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1、Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Legal Research Review,Legal Research,March 2005,Leah Sandwell-Weiss,Reference Librarian,Primary Authority,“The Law generated by the three branches of government,Cases,Statutes,Admini
2、strative Regulations,Accessing primary authorities is the ultimate goal of nearly all legal research,Secondary Authority,NOT“the law,Provides citations to primary authority,Provides background information that can aid in understanding primary authority(“the law),May present novel theories that later
3、 find their way into primary authority,Often provides the best starting point for research,especially when legal issues are unclear,Mandatory Authority,“The law of your jurisdiction,Your states highest court,Your states statutes,Your states regulations,Your federal district court,Your federal court
4、of appeals,The United States Supreme Court,Have to follow,Persuasive Authority,“The law from somewhere else,Another states supreme court,Another federal court of appeals,Some secondary sources,Dont“have to follow,but use to persuade,Secondary Sources,Provide commentary on law&references to primary l
5、aw&other secondary sources,Persuasive Authority,Law Reviews,Treatises(but not hornbooks or nutshells),Restatements,Not Persuasive Authority,Legal Encyclopedias,American Law Reports(ALRs),Organization of Federal&State Courts,Reading a Case,Parallel Citation(editorial enhancement),Title(editorial enha
6、ncement),Docket#(editorial enhancement),Case Summary(editorial enhancement),Headnotes(editorial enhancement),Opinion(official),Case Reporters,Organized by jurisdiction,Cases in chronological order,Arizona Cases,Arizona Supreme Court=,Arizona Reports,P.,P.2d,Arizona Court of Appeals=,Arizona Appellat
7、e Reports(1965 1976),Arizona Reports,P.,P.2d,Federal Courts&Reporters,Supreme Court=,U.S.Reports(U.S.)(official),Supreme Court Reporter(S.Ct.),U.S.Supreme Court Reports,Lawyers Edition(L.Ed.,L.Ed.2d),Courts of Appeals=,Federal Reporter(F.,F.2d,F.3d),District Courts=,Federal Supplement(F.Supp.,F.Supp
8、.2d),Finding cases,Annotated Codes,Secondary Sources,Digest Topic Name and Key Number(subject index to all case law),If have case name but no citation:Digest Table of Cases,Database search on Westlaw or Lexis(pick the most narrow database),Digests,All cases on a given legal point collected under the
9、 same digest topic&key number,Digest topics&key numbers consistent through all West digests,Select the appropriate Digest,Most jurisdictional,Using Digests to Find Cases,From a case on point,Use the headnotes to identify relevant topics&key numbers,From the Descriptive Word Index,Look up relevant su
10、bjects,Check for new entries in pocket part,From a topic entry,Check out the outline of key numbers,Using Digests,contd,Find topic&key number in right volume,Check court&dates to target appropriate cases to read,Read summaries,Update with pocket parts or interim pamphlets,Finding Cases Online,Use An
11、notated Codes online,Find known case online&use headnotes(Westlaw)or core terms/core concepts(Lexis),If already have a topic&key number,use them to find more cases on Westlaw,Use Shepards/KeyCite,Terms&Connectors/Natural Language Searches,Pay attention to database selection,Case Law Tips,Look for ma
12、ndatory authority first,Note:case law always primary authority,If there is insufficient mandatory authority,look for primary persuasive,Read opinions in full and cite only to the opinion itself,Statutory Publication,Slip laws,Separately issued versions of each law as passed,Session laws,Chronologica
13、l arrangement of statutes,Law as passed by legislature-No amendments,Codes,Organized by subject,often called“Titles,“Current version of law,with amendments,Annotated Codes,Can be official or unofficial,Contain references to:,Cases(Notes of Decisions),Administrative code sections(CFRs),Legal encyclop
14、edias,Legislative history,Law reviews&Treatises,West Codes Headnotes&Key Numbers,Finding Statutes,In Print,Subject indexes,Secondary Sources,References in cases,Popular Names Table to find specific act,Online,References in cases,Shepards/KeyCite,Terms&Connectors/Natural Language Searches,Updating Pr
15、imary Law,Pocket Parts in Print,Citators(Shepards/KeyCite)Online,Validating-is it still“good law?,History of the case Was your case overruled/revised on appeal?,Citing References Was your case been overruled/invalidated entirely?Was it chipped away at such that the validity is questionable?Has your
16、specific issue been affected by negative treatment?,Expanding Research,Citing References&secondary sources on the same or similar points of law,Limiting Citing References,Headnote number(specific Topic/Issue),Jurisdiction,Type of document(case law,admin law,secondary sources),Specific additional terms(Locate on Westlaw and Focus on Lexis),Depth of treatment(Westlaw),Completing Your Research,Did you address the question asked?,Did you research the correct jurisdiction?,Do you understand the area
LegalResearchReview-JamesERogersCollegeofLaw法律研究綜述-杰姆斯羅杰斯大學(xué)法學(xué)院
