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1、閱讀理解閱讀理解 三三 (2011四川卷D篇) “Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of
2、organizational decision making. For years March (possibly the wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience. (the first paragraph)53. According to the text, James March is _.A. a poet who uses experienc
3、e in his writingB. a teacher who teaches story writing in universityC. a researcher who studies the way humans think and actD. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions C考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中“For years March (possibly the wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and
4、act,”可知James March是一位一直在從事人類思想和行動(dòng)方法研究的科學(xué)家。思路點(diǎn)撥思路點(diǎn)撥 (2011四川卷D篇) In one interesting part of the book,for example,he turns a doubtful eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated
5、truth of things. He says “The more accurately (精確的)reality is presented,the less understandable the story,and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is.” (the third paragraph) 55. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A. Experience makes stories more accurate.B. Stories made interesti
6、ng fail to fully present the truth.C. The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.D. Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described. B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)本段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我們?cè)?/p>
7、努力增加故事的趣味性的時(shí)候,丟掉了它的真實(shí)性。思路點(diǎn)撥思路點(diǎn)撥 一篇文章在確定主題之后,通常要通過大量的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)主題進(jìn)行解釋和說明。因此有很多的題干是根據(jù)短文的細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)計(jì)的。文章的細(xì)節(jié)題有可能是直接理解題,如事物的起因、過程、結(jié)果及發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等。也有些是間接理解題,要求你在理解的基礎(chǔ)上,通過自己的思維將理解的內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化,條理化。選項(xiàng)的表述通常不是用文章的原話,而是使用同義的詞語來表達(dá)??忌欢ㄒ氐蕉涛闹姓页雠c答題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的詞語和句子,在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上選擇答案。 一、所謂細(xì)節(jié)題的表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣,大致可總結(jié)如下: 1. 是非題 出題形式: 三正一誤(三項(xiàng)正確,只有一項(xiàng)不符合原文內(nèi)容
8、): Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned except? 三誤一正(三項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,只有一項(xiàng)符合原文內(nèi)容): Which of the following is true? 2. 例證題 例子為高考閱讀理解的常見考點(diǎn)之一,這類題的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為The author provides in Line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是問文中舉出某現(xiàn)象或例子的目的。如果文章是說明文和議論文,文章中舉出一些例子無非是為了說明一定的道理。關(guān)鍵在于這個(gè)例子在原文出
9、現(xiàn)的位置,但不管如何,這個(gè)例子之前或之后不遠(yuǎn)處通常都有一句總結(jié)說明性的話,這句話就是答案,即舉例的目的。如果例子與全文主題有關(guān),則例證主題,答案為主題句。如果例子與段落主題有關(guān),就例證段落主題,則答案為段落主題句;否則,答案為例子前后總結(jié)說明性的話。 3. 其他形式的細(xì)節(jié)題 (1)定義 與主題有關(guān)的篇章定義,理解它有助于做主旨題。 具體對(duì)某個(gè)現(xiàn)象或術(shù)語加以定義,有時(shí)成為詞義題的考試內(nèi)容。 (2)年代與數(shù)字 這個(gè)考點(diǎn)有幾種出題方式,但不管以何種形式出現(xiàn),只要題干問年代與數(shù)字,答案就對(duì)應(yīng)于文章中的年代與數(shù)字。 (3)比較 比較考點(diǎn)的表現(xiàn)形式主要有:比較級(jí)與含有比較意義的詞匯手段和句型結(jié)構(gòu);表示絕對(duì)
10、意義的字眼:first(第一),least(最不),uttermost(最)等;表示唯一性的詞匯:only,unique等。閱讀最好能圈出表示最高級(jí)、唯一性和絕對(duì)意義的詞匯,便于做題時(shí)對(duì)回原文定位。 (4)原因 這種題的答案在原文中通常有一些表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯手段提示: 表示因果關(guān)系的名詞:result,reason; 表示因果關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞:result in(結(jié)果),result from(由于),baseon(以為基礎(chǔ)),be due to(由于); 表示因果關(guān)系的連詞或介詞:because,for,why; 表示因果關(guān)系的副詞:as a result,consequently等,閱讀時(shí)對(duì)這
11、些提示詞應(yīng)該予以注意。 除了上述原文有因果關(guān)系提示詞的顯性原因考點(diǎn)之外,隱性原因(兩個(gè)句子之間為因果關(guān)系,但無有關(guān)提示詞)也是常見考點(diǎn)。不管是顯性原因考點(diǎn),還是隱性原因考點(diǎn),原文相關(guān)句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說原因,后說結(jié)果,而在題干中通常給出結(jié)果,就其原因提問。 二、解題方法: 1. 直接理解題 多數(shù)細(xì)節(jié)理解題是直接考查考生對(duì)具體信息的近義或反義理解能力。尋找相關(guān)的近義或反義表述,是一種有效的解題方式。 代詞復(fù)指題也屬于一種直接理解題。一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用這種題型,所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在??刹捎谩斑壿嬯P(guān)系梳理法”,使人物或事件關(guān)系條理化、簡明化、明朗化。 轉(zhuǎn)
12、換理解題要求考生在理解具體事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過自己的思維將理解的內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化,條理化,形象化,具體化。 一是“首尾定位法”。比如計(jì)算、排序、選圖等題。排序題要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序,即先找出第一個(gè)動(dòng)作和最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作,迅速縮小選擇范圍,從而快速選出正確答案。 二是利用同義詞、近義詞和反義詞:即命題者常常會(huì)利用近義詞或反義詞來考查學(xué)生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉與理解能力。 whereas引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)從句,即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為不定式 to hear a man。