知識庫信息系統(tǒng)，它將構(gòu)成設(shè)計-制造-銷售-使用-設(shè)計的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)。將計算機(jī)防真及適時控制結(jié)合起來，在試制樣機(jī)前，便可用軟件修改其特性參數(shù)，以達(dá)到最佳設(shè)計效果。下一個目標(biāo)是，利用CAD技術(shù)支持液壓產(chǎn)品到零不見設(shè)計的全過程，并把CAD/CAM/CAPP/CAT，以及現(xiàn)代管理系統(tǒng)集成在一起建立集成計算機(jī)制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS），使液壓設(shè)計與制造技術(shù)有一個突破性的發(fā)展。 新材料、新工藝的應(yīng)用新型材料的使用，如陶瓷、聚合物或涂敷料，可使液壓的發(fā)展引起新的飛躍。為了保護(hù)環(huán)境，研究采用生物降解迅速的壓力流體，如采用菜油基和合成脂基或者水及海水等介質(zhì)替代礦物液壓油。鑄造工藝的發(fā)展，將促進(jìn)液壓元件性能的提高，如鑄造流道在閥體和集成塊中的廣泛使用，可優(yōu)化元件內(nèi)部流動，減少壓力損失和降低噪聲，實(shí)現(xiàn)元件小型化。
The trend of modern hydraulic technology
A hydraulic technology trend of modern hydraulic technology is a key technology of transmission and controls of one of the world industrial development on the hydraulic have given great attention. The total world sales of hydraulic components 350 billion. According to statistics, the world's major industrial countries, sales of hydraulic machinery industry output value accounted for 2% to 3.5%, while China accounts for only about 1%, which fully shows that the lower rate of hydraulic technology, efforts to expand its application areas, there will be a broad prospect for development. Hydraulic and pneumatic technology has unique advantages, such as: hydraulic technology has the power to weight ratio, small size, high frequency response, pressure, flow control, and can be flexible transmit power, easy to realize the advantages of linear motion; pneumatic drive, energy saving, non-polluting, low-cost, safe, reliable, and simple structure and easy and microelectronics, electrical technology, automatic control system formed. Therefore, hydraulic and pneumatic technology is widely used in national economic departments. But in recent years, hydraulic pneumatic and mechanical drive technology and facing competition from electric drive, such as: CNC machine tools, small presses have been replaced by electronic control servo system or part replacement hydraulic transmission. The main reason is the existence of leakage of hydraulic technology, defects and poor maintenance. Therefore, we must strive to play the advantages of hydraulic and pneumatic technology to overcome the shortcomings, attention, and electronic technology, expanding applications, while reducing energy consumption, improve efficiency, meet environmental requirements, improve reliability, these are the hydraulic and pneumatic technology to the eternal goal and hydraulic and pneumatic products in the market competition is the key to victory. Technology trends hydraulic products widely used in hydraulic technology as a high-tech achievements, such as: automatic control technology, computer technology, microelectronic technology, reliability and new technology and new materials, so that a new development of traditional technology, but also the quality of the product, a certain level of improvement. However, hydraulic technology into the 21st century there can be amazing technological breakthrough; it should mainly rely on the improvement and expansion of existing technologies, expanding its application fields to meet future requirements. The main trend of development will focus on the following aspects. Reduce the loss of full use of hydraulic energy in the mechanical energy into pressure energy and anti-conversion process, there is always energy loss. To reduce energy loss, we must address the following issues: the internal components and systems to reduce pressure loss to reduce the power loss; reduce or eliminate the throttling loss of the system to minimize the overflow of non-security needs; using static techniques and new sealing material, reducing friction loss; improve the hydraulic system performance with load-sensing system, the secondary regulation system and the use of accumulator circuit. Spill Control Spill Control include: prevention of fluid leakage to the external cause environmental pollution and the external environment of the system against two aspects. In the future, no leak will develop components and systems, such as the development of integration and composite components and systems, tube-free access, development of new seal and leak fittings, motor pump combination devices. Hydraulic leak will be the world community is one important direction for future efforts. Pollution control in the past, hydraulic sector focused on control of the solid particles of pollution, and water, and air pollution control are often not paid enough attention. Should focus on addressing the future: strictly control the production process of the pollution, the development of a closed system to prevent external contaminants into the system; should be improved components and system design, so that it has greater resistance to fouling. At the same time a strong ability to develop resistance to pollution, filter and filter efficiency. Research online measurement of pollution; development humidity and water purification devices and component separation and the development of the gas to remove oil, water, chemical and microbiological filter element River and detection devices. Proactive maintenance to carry out the hydraulic system failure prediction for proactive maintenance technology. Hydraulic system fault diagnosis must modernize and strengthen the development of expert systems, the establishment of complete, expert knowledge base with a learning function, and use computers and the knowledge in knowledge, figure out the reasons for malfunction, maintenance programs and preventive measures put forward . To further develop the hydraulic system fault diagnosis expert system for general-purpose software tools to develop the hydraulic system from the compensation system, including self-adjusting, self-correction, to compensate for the failures before they occur, which is the hydraulic industry efforts? Macaronis Macaronis hydraulic system enables flexible, intelligent, full hydraulic drive output big, small inertia, fast response, etc., the main development trends are as follows: the hydraulic system will be developed over the electro-hydraulic system and the open-loop closed-loop proportional control system proportional servo steering system, while the pressure, flow, position, temperature, speed sensor standardization; improve performance of hydraulic components, in the performance, reliability, intelligent and so more needs to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration, development and computer Direct interface to high-frequency, low-power electromagnetic electronic control components; hydraulic system flow, pressure, temperature, oil pollution and other values ??will automatically measure and diagnosis; electronic direct control of the device will be widely used, such as electronically controlled hydraulic pump can be adjusted to achieve a variety of hydraulic pump means, to achieve soft-start, a reasonable distribution of power, automatic protection; with field bus to achieve high levels of information systems, simplifying the regulation of the hydraulic system, disputes and maintenance. Hydraulic CAD technology to fully utilize existing hydraulic CAD design software, the second development, building a knowledge base information system, which will form the design - Manufacturing - Sales - Use - Design closed-loop system. The computer control of anti-combines real and timely, the trial before the prototype can use the software to modify its parameters to achieve optimal design results. The next goal is to use CAD technology to support the design of hydraulic products to zero but not the whole process, and the CAD / CAM / CAPP / CAT, and modern management system integrated with the establishment of an integrated manufacturing system computer (CIMS), to design and manufacture of hydraulic technology has been a breakthrough. New materials, new technology applications the use of new materials such as ceramic, polymer or coating materials, the development of hydraulic pressure can lead to new leap forward. In order to protect the environment, the rapid degradation of the pressure of the use of biological fluids, such as using vegetable oil based and synthetic resin-based or water and sea water instead of mineral hydraulic oil and other media. Casting process of development, will promote the improvement of performance of hydraulic components, such as casting the valve body and manifold flow in wide use within the mobile device can be optimized to reduce pressure loss and reduce noise, to achieve component miniaturization.