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編號(hào)：（ ）字 號(hào)
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
液壓鉆機(jī)
劉慶偉 21040209
機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化04-1班
題目：
姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)：
班級(jí)：
二〇〇八年六月
中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書
學(xué)院 應(yīng)用技術(shù) 專業(yè)年級(jí) 機(jī)自04-1 學(xué)生姓名 劉慶偉
任務(wù)下達(dá)日期：2008 年 1 月 11 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)日期： 2008 年 3 月 25 日 至 2007 年 6 月 10日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目： 液壓鉆機(jī)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專題題目：
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)主要內(nèi)容和要求：
結(jié)合畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)井下瓦斯抽放鉆機(jī)。
動(dòng)力頭輸出扭矩：T=500 Nm
輸出轉(zhuǎn)速：n1=200 r/min
n2=60 r/min
進(jìn)給油缸推力：F=43750N
推進(jìn)速度：v1=0～0.9171.4 m/min
正常退回速度：v2=0～10.11m/min
快速退回速度：v3=0～14.085 m/min
鉆進(jìn)深度：h=150m (使用螺旋鉆桿)
錨固力：160KN
鉆桿直徑： φ=50mm
鉆孔傾角：
1．螺桿固定框架結(jié)構(gòu)，同步齒輪傳動(dòng)箱
2．完成同步齒輪傳動(dòng)箱裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)。
3．齒輪傳動(dòng)箱組件，零件工作圖設(shè)計(jì)。
4．編寫完成整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書。
院長簽字： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字：
中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)閱書
指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語（①基礎(chǔ)理論及基本技能的掌握；②獨(dú)立解決實(shí)際問題的能力；③研究內(nèi)容的理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)方法；④取得的主要成果及創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)；⑤工作態(tài)度及工作量；⑥總體評(píng)價(jià)及建議成績；⑦存在問題；⑧是否同意答辯等）：
成 績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字：
年 月 日
中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)閱教師評(píng)閱書
評(píng)閱教師評(píng)語（①選題的意義；②基礎(chǔ)理論及基本技能的掌握；③綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問題的能力；③工作量的大?。虎苋〉玫闹饕晒皠?chuàng)新點(diǎn)；⑤寫作的規(guī)范程度；⑥總體評(píng)價(jià)及建議成績；⑦存在問題；⑧是否同意答辯等）：
成 績： 評(píng)閱教師簽字：
年 月 日
中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯及綜合成績
答 辯 情 況
提 出 問 題
回 答 問 題
正 確
基本
正確
有一般性錯(cuò)誤
有原則性錯(cuò)誤
沒有
回答
答辯委員會(huì)評(píng)語及建議成績：
答辯委員會(huì)主任簽字：
年 月 日
學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組綜合評(píng)定成績：
學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組負(fù)責(zé)人：
年 月 日
目 錄
1.1引言 1
1.2 概述 3
1．2．2 鉆機(jī)整體設(shè)計(jì)分析 6
1.3 鉆機(jī)主要用途 6
1.4鉆機(jī)組成部分 6
1.5、鉆機(jī)工作原理 8
2 總 體 設(shè) 計(jì) 9
2.1設(shè) 計(jì) 總 則 9
2.2 已 知 條 件 9
2.3 馬達(dá)的選擇與計(jì)算 9
2.4液壓缸 13
2.4.1液壓缸已知參數(shù) 14
2.4.2液壓缸幾何參數(shù)的計(jì)算 14
2.4.3液壓缸性能參數(shù)的計(jì)算 15
3 減速器的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 19
3.1國外減速器現(xiàn)狀 19
3.2國內(nèi)減速器現(xiàn)狀 19
3.3 各級(jí)傳動(dòng)比分配及總傳動(dòng)比 20
3.3.1 總傳動(dòng)比 20
3.3.2 傳動(dòng)比的分配 21
3.3.3 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù)計(jì)算 21
3.4傳動(dòng)零件的計(jì)算 22
3.4.1 a-b齒輪副設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算： 22
3.4.2 c-d齒輪副： 28
3.4.3 e-f齒輪副： 34
4 軸的設(shè)計(jì)及校核計(jì)算 45
4.1 花鍵軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算： 45
4.2 空心軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 48
4.3 軸承的選擇與校核計(jì)算 52
4.4 鍵的選擇與校核計(jì)算 54
4.4.1 軸上鍵的選擇與校核 54
4.5 軸系部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 55
4.5.1 軸承蓋的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 55
4.6 軸外伸處的密封設(shè)計(jì) 57
4.7 套筒的設(shè)計(jì) 57
4.8 減速器箱體的設(shè)計(jì) 58
4.9 油面位置及箱座高度的確定 60
5鉆機(jī)其他部件的設(shè)計(jì) 60
5.1立柱的設(shè)計(jì) 60
5.2夾持架的設(shè)計(jì)： 61
5.3 機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)： 62
6 鉆機(jī)的操作和日常維護(hù) 62
6.1 鉆空操作： 62
6.2 常見故障分析與處理方法 63
6.3 鉆機(jī)的維護(hù)、保養(yǎng) 65
6.4 井下安裝試車 66
6.5 下井運(yùn)輸 66
6.6 地面試車 67
7結(jié)論 69
致 謝 70
參考文獻(xiàn) 71
摘 要
1963年，設(shè)計(jì)民微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)。這是一種非常輕而短的鉆機(jī)，其行程為851mm。采用三速齒輪箱，其最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為691Nm，有效鉆孔推力為2145公斤。設(shè)計(jì)鉆桿較小，直徑為41.3mm，長為762mm，也帶錐形螺紋接頭，稱為ET/A型鉆桿。ET/A型和最初的ET/N型鉆桿是抽放瓦斯的兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鉆孔設(shè)備，現(xiàn)已包括在英國煤炭部第613/1974號(hào)樣本中。
鉆機(jī)——有一個(gè)帶滑板的機(jī)架，由滑板支撐。鉆頭安裝在滑座上，由液壓馬達(dá)、變速齒輪箱和推力套以及供水旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭組成。在機(jī)架內(nèi)滑座下是液壓缸。機(jī)架上鉆孔末端的導(dǎo)向夾持器用來固定和支持鉆桿。
Hydrack鉆機(jī)是由由組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件裝置組成；
動(dòng)力設(shè)備——這是一個(gè)裝有液壓油的油箱，下面有滑橇，便于運(yùn)輸。一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓泵及其它輔助設(shè)備，如回油過濾器、安全閥、加油泵、油箱通氣管以及濕度安全開關(guān)都安裝在油箱上面。
控制盤——為四個(gè)裝置中最小的。包含有鉆孔功能的控制閥，指示轉(zhuǎn)矩的壓力計(jì)以及鉆頭上的鉆進(jìn)壓力。
裝配式機(jī)架——當(dāng)準(zhǔn)備鉆孔時(shí)，機(jī)架支撐著鉆機(jī)。機(jī)架形式多種以適應(yīng)不同鉆孔地形變化，有H型機(jī)架、A型機(jī)架和單支柱支座。后兩項(xiàng)是根據(jù)鉆機(jī)使用者提出來的要求設(shè)計(jì)的。
液壓油通過撓性液壓軟管從動(dòng)力裝置站輸送到控制盤，然后進(jìn)入鉆機(jī)。軟管一般長4m，能適應(yīng)各種裝置的定位。
關(guān)鍵詞：動(dòng)力設(shè)備 控制盤 裝配式機(jī)架
ABSTRACT
Hydrack gas drilling rig is the first for the electro-hydraulic drilling rig, the rig before most of the air-powered. Drill pipe and bit by a hydraulic motor through the rotating six-speed gear box; to be thrust into power and the trip from 815 mm to achieve the hydraulic cylinders, with rack and pinion system to process will be carried out twice. About the most torque 949 Nm, a way to about 1702 mm bit on the effective thrust of about 2,794 kg. Diameter drill pipe design for the 60.3 mm, for the 1524 mm long with a cone-shaped male connector, commonly known as EF / N-type drill pipe.
1963, the design of the micro-Hydrack rig. This is a very short period of Qinger drilling rig, his trip to 851 mm. A three-speed gear box, the largest of its torque to 691 Nm, effective drilling thrust 2,145 kg. Design drill pipe smaller diameter of 41.3 mm, length of 762 mm, also with cone-shaped male connector, called ET / A-type drill pipe. ET / A-type and the initial ET / N-type drill pipe is the drainage of two standard gas drilling equipment, including in the United Kingdom is now No. 613/1974 of the Ministry of Coal samples.
Hydrack drilling rig is installed by the group composed of standard parts;
Drill - a rack with skateboards, skateboards support. Bit installed in the sliding seat, by the hydraulic motors, Biansuchilun me and thrust as well as sets of component supply rotary joint. On the rack, slide under the hydraulic cylinder. Bored end of the rack-oriented holder used to support the drill pipe and fixed.
Power equipment - which is equipped with a hydraulic oil tank, following a slip-ski, makes it easy to transport. A motor and hydraulic pump and other auxiliary equipment, such as the return to the oil filter, safety valve, and pumps, tank airway and humidity safety switches are installed in the fuel tank above.
Control panel - the smallest of the four devices. Bored functions include the control valve, pressure gauge and the instructions of torque on the drilling bit pressure.
Rack assembly - when the preparations for drilling, rack supports drilling rig. Rack to adapt to a variety of different forms of drilling terrain changes, H-rack, A-frame and single-bearing pillars. The latter two are based drilling rig users to the requirements of the design.
Hydraulic oil through hydraulic flexible hose from the power plant station transmitted to the control panel and then into the rig. General long hose 4 m, to adapt to the positioning devices.
Keyword: Power equipment Control panel Rack assembly
翻譯
英文原文
Gas drainage drilling rig
British Coal Office owned coal mine in the early 1950s to the mining area of a nearby gas drilling drainage, and now are very small compared to the scale. Flow into the roadway in the gas pressure was general-in ventilation system ruled out. This article will introduce some modern mining technology with the development of the rig.
When the increase in coal production, coal face promote optimum fast, high concentration of gas to be ruled out, this will lead to modern gas drainage system development, that a regional gas drilling, drilling connect to the pipeline system, Reply to the surface of gas will be excluded. About 40 to 50 years ago, the British-made drilling rig not a satisfactory. British drilling rig equipment company's decision to meet this requirement.
In recent years the design and development work in the United States Department of State Coal help a large number of staff, consultation and cooperation. The successful development of the EDECO Hydrack series Ⅰ rig, the rig used for five years until 1963 the introduction of the new design series Ⅰ Hydrack EDECO micro-drilling rig. This is now the use of the rig, designed after the reform of the review.
Drill Design
Hydrack gas drilling rig is the first for the electro-hydraulic drilling rig, the rig before most of the air-powered. Drill pipe and bit by a hydraulic motor through the rotating six-speed gear box; to be thrust into power and the trip from 815 mm to achieve the hydraulic cylinders, with rack and pinion system to process will be carried out twice. About the most torque 949 Nm, a way to about 1702 mm bit on the effective thrust of about 2,794 kg. Diameter drill pipe design for the 60.3 mm, for the 1524 mm long with a cone-shaped male connector, commonly known as EF / N-type drill pipe.
1963, the design of the micro-Hydrack rig. This is a very short period of Qinger drilling rig, his trip to 851 mm. A three-speed gear box, the largest of its torque to 691 Nm, effective drilling thrust 2,145 kg. Design drill pipe smaller diameter of 41.3 mm, length of 762 mm, also with cone-shaped male connector, called ET / A-type drill pipe. ET / A-type and the initial ET / N-type drill pipe is the drainage of two standard gas drilling equipment, including in the United Kingdom is now No. 613/1974 of the Ministry of Coal samples.
Hydrack drilling rig is installed by the group composed of standard parts;
Drill - a rack with skateboards, skateboards support. Bit installed in the sliding seat, by the hydraulic motors, Biansuchilun me and thrust as well as sets of component supply rotary joint. On the rack, slide under the hydraulic cylinder. Bored end of the rack-oriented holder used to support the drill pipe and fixed.
Power equipment - which is equipped with a hydraulic oil tank, following a slip-ski, makes it easy to transport. A motor and hydraulic pump and other auxiliary equipment, such as the return to the oil filter, safety valve, and pumps, tank airway and humidity safety switches are installed in the fuel tank above.
Control panel - the smallest of the four devices. Bored functions include the control valve, pressure gauge and the instructions of torque on the drilling bit pressure.
Rack assembly - when the preparations for drilling, rack supports drilling rig. Rack to adapt to a variety of different forms of drilling terrain changes, H-rack, A-frame and single-bearing pillars. The latter two are based drilling rig users to the requirements of the design.
Hydraulic oil through hydraulic flexible hose from the power plant station transmitted to the control panel and then into the rig. General long hose 4 m, to adapt to the positioning devices.
Gas Drainage
Coal mining, will cause gas from coal mining and coal mining neighbouring not Xiechu. In the United Kingdom in the mine, gas outburst 100 years of history. Gas outburst be an explosive mixture, the lack of oxygen, or the top end of the dramatic movement, and dangerous situation.
In mine, now control the gas is to play with coal gas drainage drilling, drilling into the tunnel roof or floor seam.
Bored are connected to each pipeline system (known as the steel tube inserted into the borehole ducts and risers), with gas pumps will be out of the ground. Individual pumping gas drilling pure放量consecutive months can be as high as 200 feet 3 / min.
Most of the use of tungsten carbide or the rotating cone drill bit bored.
Design considerations
Most of the projects are designed with a compromise on an issue of general there are a number of answers, but no one is the ideal answer. Design of gas drainage drilling rig should consider the parameters:
As a complete drilling, drilling rigs need to move to a new location. So should the weight of the lightest rig.
When the drilling rig in the mine at the time of installation in the roadway should be left as many as possible to facilitate the work of the space and equipment to use.
Mine mechanical structure must be strong. In preparation for the design, consideration should be given to the underground harsh environment (from a mine car on the machine to fall to withstand it ?)
Reliability and easy maintenance is very important.
Downhole drilling rig must adhere to the use of legislative and practical requirements of the Act.
Design reform
Hydrack rig on the design of micro-reform needs careful consideration, the design of reform will have interchangeable parts of the problem, often increase the scope of spare parts must be saved. Some of the factory design reform is inevitable if the use of metric and for security reasons mandatory requirements. When these reforms are necessary, other desirable to improve the design adopted at the same time. Hydrack micro-drilling rig in the design of reform are as follows:
Series Ⅰ- 1963 in Octorber was introduced, the replacement of the aforementioned rig in the first series Ⅰ Hydrack larger drilling rig.
Series Ⅱ - 1966 in August to improve the power plant appearance, install temperature and level switch, increasing pressure for drilling 4,318 kg.
Series FR –in June, 1968, before the use of hydraulic mineral oil rig, now switch to liquid fire.
Series FRA – in April , 1974, to further improve the use of hydraulic systems and oil-water emulsion mixed with the water supply regulation sealed rotary joints, more reliable operation.
Metric series FRA - 1975, in December since 1963, although the use of metric size bearings and seals, but to the best metric screw connector and the Steel pieces. Improved use of the drill pipe Temple-oriented folder.
Metric series FRA - 1976, November Hydrack using micro-drilling rig. Drill a way as to 451 mm, long drill pipe 380 mm, single-speed drill. Used by power plants and Hydrack and the same.
Metric series FRA –in January, 1978, the power plant design and made a big change in the British Ministry of Coal CFS / MEA (74) 20 document request. Important change is to control the disk Gaixiao, reduce external pipeline work. These devices can be used separately, or control device was attached to the force.
Make
Create a high standard of reliable rig must, in accordance with pre-set quality standard processing. Maintain high standards, quality is the key, all the personnel involved in the production of the need to ensure production quality and reliable components. Provides graphics standards, the need for realistic. Identify materials, machinery manufacturing tolerances, surface finish such as standards, the need for careful study. In order to ensure the reliability of the use of drilling rigs in the delivery, each drilling rig to be a routine test. EDECO conducted by the drilling rig to the full test results are made permanent records.
Gas-Drilling
A bored tunnel (usually in the back to the wind tunnel) section of very different sizes. In advance-long wall face, a trip for the 851 mm micro-Hydrack rig. In general a high degree of roadway for 1.5 m-long wall of the back and face with similar conditions, may be the itinerary for the 451 mm micro-Hydrack rig.
Drilling rig and equipment at the scene assembly, the assembly rig and to clamp firmly fixed, when the drilling force to prevent the mobile drilling rig. Bored by the pressure change depending on the borehole drilling style.
WC formation may be a general airfoil bit bored. This bit of torque, and the drilling of low pressure. When drilling a hard formation, the use of cone Jingang bit. Its characteristics are small torque, drilling pressure.
Gas drainage drilling holes before drilling a large hole, a diameter of 115 mm or 89 mm, with ducts and risers depends on the aperture, depth of 10 and 20 m, up about 45 ° drilling holes in the mining areas on or not the same Angle at the bottom hole drilling down. Bored layout and Kongju determined by the test, because of different positions and changes.
Sealed with rubber, cement grouting, tape or compact sealing resin ducts and risers will be fixed in the hole, using a 76 mm screw to the valve and fill in boxes fixed on the ducts and risers, export packing boxes with another valve, gas and water control device , If necessary, remove the gas drainage safety drill pipe and drill bit used. Drill pipe and drill through the larger valve can actually drill holes 50 mm gas production, the depth of 40到60 m.
Circulating pump pumping through the center to the drill pipe Bits, cooling bits and washed out hole chip. Pump drilling equipment is a very important part. When the bit before drilling started, the water cycle should always be to drill, otherwise, will plug the waterways, often leading to damage to bits. Back to sink in and use of water separation, and then pumped into the water again, bored.
Bored performance
Underground drilling field to protect the drill pipe is difficult, but the drill pipe should be stacked on the support of the appropriate. Drill pipe thread to be kept clean and in mutual tightened before the first Tu lubricants.
When the evaluation of micro-Hydrack rig in the drilling of standard coal properties, in accordance with the procedures for the installation to allow drilling rig. Bored and inserted into ducts and risers in the eight-hour intervals within a 50 m drill holes on the production line has.
Drilling typical of the average speed connections (including the drill pipe handling, etc.) to 10 meters / hour, but the determination, found that about half the time for loading, unloading and handling equipment, the remaining time for the drilling, drilling the actual speed of about 20 m / Hours.
Future trends
In the past 20 years, drilling performance and technology has significantly improved its major improvements is to reduce the size and weight, increase the gas drainage drilling rig and equipment reliability.
If the drilling of further improvement, then the drill bit design improvements are also necessary. Because these are the current restrictions on improving the efficiency of a factor.
中文譯文
瓦斯抽放鉆機(jī)
英國煤炭局所屬煤礦中，五十年代初期向采煤區(qū)鄰近層打鉆孔抽放瓦斯，與現(xiàn)在相比其規(guī)模是很小的。流進(jìn)巷道中的瓦斯一般被壓入式通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)排除。本文將介紹幾種符合近代采礦技術(shù)發(fā)展的鉆機(jī)。
當(dāng)煤產(chǎn)量增加，采煤工作面推進(jìn)較優(yōu)快時(shí)，須將高濃度的瓦斯排除，這將導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)代瓦斯抽放系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，即向瓦斯區(qū)域打鉆孔，給鉆孔接上管道系統(tǒng)，將瓦斯引到地表排除。約40到50年前，英國制造的鉆機(jī)沒有一臺(tái)令人滿意。英國鉆機(jī)設(shè)備公司決定滿足這個(gè)要求。
在幾年的設(shè)計(jì)和研制工作中，得到美國國家煤炭部工作人員大量幫助、磋商和合作。研制成功民EDECO Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機(jī)，這個(gè)鉆機(jī)使用了五年直到1963年引進(jìn)了新設(shè)計(jì)的EDECO 微型Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機(jī)。現(xiàn)在使用的就是這種鉆機(jī)，其設(shè)計(jì)改革的后評(píng)述。
鉆機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
Hydrack鉆機(jī)是最早用于瓦斯鉆孔的電動(dòng)液壓鉆機(jī)，以前的鉆機(jī)多半是空氣作動(dòng)力的。鉆桿和鉆頭由一個(gè)液壓馬達(dá)通過六速齒輪箱轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)；給進(jìn)動(dòng)力和推力是由815mm行程的液壓缸實(shí)現(xiàn)的，用齒條和小齒輪系統(tǒng)的給進(jìn)行程將是兩倍。最大轉(zhuǎn)矩約949Nm，給進(jìn)行程約1702mm鉆頭上的有效推力約2794公斤。鉆桿設(shè)計(jì)直徑為60.3mm，長為1524mm帶有錐形螺紋接頭，通稱EF/N型鉆桿。
1963年，設(shè)計(jì)民微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)。這是一種非常輕而短的鉆機(jī)，其行程為851mm。采用三速齒輪箱，其最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為691Nm，有效鉆孔推力為2145公斤。設(shè)計(jì)鉆桿較小，直徑為41.3mm，長為762mm，也帶錐形螺紋接頭，稱為ET/A型鉆桿。ET/A型和最初的ET/N型鉆桿是抽放瓦斯的兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鉆孔設(shè)備，現(xiàn)已包括在英國煤炭部第613/1974號(hào)樣本中。
Hydrack鉆機(jī)是由幾組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件裝置組成；
鉆機(jī)——有一個(gè)帶滑板的機(jī)架，由滑板支撐。鉆頭安裝在滑座上，由液壓馬達(dá)、變速齒輪箱和推力套以及供水旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭組成。在機(jī)架內(nèi)滑座下是液壓缸。機(jī)架上鉆孔末端的導(dǎo)向夾持器用來固定和支持鉆桿。
動(dòng)力設(shè)備——這是一個(gè)裝有液壓油的油箱，下面有滑橇，便于運(yùn)輸。一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓泵及其它輔助設(shè)備，如回油過濾器、安全閥、加油泵、油箱通氣管以及濕度安全開關(guān)都安裝在油箱上面。
控制盤——為四個(gè)裝置中最小的。包含有鉆孔功能的控制閥，指示轉(zhuǎn)矩的壓力計(jì)以及鉆頭上的鉆進(jìn)壓力。
裝配式機(jī)架——當(dāng)準(zhǔn)備鉆孔時(shí)，機(jī)架支撐著鉆機(jī)。機(jī)架形式多種以適應(yīng)不同鉆孔地形變化，有H型機(jī)架、A型機(jī)架和單支柱支座。后兩項(xiàng)是根據(jù)鉆機(jī)使用者提出來的要求設(shè)計(jì)的。
液壓油通過撓性液壓軟管從動(dòng)力裝置站輸送到控制盤，然后進(jìn)入鉆機(jī)。軟管一般長4m，能適應(yīng)各種裝置的定位。
抽放瓦斯
采煤時(shí)，會(huì)引起瓦斯從開采煤層和鄰近未開采的煤層泄出。在英國礦井中，瓦斯突出有100多年的歷史。瓦斯突出會(huì)出現(xiàn)有爆炸混合物、缺氧，或頂?shù)椎膭×乙苿?dòng)等危險(xiǎn)情況。
在礦井中，現(xiàn)在控制瓦斯的方法是向含瓦斯煤層打鉆孔抽放，鉆孔打入巷道頂板或底板煤層。
每個(gè)鉆孔都接上管道系統(tǒng)（插入鉆孔的鋼管稱為豎管），用真空泵將瓦斯抽出地面。個(gè)別鉆孔純瓦斯抽放量可連續(xù)好幾個(gè)月高達(dá)200呎3/分。
大多數(shù)使用碳化鎢或牙輪鉆頭的旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆機(jī)鉆孔。
設(shè)計(jì)考慮事項(xiàng)
大部分的工程設(shè)計(jì)都用一個(gè)折中方案，對(duì)某一個(gè)問題一般存在著若干種解答，但沒有一個(gè)解答是理想的。設(shè)計(jì)瓦斯抽放鉆機(jī)量應(yīng)考慮的參數(shù)：
象完成一個(gè)鉆孔后，鉆機(jī)需要移動(dòng)到一個(gè)新的位置上。因此鉆機(jī)的重量應(yīng)該最輕。
當(dāng)鉆機(jī)在礦井巷道中安裝時(shí)，應(yīng)留下盡可能多的空間以便于工作人和設(shè)備能夠通行。
礦井機(jī)械必須結(jié)構(gòu)堅(jiān)固。在準(zhǔn)備設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮到井下惡劣環(huán)境（機(jī)器從礦車上落下來能經(jīng)受得住嗎？）
可靠性和易于維修是非常重要的。
井下使用的鉆機(jī)必須堅(jiān)持立法和可行的法令要求。
設(shè)計(jì)改革
對(duì)微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)改革需要周密的考慮，因設(shè)計(jì)改革會(huì)產(chǎn)生部件的互換性問題，往往增加必須儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)浼姆秶?。一些設(shè)計(jì)改革對(duì)制造廠是不可避免的；如公制的采用和出于安全原因強(qiáng)制性的要求 。當(dāng)這些改革是必須的，其它合乎需要的設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)同時(shí)采納。微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)改革如下所列：
系列Ⅰ——1963年10月引進(jìn)，這種鉆機(jī)替換前述的最初較大的Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機(jī)。
系列Ⅱ——1966年8月，改進(jìn)動(dòng)力裝置的外形，安裝溫度和水平開關(guān)，鉆進(jìn)壓力增加為4318公斤。
系列FR——1968年6月，以前的鉆機(jī)使用液壓礦物油，現(xiàn)在改用防火液。
系列FRA——1974年4月，進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)的液壓系統(tǒng)使用油水混合乳化液和無調(diào)節(jié)密封的供水旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭，運(yùn)行更可靠。
公制系列FRA——1975年12月，自1963 以來，雖然采用了公制尺寸有軸承和密封，但目前最好改為公制螺釘連接件和公制鋼件。采用了改進(jìn)型的鉆桿導(dǎo)向夾寺器。
公制系列FRA——1976年11月，采用微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)。鉆機(jī)的給進(jìn)行程為451mm，鉆桿長380mm，鉆頭為單速。所用動(dòng)力裝置與Hydrack與相同。
公制系列FRA——1978年1月，動(dòng)力裝置的設(shè)計(jì)作了大的變動(dòng)以及符合英國煤炭部CFS/MEA（74）20號(hào)文件的要求。重要的改變是控制盤改小，減少外部管道工作。 這些裝置可分開使用，或控制盤附在動(dòng)力裝置上。
制造
制造一種高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的可靠鉆機(jī)必須按照預(yù)先確定的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加工。保持高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，質(zhì)量是關(guān)鍵，參與生產(chǎn)的全體人員必須保證生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量可靠的部件。規(guī)定繪圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，需要切合實(shí)際。確定材料、機(jī)械制造公差、表面光潔度等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，需要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研究。為了確保鉆機(jī)使用的可靠性，在交貨之前，每臺(tái)鉆機(jī)必須進(jìn)行例行試驗(yàn)。對(duì)EDECO鉆機(jī)所進(jìn)行的全部試驗(yàn)結(jié)果都作了永久的記錄。
鉆瓦斯孔
打鉆孔巷道（一般在回風(fēng)巷道）斷面的大小差異很大。在前進(jìn)式長壁工作面系統(tǒng)，采用行程為851mm的微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)。在巷道高度一般為1.5m的后退式長壁工作面以及與此類似條件，可采用行程為451mm的微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)。
鉆機(jī)和設(shè)備在現(xiàn)場裝配，鉆機(jī)的裝配要夾緊并牢固固定，當(dāng)受鉆進(jìn)力，防止鉆機(jī)移動(dòng)。鉆孔壓力的變化取決于所鉆鉆孔的式樣。
一般的地層可采用碳化鎢翼型鉆頭鉆孔。這種鉆頭具有轉(zhuǎn)矩大，鉆進(jìn)壓力低的特性。當(dāng)鉆較堅(jiān)硬地層時(shí)，多用牙輪金鋼鉆頭。其特點(diǎn)是轉(zhuǎn)矩小、鉆進(jìn)壓力大。
鉆瓦斯抽放孔前，先鉆一個(gè)較大的孔，直徑為115mm或89mm，孔徑取決于所用豎管，深度為10到20m，向上孔約45°鉆在未開采區(qū)之上或以同樣的角度向底板鉆向下孔。鉆孔布置和孔距由試驗(yàn)確定，因位置不同而變化。
用橡膠密封，水泥灌漿，致密膠帶或樹脂密封將豎管固定在孔中，用螺釘將一個(gè)76mm的閥和填料盒固定在豎管上，填料盒出口裝另一閥，這個(gè)裝置控制瓦斯和水，必要時(shí)可安全撤除瓦斯抽放用鉆桿和鉆頭。鉆桿和鉆頭穿過較大的閥實(shí)際可鉆50mm瓦斯生產(chǎn)孔，深度達(dá)40到60m。
循環(huán)水泵抽水，通過鉆桿中心到鉆頭，冷卻鉆頭，并沖洗掉孔內(nèi)切屑。水泵是鉆孔設(shè)備中很重要的一部分。當(dāng)鉆頭開始鉆孔前，水應(yīng)總是循環(huán)到鉆頭，否則，水道肯定會(huì)堵塞，常常導(dǎo)致鉆頭損壞。利用返回水槽里與水分離，然后水再次抽入鉆孔里。
鉆孔性能
井下鉆場要維護(hù)鉆桿是困難的，但鉆桿應(yīng)堆放在適當(dāng)?shù)闹С形锷?。鉆桿螺紋須保持清潔，在相互擰緊之前，要先涂潤滑劑。
當(dāng)評(píng)價(jià)微型Hydrack鉆機(jī)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤系中的鉆孔性能時(shí)，應(yīng)按照允許的程序安裝鉆機(jī)。豎管插入鉆孔并在一班八小時(shí)內(nèi)鉆一個(gè)50m生產(chǎn)孔就行了。
典型的平均連接鉆進(jìn)速度（包括鉆桿裝卸等等）為10米/小時(shí)，但是經(jīng)測(cè)定，發(fā)現(xiàn)約一半時(shí)間用于裝卸和操作設(shè)備，剩余為鉆孔時(shí)間，實(shí)際鉆進(jìn)速度約20米/小時(shí)。
將來趨勢(shì)
在過去20年中，鉆孔性能和技術(shù)有顯著改進(jìn)，其主要改進(jìn)是減少體積和重量，提高了瓦斯抽放鉆機(jī)和設(shè)備的可靠性。
如果對(duì)鉆孔性能作進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)，那么對(duì)鉆頭設(shè)計(jì)的改進(jìn)也是必要的。因?yàn)檫@些是目前限制提高效率的一個(gè)因素。