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（學(xué)號(hào)）：
0951334
長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）譯文
電動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)座底面組合機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生 姓 名
黃子傲
專 業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 號(hào)
0951334
指 導(dǎo) 教 師
仲叢華
分 院
機(jī)電工程分院
2013年3月26號(hào)
組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)*
組合機(jī)床計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)從20 世紀(jì)70 年代發(fā)展至今，已成為CAD 領(lǐng)域的重要分支。文中從組合機(jī)床計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)所包含的4 個(gè)主要研究方面( 組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)、總體CAD 技術(shù)、多軸箱CAD 技術(shù)、夾具CAD 技術(shù)) 入手，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外組合機(jī)床CAD 相關(guān)技術(shù)的研究成果進(jìn)行了回顧( 主要是近10 年的研究成果) ，并指出了研究組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)存在的問題及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
組合機(jī)床的通用化、系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度較高，其通用零部件達(dá)70% ～ 90%，它具有高效、高質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用的特征，因而被廣泛應(yīng)用于工程機(jī)械、交通、能源、軍工、輕工、家電等行業(yè)。目前，隨著CAD 技術(shù)的成熟及各種CAD 軟件的涌出，在支撐軟件和硬件的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)不同行業(yè)、不同專業(yè)進(jìn)行軟件二次開發(fā)，開發(fā)出適合本行業(yè)、本專業(yè)的專用商品化軟件，不僅可以取得良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，而且會(huì)取得重大的社會(huì)效益。組合機(jī)床是屬于一次性設(shè)計(jì)、一次性制造的單件生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，其結(jié)構(gòu)變化多樣，設(shè)計(jì)量大，設(shè)計(jì)工作復(fù)雜，尤其是在當(dāng)前競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，產(chǎn)品壽命周期不斷縮短，品種日益增多。加工產(chǎn)品不同，組合機(jī)床也就不同，這要求工程技術(shù)人員要不斷地提高機(jī)床的開發(fā)能力，以滿足市場(chǎng)要求。因此，如何高效、高質(zhì)量地設(shè)計(jì)出組合機(jī)床已經(jīng)成為組合機(jī)床廠家追求的目標(biāo)。 1 組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)概述
從20 世紀(jì)70 年代開始組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)的研究已發(fā)展成為CAD 技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。目前，圍繞組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)的研究主要包括以下幾方面:
( 1) 組合機(jī)床總體設(shè)計(jì)。
組合機(jī)床總體設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)首先要實(shí)現(xiàn)從產(chǎn)品的特征模型上提取加工工藝信息作為組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的對(duì)象與依據(jù); 其次是建立確定性的知識(shí)庫(kù)，如切削力計(jì)算，通用部件的配套關(guān)系，刀具工具的選擇，加工示意圖的繪制等知識(shí); 還要建立通用部件庫(kù)及
各部件規(guī)格尺寸等的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)基于知
識(shí)的組合機(jī)床總體方案CAD 系統(tǒng)，通過對(duì)知識(shí)庫(kù)中知
識(shí)的推理，引導(dǎo)用戶完成組合機(jī)床工序圖設(shè)計(jì)、加工示
意圖設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)床總圖設(shè)計(jì)、性能分析等全過程［2］。
( 2) 組合機(jī)床多軸箱的設(shè)計(jì)。
組合機(jī)床多軸箱CAD 系統(tǒng)是根據(jù)總體設(shè)計(jì)( 如主軸坐標(biāo)、轉(zhuǎn)速等) ，完成傳動(dòng)軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算、各種幾何干涉校核、傳動(dòng)部件的強(qiáng)度校核，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，自動(dòng)生成多軸箱的明細(xì)表、自動(dòng)繪制多軸箱裝配總圖、箱體補(bǔ)充加工圖、前后側(cè)蓋補(bǔ)充加工圖、專用零件圖。
( 3) 組合機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)。
組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 系統(tǒng)由于專用性很強(qiáng)，該系統(tǒng)必須由設(shè)計(jì)人員交互地設(shè)計(jì)完成。對(duì)于組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 系統(tǒng)要按照其主要功能實(shí)現(xiàn)4 個(gè)模塊的自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì): 定位支撐CAD 系統(tǒng)、夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)CAD 系統(tǒng)、導(dǎo)向裝置CAD 系統(tǒng)和典型夾具夾緊力的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助分析與計(jì)算。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這幾個(gè)模塊，需要建立組合機(jī)床夾具的通用件庫(kù)、通用件的選擇知識(shí)庫(kù)、尺寸公差、形位公差等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和程序庫(kù)，利用交互設(shè)計(jì)方法實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)。
2 組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及成果
2． 1 國(guó)外現(xiàn)狀及成果
國(guó)外組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)的研究開始得比較早。進(jìn)入20 世紀(jì)90 年代以來，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，交互式繪圖和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)等的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用，使組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)日益實(shí)用，且使用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大。PetterOlofsgard 等人開發(fā)了分布式虛擬組合機(jī)床制造系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)支持全生命周期，包括設(shè)計(jì)、仿真、編程、分析、機(jī)器操作及重構(gòu)，并可以在開放的系統(tǒng)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行分布式管理及信息的存儲(chǔ)。Won Soo Yun 等人研究了虛擬機(jī)床的開發(fā)，詳細(xì)分析了虛擬機(jī)床開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，該系統(tǒng)能夠預(yù)測(cè)切削過程的結(jié)果，虛擬機(jī)床系統(tǒng)在數(shù)控機(jī)床實(shí)際切削之前通過“偽真實(shí)加工”來根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)率和屬性提供正確的切削條件、補(bǔ)償或加工過程的控制。Tien-I Liu等人開發(fā)了用于產(chǎn)品制造的基于知識(shí)的高速加工系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)提供了關(guān)于高速加工各方面的具體知識(shí)。如在高速切削過程中的加工參數(shù)、刀具材料、穩(wěn)定性分析等，能夠進(jìn)行工件材料、切削速度及切削刀具材料不同組合加工效果的評(píng)估，系統(tǒng)還提供產(chǎn)品在高速加工制造下的穩(wěn)定性分析和圖形的高速加工概念的可視化顯示。據(jù)了解，美國(guó)的BURGMAST，KINGSBURY，INGERSOLL，LAMB、CINCINNATI，CROSS，德國(guó)的Huller-Hille，Vogtland 等主要機(jī)床廠家都已經(jīng)使機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)普遍應(yīng)用CAD 技術(shù)。其中最引人注目的是INGERSOLL公司具有50 個(gè)交互式CAD 工作站組成的軟、硬件環(huán)境，實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)幾乎100%的CAD 化。目前，組合機(jī)床已經(jīng)向CAD/CAM 集成系統(tǒng)發(fā)展。
2． 2 國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀及成果
20 世紀(jì)70 年代初，大連組合機(jī)床研究所開發(fā)了基于AutoCAD 的組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，拉開了我國(guó)組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)研究的帷幕。近年來，隨著CAD 軟件的成熟應(yīng)用，我國(guó)有很多學(xué)術(shù)單位和團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)做了不同程度的探索，主要有以下幾方面的研究:
( 1) 組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方面。
國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)采用CAD 的認(rèn)識(shí)比較早。20 世紀(jì)70 年代初，大連組合機(jī)床研究所就開始了這方面的研究工作。1978 年國(guó)家把組合機(jī)床CAD 列為機(jī)械工業(yè)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目，并責(zé)成上海交通大學(xué)、大連組合機(jī)床研究所、機(jī)械部自動(dòng)化研究所負(fù)責(zé)，大連理工大學(xué)、清華大學(xué)、北京工業(yè)大學(xué)、上海機(jī)電產(chǎn)品研究院等單位參加，對(duì)鉆孔組合機(jī)床CAD 進(jìn)行了研究，從此揭開了我國(guó)組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)的序幕。經(jīng)過十多年的努力，取得了初步成果。但受當(dāng)時(shí)硬件條件及軟件環(huán)境的限制，軟件適用范圍窄，用戶使用不方便。
1998 年大連組合機(jī)床研究所又開發(fā)了組合機(jī)床CAD 軟件，并通過專家鑒定。該軟件技術(shù)先進(jìn)、性能可靠、功能強(qiáng)、方便實(shí)用，為我國(guó)組合機(jī)床行業(yè)提供了現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)計(jì)工具，其技術(shù)水平處于國(guó)內(nèi)領(lǐng)先地位。該軟件已在組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)制造的專業(yè)廠和從事內(nèi)燃機(jī)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)生產(chǎn)的大中型企業(yè)的組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)制造部門廣泛應(yīng)用［6］。企業(yè)在改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)中，通過采用CAD 技術(shù)，提高了設(shè)計(jì)水平，增強(qiáng)了企業(yè)的創(chuàng)造能力和產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，取得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。周益民利用自頂向下的方法以UG 軟件為平臺(tái)對(duì)組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了研制［7］，該系統(tǒng)利用的WAVE( What if Alternate value Engineering) 技術(shù)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的分級(jí)控制。文獻(xiàn)［8 － 9］采用模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)以UG 為平臺(tái)開發(fā)了組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)的主控程序包括切削用量計(jì)算模塊、加工示意圖設(shè)計(jì)模塊、主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)模塊、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理程序，三維模型模板庫(kù)包括組合機(jī)床通用件圖形庫(kù)、加工示意圖圖形庫(kù)、主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)圖形庫(kù)、機(jī)床總體裝配模型圖形庫(kù)，幾乎覆蓋了組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的全過程。伍勝男等人根據(jù)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)理論以UG 為平臺(tái)建立了組合機(jī)床圖形庫(kù)，對(duì)組合機(jī)床進(jìn)行變型設(shè)計(jì)，通過對(duì)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐探討，實(shí)現(xiàn)了組合機(jī)床的快速重構(gòu)。郭志強(qiáng)等人開發(fā)了基于B /S 的組合機(jī)床異地設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)［11］，實(shí)現(xiàn)了用戶通過瀏覽器在組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的引導(dǎo)下可完成對(duì)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的動(dòng)力頭功率計(jì)算模塊、自動(dòng)匹配組合機(jī)床模塊、自動(dòng)裝配、生成三圖一卡等總體設(shè)計(jì)和主軸箱等模塊的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。
( 2) 組合機(jī)床總體CAD 設(shè)計(jì)方面。
大連機(jī)床集團(tuán)公司于1996 年開發(fā)的組合機(jī)床方案CAD 系統(tǒng)通過機(jī)械部技術(shù)鑒定，與會(huì)專家一致認(rèn)為: 該系統(tǒng)方案正確、技術(shù)先進(jìn)、功能齊全、實(shí)用性強(qiáng)，在國(guó)內(nèi)處于同行業(yè)的領(lǐng)先地位，并達(dá)到了國(guó)際20世紀(jì)90 年代初期的先進(jìn)水平。該系統(tǒng)是設(shè)計(jì)組合機(jī)床及其自動(dòng)線的總體方案，即報(bào)價(jià)方案設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)床總圖設(shè)計(jì)、加工示意圖設(shè)計(jì)、被加工零件工序圖設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)率計(jì)算卡計(jì)算。適用于鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、鉸孔、加工螺紋、鏜孔、銑削平面等加工種類和各種配置形式的組合機(jī)床。與此同時(shí)，譚豫之等人也開發(fā)了基于AutoCAD 環(huán)境的組合機(jī)床總體計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，包括5 個(gè)模塊: 計(jì)算選型模塊、加工工序圖模塊、加工示意圖模塊、聯(lián)系尺寸圖模塊和生產(chǎn)率計(jì)算卡模塊。該系統(tǒng)在北京拖拉機(jī)公司的組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)中得到了應(yīng)用。文獻(xiàn)基于Solid Edge 進(jìn)行了組合機(jī)床總體設(shè)計(jì)三維造型系統(tǒng)的研制，系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了組合機(jī)床通用部件變量化造型，建立了通用部件模板庫(kù)，按照組合機(jī)床的分類特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行裝配，得到不同類型的組合機(jī)床。文獻(xiàn)以三維軟件Pro /E 為平臺(tái)開發(fā)出組合機(jī)床總體CAD 設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)包括5 個(gè)模塊: 加工參數(shù)與工藝信息提取模塊、分析計(jì)算模塊、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零部件選擇模塊、專用零部件設(shè)計(jì)模塊、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理模塊，使設(shè)計(jì)人員能夠利用數(shù)字化手段實(shí)現(xiàn)不同類型組合機(jī)床總體設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬裝配，大大提高了設(shè)計(jì)效率。
( 3) 組合機(jī)床多軸箱CAD 設(shè)計(jì)方面
多軸箱是組合機(jī)床各組成部分中重要的專用部件，經(jīng)由箱體內(nèi)的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)傳動(dòng)多根主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并通過刀具完成孔、螺紋等加工工藝。因此，對(duì)于組合機(jī)床多軸箱的CAD 設(shè)計(jì)研究有特別重要的意義。目前，多軸箱的CAD 技術(shù)研究及應(yīng)用已經(jīng)研制出比較實(shí)用的軟件系統(tǒng)。AutoCAD 環(huán)境下運(yùn)行的多軸箱CAD 系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)都已在企業(yè)中得到了應(yīng)用，系統(tǒng)功能齊全，方便工程師使用。系統(tǒng)根據(jù)組合機(jī)床總體設(shè)計(jì)( 即三圖一卡) 提供的原始數(shù)據(jù)可以完成多軸箱傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)( 包括完成傳動(dòng)軸布置方案的選擇、齒輪排列、坐標(biāo)計(jì)算、各傳動(dòng)零件的強(qiáng)度及剛度校核，幾何干涉校核等) 和繪圖及打印明細(xì)表( 包括完成繪制多軸箱裝配圖及列出裝配明細(xì)表、繪制各類通用部件補(bǔ)充加工圖、繪制專用件零件圖、整理打印零件明細(xì)表等) 。文獻(xiàn)分別以UG 和Pro /E 為平臺(tái)開發(fā)了多軸箱的輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，其功能也能實(shí)現(xiàn)多軸箱體的設(shè)計(jì)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，只是還缺乏企業(yè)的實(shí)際檢驗(yàn)。
( 4) 組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 設(shè)計(jì)方面。
夾具是組合機(jī)床的重要組成部件，是根據(jù)機(jī)床的工藝和結(jié)構(gòu)方案的具體要求而專門設(shè)計(jì)的。它是用于實(shí)現(xiàn)被加工零件的準(zhǔn)確定位、夾壓、刀具的導(dǎo)向，以及裝卸工件時(shí)的限位等作用的。其布局合理與否，直接決定著組合機(jī)床生產(chǎn)的成敗。蔡瑾等人對(duì)夾具的裝夾規(guī)劃、構(gòu)形設(shè)計(jì)、性能評(píng)價(jià)等方面的研究成果進(jìn)行了綜述，然而，縱觀國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，目前尚沒有完善的夾具CAD 系統(tǒng)可供設(shè)計(jì)人員使用，特別是組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 系統(tǒng)。目前，針對(duì)組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 系統(tǒng)的研究相對(duì)較少。大連組合機(jī)床研究所基于AutoCAD R14． 0開發(fā)了組合機(jī)床夾具CAD 軟件。系統(tǒng)按照組合機(jī)床行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建立以下模塊: 定位支撐系統(tǒng)CAD、夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)CAD、導(dǎo)向裝置CAD、典型夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)夾緊力的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助分析與計(jì)算。各模塊分別建立圖形庫(kù)、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和程序庫(kù)，利用交互設(shè)計(jì)方法實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)。咸斌針對(duì)箱體類零件鉆鏜組合機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)中存在的大量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件和典型結(jié)構(gòu)提出基于被加工件三維模型的箱體類組合機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)方法［24］，研究了夾具的定位設(shè)計(jì)、夾緊設(shè)計(jì)和導(dǎo)向設(shè)計(jì)。
3 組合機(jī)床CAD 技術(shù)發(fā)展面臨的問題和趨勢(shì)
上述分別從不同方面對(duì)組合機(jī)床的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了分析，為組合機(jī)床CAD 的研究提供了更多的借鑒和參考，但是至今仍沒有成熟的CAD 商品化系統(tǒng)。下面分析組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)研究存在的主要問題，提出相應(yīng)的解決措施和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):
( 1) 從組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)的研究平臺(tái)看，主要有以AutoCAD 為代表的二維軟件平臺(tái)和UG，Pro /E，Solidedge各種三維軟件平臺(tái)下進(jìn)行的研究。二維平臺(tái)上開發(fā)的設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)相對(duì)比較成熟，已經(jīng)在企業(yè)中得到了實(shí)際應(yīng)用; 而三維軟件平臺(tái)下的組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)的研究，大多數(shù)只研究了組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的某一部分內(nèi)容，存在著不同程度的缺陷。隨著各種三維軟件日益成熟的應(yīng)用，越來越多的企業(yè)正由二維的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過渡到三維計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)。國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織于2006 年底制定出ISO16792 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)［25］，該三維標(biāo)注國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定將推動(dòng)三維計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)發(fā)展的步伐。
( 2) 從開發(fā)CAD 系統(tǒng)的研究者看，主要來自于高校和企業(yè)。高校研究的軟件平臺(tái)一般都是以比較先進(jìn)的三維軟件為開發(fā)環(huán)境，但由于一般的高校研究者缺乏組合機(jī)床一線設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)需求獲取的不全面，導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)不完善，企業(yè)覺得“不好用“，不能真正地提高設(shè)計(jì)效率。而由企業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)相對(duì)“好用”，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的工程師有著多年的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)符合企業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)需求。但隨著三維CAD 軟件的迅速發(fā)展，企業(yè)從資金、精力上往往難以及時(shí)更新，目前幾乎沒有看到企業(yè)基于三維軟件進(jìn)行組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)研究。高校一般具備先進(jìn)的三維軟件平臺(tái)和雄厚的開發(fā)技術(shù)，能為組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)提供技術(shù)力量，而企業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)工程師有多年的實(shí)戰(zhàn)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，具備將組合機(jī)床的專家領(lǐng)域知識(shí)進(jìn)行知識(shí)挖掘的能力，只有高校和企業(yè)聯(lián)合起來的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)才可能會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出實(shí)用的組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)。另外，開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)只有在企業(yè)中由設(shè)計(jì)工程師經(jīng)過無數(shù)實(shí)際案例的不斷檢驗(yàn)，對(duì)系統(tǒng)不斷地測(cè)試調(diào)試，才能使系統(tǒng)趨于完善，達(dá)到“好用”的效果。
( 3) 從系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的方法看組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)目前主要是利用參數(shù)化建模技術(shù)和模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法來開發(fā)實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些系統(tǒng)為設(shè)計(jì)人員提供了方便、快捷、高效的設(shè)計(jì)工具，但涉及專家系統(tǒng)方面的設(shè)計(jì)軟件還未見到，沒有形成一種智能型CAD 設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)。然而，在人工智能( Artificial Intelligence，AI) 技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天，隨著知識(shí)工程( Knowledge Based Engineering，KBE) 技術(shù)的發(fā)展和深入研究，智能化CAD 系統(tǒng)將應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。KBE 技術(shù)在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生命開發(fā)周期的每個(gè)階段都能夠充分重復(fù)利用各種實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)、專家知識(shí)及其他有關(guān)信息，為組合機(jī)床CAD 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)向智能化方向發(fā)展提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
Combination of machine CAD technology status and development trend *
The combination machine computer-aided design development from the 1970s and has become an important branch of the field of CAD. From the combination of machine tool computer-aided design contains four main research (Modular Machine Tool CAD system, the overall CAD technology, multi-axle CAD technology Fixture CAD technology) to start, the combination of machine tools at home and abroad CAD technology research REVIEW (nearly 10 years of research), and pointed out the existing problems and development trends of research Modular Machine Tool CAD technology.
Combination of machine tool universal, serialization, a higher degree of standardization, common parts and components up to 70% to 90%, it is an efficient, high-quality, economical and practical features, which is widely used in engineering machinery, transportation, energy, military , light industry, household appliances and other industries. With the gush of CAD technology matures and a variety of CAD software, on the basis of the supporting software and hardware for different industries, different professional secondary development of software developed for the industry, the professional commercialization software, not only can achieve good economic returns, but also made significant social benefits. Combination of machine tools are one-off designs, one-piece disposable manufacturing products, various changes in its structure, the complexity of the design of a large amount of design work, especially in the current competitive market economy, product life cycles continue to shorten the variety is increasing. Processed products, combined machine is different, which requires engineering and technical personnel to continuously improve the development capability of the machine to meet market requirements. Therefore, how efficient, high-quality design combined machine tool has become the pursuit of the goal of the combination of machine tool manufacturers.
A combination of machine tools CAD Technical Overview
The combination machine CAD technology has developed into an important component of the CAD technology from the 1970s. Currently, around the combination of machine tool CAD technology research mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) a combination of the overall machine design.
A combination of the overall machine design task is first to achieve the design object based on information extracted from the feature model of product processing CAD system as a combination of machine tools; followed by the establishment of uncertainty knowledge base, such as cutting force, the general components supporting relationship tool choice of tools, processing the drawings, knowledge; also necessary to establish common components library and
Component size database. On this basis, developed based on the known
Knowledge combination machine overall program CAD system, through the Knowledge Base Tomoyo
Knowledge of the reasoning, design guides the user through the combination of machine tool process diagram, the processing shown
Intent to design, the machine general layout design, performance analysis process [2].
(2) The combination of multi-axle machine design.
Combination of machine tools multi-axle CAD system is based on the overall design (such as spindle coordinates, speed, etc.) to complete the drive shaft coordinate a variety of geometric interference checking, strength check of the drive components, in order to achieve the design of the drive system, automatic generation of multi- axle box schedules, automatic drawing multi-axle assembly General Plan, box added processing map, front and rear side cover additional processing map, special parts diagram.
(3) a combination of machine tool fixture design.
The combination of machine tool fixture CAD system because of the highly dedicated, the system must be completed by the designer to interactively design. For the combination of machine tool fixture CAD system to achieve automatic design of four modules: Positioning support the CAD system, the clamping mechanism CAD system, computer-aided analysis and calculation-oriented the device CAD system and typical fixture clamping force according to its main function. In order to achieve this several modules, you need to create a combination of jigs and fixtures generic parts library, the choice of the common parts Knowledge Base, dimensional tolerances, geometric tolerances and other databases and libraries, the use of interactive design method to implement the design.
2 Modular Machine Tool CAD technology research status and results
2. 1 foreign status and results
Foreign Modular Machine Tool CAD technology has an early start. Since the beginning of the 1990s, with the development of computer technology, interactive mapping and database management system development and application of a combination of machine tool CAD technology increasingly practical, and expanding the scope. Et al of PetterOlofsgard develop a distributed virtual combination of machine tool manufacturing system, the system supports the full life cycle, including design, simulation, programming, analysis, machine operation and Reconstruction, distributed and open system library management and information Storage. Won Soo Yun and other studies of the development of the virtual machine, and a detailed analysis of the basis for the development of virtual machine, the system is able to predict the result of the cutting process, the virtual machine system through the "pseudo-real processing before the actual cutting of CNC machine tools according to productivity and attributes provide the correct cutting conditions, compensation or process control. Tien-I Liu et al developed a knowledge-based high-speed machining system for product manufacturing, the system provides specific knowledge about all aspects of high-speed machining. Such as processing parameters in the process of high-speed cutting tool material, stability analysis, workpiece material, cutting speed and cutting tool material assessment of the effect of different combinations of processing, the system also provides products in the manufacture of high-speed machining stability analysis and visual display of high-speed graphics processing concepts. It is understood that the United States BURGMAST, KINGSBURY, INGERSOLL, LAMB, CINCINNATI, CROSS, Germany Huller-Hille, Vogtland major machine tool manufacturers have universal application of CAD technology for the design of the machine. One of the most striking is a The INGERSOLL company with 50 interactive CAD workstation hardware and software environment, to achieve almost 100% of CAD for machine design. At present, the combination of machine tools to the development of integrated CAD / CAM system.
2. 2 domestic situation and results
In the early 1970s, Dalian Modular Machine Tool Research Institute to develop a combination of machine tool design system based on AutoCAD, opened the curtain of China's combination of machine CAD system. In recent years, with the mature application of CAD software, our many academic units and teams with varying degrees of exploration Modular Machine Tool CAD system, mainly the following aspects:
(1) a combination of machine tools for the development of the CAD system.
Domestic awareness of the modular machine tool design using CAD earlier. In the early 1970s, Dalian Modular Machine Tool Research Institute began research in this area. 1978 combination of machine tool CAD as machinery industry key projects, and instructed the Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dalian Modular Machine Tool Research Institute, Ministry of Machinery Automation Research Institute is responsible for, Dalian University of Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing University, Shanghai Mechanical and Electrical Products Research Institute units to participate in the drilling combined machine tool CAD, opened the prelude to a combination of machine tools in China CAD technology. After more than 10 years of efforts, and achieved initial results. But by the hardware conditions and limitations of the software environment, narrow the application of the software, the user inconvenient to use.
1998 Dalian Modular Machine Tool Research Institute has developed a combination of machine tool CAD software and appraised by experts. The software is state-of-the-art technology, reliable performance, strong function, convenient and practical, for the combination of machine tool industry in China offers modern design tools, the technology level of the domestic leading position. The software has a modular machine tool design and manufacture of professional factory and engaged in the production of large and medium-sized enterprises to the internal combustion engine, the engine combination machine design and manufacturing departments widely used [6]. In the transformation of traditional industries through the use of CAD technology, improve the design level, enhanced creativity and competitiveness of the enterprises, and achieved good economic and social benefits. Zhou Yimin top-down approach to software UG Modular Machine Tool CAD system developed as a platform [7], the system uses the WAVE (What if Alternate value Engineering) technology enables the hierarchical control of the product. [8 - 9] modular design technology as a platform for the development of a combination of machine CAD system, the system's main control program including cutting calculation module, processing schematic design module, spindle box design module, database management program, three-dimensional UG model template library for machine tool parts graphics library, the processing diagram graphics library, the spindle box design graphics library, overall machine assembly model graphics library, covering almost the whole process of the combination of machine tool design. Wusheng Nan et al UG according to the theory of modular design as a platform to establish a combination of machine graphics library variant design, the combination of machine tools to explore, through the combination of machine tool design practice to achieve a combination of rapid reconstruction of the machine. Guo Zhiqiang et al. Developed in machine tool design based on the combination of B / S system [11], the user through the browser to be completed by the combination of machine tool design under the guidance of the combination of machine tool design system power head power calculation module, automatic matching combination detailed design of the overall design and the spindle of the machine module, automated assembly, generate Figure card boxes and other modules.
(2) a combination of machine tool overall CAD design aspects.
Dalian Machine Tool Group combination of machine design CAD system developed in 1996 by the Ministry of Machinery technical appraisal, the experts agreed that: the system is correct, state-of-the-art technology, fully functional, practical, and in the same industry leading position in the domestic and reached the advanced level of the international early 1990s. The system is designed combination of machine tools and automatic line overall plan, the quote program design, the machine general layout design, processing schematic design, design and productivity of machining parts process diagram card computing. The combination of machine tools for drilling, reaming, reaming, thread machining, boring, milling plane processing types and in various configurations. At the same time, of Tan Yu et al developed a combination of machine tools based on the AutoCAD environment overall computer-aided design system, including five modules: the calculation module and productivity of the selection module, the machining process diagram module, processing diagram module, contact size card module . The system has been applied in Beijing tractor combination machine design. Literature on Solid Edge combination of overall machine design three-dimensional modeling system developed system for machine tool variable modeling, the establishment of a common template library of components, assembly in accordance with the classification of characteristics of the combination of machine tools, get a combination of different types of machine tools. Literature 3D software Pro / E platform for the development of the overall combination of machine tool CAD design system. The system consists of five modules: the processing parameters and process information extraction module, analysis and calculation module, standard parts selection module, specialized components of the design module, database management module allows designers to use digital means to achieve different types of combinations overall machine design structure virtual assembly, greatly improving the efficiency of the design.
(3) The combination of multi-axle CAD machine design
The multi-axle specially designed components of the various components of the combination of machine tools, multi-spindle rotary motion transmission through the transmission system of the cabinets, tool to complete the hole, thread and process. Therefore, for the combination of machine tools multi-axle CAD design study is of particular importance. Currently, multi-axle CAD technology research and application have been developed more practical software systems. Multi-axle CAD system AutoCAD environment, these systems have been in the enterprise applications, the system is fully functional, easy engineers. The raw data provided by the system based on a combination of overall machine design (three card) can complete multi-axle drive system design (including layout program choice to complete the drive shaft, gear arrangement, coordinate calculation, the strength and rigidity of the transmission parts check , geometric interference checking, etc.) and drawing and print schedules (including finished drawing multi-axle assembly drawings and lists the assembly