2013屆高考英語 考點(diǎn)語法歸納復(fù)習(xí)題2

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1、二、名詞和主謂一致 I. 名詞的種類 專有名詞 普通名詞 國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質(zhì) ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花兒 個體名詞 開花 抽象名詞 ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名詞 年輕人 個體名詞 ①They hav

2、e achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名詞 成功的事 個體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞與個體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質(zhì) ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 鐵 物質(zhì)名詞 熨斗 個體名詞 ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glas

3、s. 玻璃 物質(zhì)名詞 玻璃杯 個體名詞 ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小雞 個體名詞 雞肉 物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換 具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連 用，表示某一次短暫的動作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He m

4、ight be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.t

5、he 類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(進(jìn)步)/make an early start(早點(diǎn)出發(fā)) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try 表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時可以用來表示 其中的一部分 ①M(fèi)any people agree that___knowledge of English i

6、s a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道實(shí)際情況) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關(guān)于中國更為翔實(shí)的知識) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happ

7、iest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié) 果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surpri

8、se C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art t

9、hat everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名詞的數(shù) 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請看下表 規(guī) 則 例 詞 1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 單復(fù)數(shù)相

10、同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, cre

11、w, team, public, enemy, party 6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) 7 表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chin

12、ese, Japanese 以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III. 主謂一致 規(guī)則 情 況 舉 例 語 法

13、 一 致 原 則 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞 用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表

14、語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物 時，它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, nei

15、ther, each, every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today

16、? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定語從句里，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。 Those who want to go please write their n

17、ames on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The police a

18、re looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學(xué)生） 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps

19、of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，還有a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依num

20、ber 而定（用單數(shù)）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two

21、hills stands a monument. 邏 輯 意 義 一 致 原 則 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)， 主要靠意思來決定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All

22、have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英語是書名名格言劇名報(bào)名國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。 The United Sta

23、tes is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞， 實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞， 它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 The paper works

24、was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類東西

25、時，動詞用單數(shù)。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /遠(yuǎn) 一 致 原 則 當(dāng)兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither th

26、ey nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and 連接的兩個主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主語后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less th

27、an, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語， 謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.