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1、
Module?3?Literature
Part?Two?Teaching?Resources
Section?1?Background?readings?for?Module?3?Literature
I.?Charles?Dickens
Dickens's?novels?combine?brutality?with?fairy-tale?fantasy;?sharp,
realistic,?concrete?detail?with?romance,?farce,?and?melodrama.;?the
ordinary?wit
2、h?the?strange.?They?range?through?the?comic,?tender,
dramatic,?sentimental,?grotesque,?melodramatic,?horrible,?eccentric,
mysterious,?violent,?romantic,?and?morally?earnest.?Though?Dickens?was
aware?of?what?his?readers?wanted?and?was?determined?to?make?as?much?money
as?he?could?with?his?
3、writing,?he?believed?novels?had?a?moral?purpose
–to?arouse?innate?moral?sentiments?and?to?encourage?virtuous?behavior
in?readers.?It?was?his?moral?purpose?that?led?the?LondonTimes?to?call
Dickens?"the?greatest?instructor?of?the?Nineteenth?Century"?in?his
obituary.
Always?concerned?to?
4、make?money?with?his?writings,?Dickens?took
seriously the?negative?response?many?readers?had?to?his?darker
novels. He?deliberately?addressed?their?discontent?(?不滿?)?when?he
,
wrote?Great?Expectations?which?he?affirmed?was?written?"in?a?most
singular?and?comic?manner."
During?his?lifet
5、ime,?Charles?Dickens?was?the?most?famous?writer?in
Europe?and?America.?When?he?visited?America?to?give?a?series?of?lectures,
his?admirers?followed?him,?waited?outside?his?hotel,?peered?in?windows
at?him,?and?harassed?him?in?railway?cars.?In?their?enthusiasm,?Dickens's
admirers?behaved?ve
6、ry?much?like?the?fans?of?a?superstar?today.
II.?Dickens’?assessment?of?human?affairs?(from?A?Tale?of?Two?Cities)
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It?was?the?best?of?times,?it?was?the?worst?of?times,?it?was?the?age?of
wisdom,?it?was?the?age?of?foolishness,?it?was?the?epoch?of?belief,?it
was?the?epoch?of?incred
7、ulity,?it?was?the?season?of?Light,?it?was?the?season
of?Darkness,?it?was?the?spring?of?hope,?it?was?the?winter?of?despair,
we?had?everything?before?us,?we?had?nothing?before?us,?we?were?all?going
direct?to?Heaven,?we?were?all?going?direct?the?other?way--in?short,?the
period?was?so?far?li
8、ke?the?present?period,?that?some?of?its?noisiest
authorities?insisted?on?its?being?received,?for?good?or?for?evil,?in?the
superlative?degree?of?comparison?only.
那是最美好的時(shí)代，那是最糟糕的時(shí)代；那是智慧的年頭，那是愚昧的年頭；
那是信仰的時(shí)期，那是懷疑的時(shí)期；那是光明的季節(jié)，那是黑暗的季節(jié)；那是
希望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我們?nèi)荚谥北继焯茫覀內(nèi)荚谥北枷喾吹?
方向--簡(jiǎn)而言之，那時(shí)跟現(xiàn)在非常
9、相象，某些最喧囂的權(quán)威堅(jiān)持要用形容詞的
最高級(jí)來形容它。說它好，是最高級(jí)的；說它不好，也是最高級(jí)的。
III.?About?English?Literature
English?literature?is?produced?in?England,?from?the?introduction?of?old
th
English?by?the?Anglo-Saxons?in?the?5?century?to?the?present.?The?works
of?those?Irish?and?Scottish?authors?who?are?c
10、losely?identified?with
English?life?and?letters?are?also?considered?part?of?English?literature.
1.?Old?English,?or?Anglo-Saxon?Era
This?period?extends?from?about?450?to?1066,?the?year?of?the?Norman?conquest
(
of?England.?The?Germanic?tribes?from?Europe?who?overran?蔓延)?England
in?the?
11、5th?century,?after?the?Roman?withdrawal,?brought?with?them?the?Old
English,?or?Anglo-Saxon?language,?which?is?the?basis?of?Modern?English.
They?brought?also?a?specific?poetic?tradition,?the?formal?character?of
which?remained?surprisingly?constant?until?the?termination?of?their?rule
2
12、
by?the?Norman-French?invaders?six?centuries?later.
2.?Middle?English?Period
Extending?from?1066?to?1485,?this?period?is?noted?for?the?extensive
influence?of?French?literature?on?native?English?forms?and?themes.?From
the?Norman?conquest?of?England?in?1066?until?the?14
th
13、century,?French
largely?replaced?English?in?ordinary?literary?composition,?and?Latin
maintained?its?role?as?the?language?of?learned?works.?By?the?14th?century,
when?English?again?became?the?chosen?language?of?the?ruling?classes,?it
had?lost?much?of?the?Old?English?inflectional?syste
14、m,?had?undergone
certain?sound?changes,?and?had?acquired?the?characteristic?it?still
possesses?of?freely?taking?into?the?native?stock?numbers?of?foreign?words,
in?this?case?French?and?Latin?ones.?Thus,?the?various?dialects?of?Middle
English?spoken?in?the?14th?century?were?similar?to?Mode
15、rn?English?and?can
be?read?without?great?difficulty?today.
3.?The?Renaissance?(?文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期)
(
A?golden?age?of?English?literature?commenced?開始)?in?1485?and?lasted
until?1660.?Malory’s?Le?morted’?Arthur?was?among?the?first?works?to
be?printed?by?William?Caxton,?who?introduced?the?printing?
16、press?to?England
in?1476.?From?that?time?on,?readership?was?vastly?multiplied.?The?growth
of?the?middle?class,?the?continuing?development?of?trade,?the?new
character?and?thoroughness?(?完全?)?of?education?for?laypeople?(?非神職
人員)?and?not?only?clergy?(神職人員),?the?centralization?of?power?and
17、
of?much?intellectual?life?in?the?court?of?the?Tudor?and?Stuart?monarchs,
and?the?widening?horizons?of?exploration?gave?a?fundamental?new?impetus
(促進(jìn))?and?direction?to?literature.?The?new?literature?nevertheless?did
not?fully?flourish?until?the?last?20?years?of?the?1500s,?during?the?reign
18、
of?Queen?Elizabeth?I.?Literary?development?in?the?earlier?part?of?the
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16th?century?was?weakened?by?the?diversion?of?intellectual?energies?to
the?polemics?(?辯?論?法?)?of?the?religious?struggle?between?the?Roman
Catholic?Church?and?the?Church?of?England,?a?product?of?the?Reforma
19、tion.
4.?The?Restoration?Period?and?the?18?th?Century
This?period?extends?from?1660,?the?year?Charles?II?was?restored?to?the
throne,?until?about?1789.?The?prevailing?characteristic?of?the?literature
of?the?Renaissance?had?been?its?reliance?(依靠)?on?poetic?inspiration
or?what?today?migh
20、t?be?called?imagination.?The?inspired?conceptions?of
Marlowe,?Shakespeare,?and?Milton,?the?true?originality?of?Spenser,?and
the?daring?poetic?style?of?Donne?all?support?this?generalization.
Furthermore,?although?nearly?all?these?poets?had?been?far?more?bound?(限
制)?by?formal?and?stylistic
21、?conventions?than?modern?poets?are,?they?had
developed?a?large?variety?of?forms?and?of?rich?or?exuberant?(?豐富的?)
styles?into?which?individual?poetic?expression?might?fit.
5.?The?Romantic?Age
Extending?from?about?1789?until?1837,?the?Romantic?age?stressed?emotion
over?reason.?One?objec
22、tive?of?the?French?Revolution?was?to?destroy?an
older?tradition?that?had?come?to?seem?artificial,?and?to?assert?the
liberty,?spirit,?and?heartfelt?unity?of?the?human?race.?To?many?writers
of?the?Romantic?age?this?objective?seemed?equally?appropriate?in?the?field
of?English?letters.?In?ad
23、dition,?the?Romantic?age?in?English?literature
was?characterized?by?the?subordination?of?reason?to?intuition?(直覺)?and
passion,?the?cult?of?nature?much?as?the?word?is?now?understood?and?not
as?Pope?understood?it,?the?primacy?(首位)?of?the?individual?will?over
social?norms?of?behavior,?the?p
24、reference?for?the?illusion?of?immediate
experience?as?opposed?to?generalized?and?typical?experience,?and?the
interest?in?what?is?distant?in?time?and?place.
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6.?The?Victorian?Era
The?Victorian?era,?from?the?coronation?(加冕禮)?of?Queen?Victoria?in?1837
until?her?death?in?1901,?w
25、as?an?era?of?several?unsettling?social
developments?that?forced?writers?more?than?ever?before?to?take?positions
on?the?immediate?issues?animating?the?rest?of?society.?Thus,?although
romantic?forms?of?expression?in?poetry?and?prose?(?散文?)?continued?to
dominate?English?literature?throughou
26、t?much?of?the?century,?the?attention
of?many?writers?was?directed,?sometimes?passionately,?to?such?issues?as
the?growth?of?English?democracy?(民主主義),?the?education?of?the?masses,
the?progress?of?industrial?enterprise?and?the?consequent?rise?of?a
materialistic?(唯物主義的)?philosophy,?and?the?p
27、light?(困境)?of?the?newly
industrialized?worker.?In?addition,?the?unsettling?of?religious?belief
by?new?advances?in?science,?particularly?the?theory?of?evolution?and?the
historical?study?of?the?Bible,?drew?other?writers?away?from?the?immemorial
subjects?of?literature?into?considerations?of
28、?problems?of?faith?and
truth.
7.20th—Century?Literature
Two?world?wars,?an?intervening?(?干涉?)?economic?depression?of?great
severity,?and?the?austerity?(節(jié)儉)?of?life?in?Great?Britain?following
the?second?of?these?wars?help?to?explain?the?quality?and?direction?of
English?literature?in
29、?the?20th?century.?The?traditional?values?of?Western
civilization,?which?the?Victorians?had?only?begun?to?question,?came?to
be?questioned?seriously?be?a?number?of?new?writers,?who?saw?society
breaking?down?around?them.?Traditional?literary?forms?were?often
discarded,?and?new?ones?succeed
30、ed?one?another?with?bewildering?rapidity,
as?writers?sought?fresher?ways?of?expressing?what?they?took?to?be?new
kinds?of?experience,?or?experience?seen?in?new?ways.
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外研版高中英語選修7《module 3 literature》教案
