SQL Server 2005 的商業(yè)智能和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

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1、 Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing in SQL Server 2005 1.Introduction Microsoft SQL Server? 2005 is a complete business intelligence (BI) platform that provides the features, tools, and functionality to build both classic and innovative kinds of analytical

2、 applications. This paper provides an introduction to the tools that you will use to build an analytical application, and highlights new functionality that makes it easier than ever to build and manage complex BI systems. The following table presents an overview of the components of a business inte

3、lligence system, and the corresponding Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and SQL Server 2005 components. Two components are new for SQL Server 2005: SQL Server Management Studio and SQL Server Business Intelligence Development Studio. The other primary BI components – Integration Services, Analysis Se

4、rvices OLAP, Analysis Services Data Mining, and Reporting Services – are substantially different and improved in SQL Server 2005. The SQL Server 2005 relational database contains several significant new features. Although the Microsoft Office query and portal tools are not part of SQL Server, the cu

5、rrent releases will continue to work with SQL Server 2005. The BI functionality in Microsoft Office will evolve with the Office product release cycle. 2.Where do I start with SQL Server 2005? The first thing youll notice upon installing SQL Server 2005 is that the installation experience is i

6、ntegrated. No longer do you need to run the installation program separately for some features, such as Analysis Services. If a feature such as Reporting Services is not available for installation, your computer may not meet the installation requirements for that feature. You can review the Readme fi

7、le for a complete discussion of feature prerequisites. The installation process will install: SQL Server relational database engine Integration Services Analysis Services Reporting Services SQL Server Management Studio (database management toolset) Business Intelligence Devel

8、opment Studio (BI application development toolset) Reporting Services requires that IIS be installed and correctly configured. We strongly recommend that you take the time to configure and install IIS, as Reporting Services is an integral part of the SQL Server 2005 Business Intelligence feature

9、 set. Customers who are familiar with Analysis Services may be surprised by the lack of an Analysis Services metadata repository. In SQL Server 2000 the Analysis Services repository was shipped as a Microsoft Access database, but Analysis Services 2005 does not contain a metadata repository. Ins

10、tead, the Analysis Services database metadata information are stored as XML files and are managed by Analysis Services. These XML files can be placed under source control, if desired. We recommend that you use the Business Intelligence Development Studio to develop and the SQL Server Management

11、Studio to operate and maintain BI database objects. You can design Integration Services packages and Analysis Services cubes and mining models in the SQL Server Management Studio, but the Business Intelligence Development Studio offers a better experience for designing and debugging BI applications.

12、 You will probably learn more by beginning with a new application rather than upgrading existing DTS packages and Analysis Services databases. You may find it useful to recreate an existing package or database, if you have one available. After you have become more familiar with the new tools, fe

13、atures, and concepts, it is easier to upgrade existing objects. Many customers will use the SQL Server tools to develop a system with the now-familiar business intelligence structure of one or more source systems using Integration Services to feed a dimensional relational data warehouse, which in t

14、urn is used to populate the Analysis Services database. However, SQL Server 2005 provides many options to deviate from this generic design, by eliminating or virtualizing different components. 3.Relational data warehousing The SQL Server 2005 relational database engine contains several feature

15、s of great interest for the design and maintenance of data warehouse style applications. These features include: Table partitions enable fast data load and simplified maintenance for very large tables. Easy creation of a reporting server Transact-SQL improvements including new data types

16、and new analytic functions Online index operations Fine grained backup/restore operations Fast file initialization 4.Reporting Server A common technique for offloading relational operational reporting from the transaction database is to maintain a reporting server. The reporting ser

17、ver maintains an image of the transaction database with some latency, most often of the previous day. The reporting server is used for most reporting and data warehouse extracts. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 adds two new features, database mirroring and database snapshots, that make it very easy to

18、 create and maintain a reporting server. Now a SQL Server reporting server can have much lower latency than once a day. Also, the reporting server is designed to act as a standby system for the transaction system. To create a reporting server, first create a database mirror, a new SQL Server 2005 f

19、eature that provides an instant standby system for high availability. You can read the SQL Server Books Online topic "Database Mirroring Concepts" for more information. The database mirror cannot be queried directly, which is where the second new feature, database snapshots, becomes important.

20、Creating a database snapshot on the mirror provides an additional copy of the data for reporting purposes. A database snapshot is a read-only copy of the database at a particular point in time, and is not automatically updated with new information when the source database changes. Database snapshots

21、 are a multifaceted topic with numerous usage scenarios; you can read the SQL Server Books Online topic "Understanding Database Views" for more information. For now, however, it is enough to note that the way snapshots store their information is extremely space efficient. Multiple database snapshots

22、 can exist to provide a full view of the data for reporting purposes, although maintaining a database snapshot does have some impact on the transaction database upon which the database snapshots is based. By creating a database snapshot on a database mirror, you effectively create a standby ser

23、ver for high system availability. The database snapshot can then serve double duty as a reporting server, as well as be used in high availability solutions. 5.Table partitions Partitioned tables and indexes have their data divided into horizontal units, so that groups of rows are mapped into i

24、ndividual partitions. Operations performed on the data, such as queries, are executed as if the entire table or index is a single entity. Partitioning can: Improve table and index manageability. Improve query performance on multiple-CPU machines. In a relational data warehouse, fact

25、tables are the obvious candidate for table partitioning and partitioning by date range is the most common partitioning strategy. There are three steps to defining a partitioned table, as described in the SQL Server Books Online topic “Creating Partitioned Tables and Indexes”. The three steps

26、are as follows: Create a partition function specifying how a table that uses the function is partitioned. Create a partition scheme specifying how the partitions of the partition function are placed on the filegroup. Create a table or index using the partition scheme. Multiple tables

27、 can use the same partition scheme. This paper discusses Range partitioning of fact tables and is not intended to be a complete discussion or tutorial for table partitioning. For more information about table partitioning see SQL Server Books Online. The most common partitioning scheme part

28、itions the fact table by date range, such as, year, quarter, month, or even day. In most scenarios, date partitioning of the large fact table, or tables, provides the greatest manageability benefits. In order to get improved query performance, the Time dimension table should be partitioned using the

29、 same partitioning scheme. A partitioned table behaves like an unpartitioned table. Queries to the table are resolved correctly. Direct inserts, updates, and deletes on the table are automatically resolved to the correct partition or partitions. 6.Using table partitions for fast data loa

30、ds Most data warehouse applications struggle to load increasingly large volumes of data in a small – and shrinking – load window. The typical process begins with extracts from several source systems, followed by steps to clean, transform, synthesize, and rationalize the data across these system

31、s. The data management application is constrained to complete the entire extract, transformation, and loading process within the load window. Usually, the systems business users have a strong requirement that the system minimize the amount of time the data warehouse is unavailable for their queries.

32、 The "write" step of the data management application, in which the new data is inserted into the existing data warehouse, must be designed to occur quickly and with minimum user impact. In order to load data very fast, the database recovery model must be either Bulk Logged or Simple, and the ta

33、ble must either be empty or contain data but no indexes. If these conditions are met, a non-logged load is possible. In SQL Server 2000, before partitioned tables existed, these conditions are typically met only in the initial historical data warehouse load. Some customers with large data warehouses

34、 have built a quasi-partitioned structure by constructing a UNION ALL view over separate physical tables; these tables were populated each load cycle using a non-logged technique. This approach was not entirely satisfactory, and SQL Server 2005 partitioned tables provide superior functionality.

35、 In SQL Server 2005, you cannot perform a non-logged load directly into a partition. However, you can load into a separate table that we will call the pseudo-partition. Under certain conditions, you can switch the pseudo-partition into the partitioned table as a metadata operation that occurs extrem

36、ely quickly. This technique meets our two requirements of minimizing overall load time: the pseudo-partition load is performed without logging, and minimizing end user impact and ensuring data warehouse integrity: the pseudo-partitions can be loaded while users are querying the data warehouse. The d

37、ata management application can wait until all fact tables are loaded and ready before performing the partition switch. The partition switch operation occurs very quickly, on the order of sub-second response. In addition, the pseudo partition can be backed up as a separate table, improving syste

38、m manageability. 7.Using table partitions for fast data deletes Many data warehouses keep a sliding window of detailed data active in the data warehouse. For example, the fact table may contain data for three, five, or ten years. Periodically, the oldest data is removed from the table. The pri

39、mary reasons for keeping data pruned are to improve query performance and minimize storage costs. SQL Server 2005 partitions make it very easy to prune old data from a large partitioned fact table. Simply create an empty pseudo-partition as described above, and then switch it into the partitioned t

40、able. The partitioned table has an empty partition where it once had a populated partition; the pseudo-partition has data where once it was empty. The pseudo-partition can be backed up, truncated, or dropped, as appropriate. Optionally, you may choose to redefine the partition function to merge all

41、 of the left-hand (empty) partitions together into one. SQL Server 2005 的商業(yè)智能和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ) 1、簡介 Microsoft SQL Server?2005是一個(gè)完整的商業(yè)智能（BI）平臺(tái)，它提供工具和功能來建立兼具經(jīng)典和創(chuàng)新的各種分析應(yīng)用。本文將介紹，你將用它來構(gòu)建分析應(yīng)用程序的工具，并會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)新的功能，使得它比以往更容易建立和管理復(fù)雜的BI系統(tǒng)。 下表介紹了商業(yè)智能系

42、統(tǒng)的組件的概述，以及相應(yīng)的Microsoft SQL Server 2000和SQL Server 2005組件。 兩個(gè)組件是新的SQL Server 2005：SQL Server管理Studio和SQL Server商業(yè)智能開發(fā)工作室。其他主要的BI組件集成服務(wù)，分析服務(wù)OLAP，Analysis Services數(shù)據(jù)挖掘，和Reporting Services明顯不同，在SQL Server 2005中改進(jìn)的SQL Server 2005關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫包含幾個(gè)顯著的新功能。雖然微軟Office的查詢和門戶工具不是SQL Server的一部分，目前的版本將繼續(xù)在SQL Server 2005

43、中的工作。在Microsoft Office的BI功能將與Office產(chǎn)品發(fā)布周期演變。 2、我是從哪里啟動(dòng)SQL Server 2005？ 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在安裝SQL Server 2005的第一件事就是安裝體驗(yàn)集成。你不再需要單獨(dú)的一些功能，如分析服務(wù)運(yùn)行安裝程序。如果某個(gè)功能，如報(bào)表服務(wù)不適用于安裝，您的計(jì)算機(jī)可能無法滿足該功能的安裝要求。您可以查看自述文件功能的先決條件的完整討論。安裝過程中會(huì)安裝： SQL Server關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫引擎 集成服務(wù) 分析服務(wù) 報(bào)表服務(wù) SQL Server管理工具（數(shù)據(jù)庫管理工具集） 商業(yè)智能開發(fā)套件（BI應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)工具集） 報(bào)表服務(wù)需要I

44、IS中安裝并正確配置。我們強(qiáng)烈建議您花時(shí)間來配置和安裝IIS，如報(bào)表服務(wù)是SQL Server 2005商業(yè)智能功能集的一個(gè)組成部分。 客戶熟悉Analysis Services的可能由于缺少分析服務(wù)的元數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)庫而感到驚訝。在SQL Server 2000 Analysis Services存儲(chǔ)庫被運(yùn)為Microsoft Access數(shù)據(jù)庫，但Analysis Services 2005中不包含元數(shù)據(jù)信息庫。相反Analysis Services數(shù)據(jù)庫元數(shù)據(jù)信息都存儲(chǔ)為XML文件，并通過分析服務(wù)的管理。這些XML文件可以放置在源代碼控制，如果需要的話。我們建議您使用Business Int

45、elligence Development Studio中開發(fā)和SQL Server Management Studio來操作和維護(hù)BI數(shù)據(jù)庫對象。您可以設(shè)計(jì)Integration Services包和Analysis Services多維數(shù)據(jù)集和挖掘模型在SQL Server Management Studio中，但商業(yè)智能開發(fā)套件提供了設(shè)計(jì)和調(diào)試BI應(yīng)用帶來更好的體驗(yàn)。 你可能會(huì)學(xué)到更多與新的應(yīng)用程序開始，而不是升級(jí)現(xiàn)有DTS包和Analysis Services數(shù)據(jù)庫。如果你有一個(gè)可用的，您可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它很有用可重新創(chuàng)建現(xiàn)有的包或數(shù)據(jù)庫。當(dāng)你更熟悉新的工具，功能和概念，很容易升級(jí)現(xiàn)有的對

46、象。 許多客戶將使用SQL Server工具來開發(fā)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，使用Integration Services養(yǎng)活一個(gè)維度關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)倉庫，而這又是用來填充Analysis Services數(shù)據(jù)庫的一個(gè)或多個(gè)源系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)在熟悉的商業(yè)智能架構(gòu)。但是，SQL Server 2005提供了許多選項(xiàng)，從這個(gè)通用設(shè)計(jì)的偏離，通過消除或虛擬化不同的組件。 3、Relational數(shù)據(jù)倉庫 在SQL Server 2005關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫引擎包含幾個(gè)功能的極大興趣為數(shù)據(jù)倉庫風(fēng)格的應(yīng)用程序的設(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)。這些功能包括： 表分區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速數(shù)據(jù)加載和簡化維護(hù)非常大的表。輕松創(chuàng)建一個(gè)報(bào)告服務(wù)器的Transact-

47、SQL的改進(jìn)，包括新的數(shù)據(jù)類型和新的分析功能： 聯(lián)機(jī)索引操作 細(xì)粒度的備份/恢復(fù)操作 快速初始化文件 4、Reporting服務(wù)器 一種常用方法卸載從交易數(shù)據(jù)庫中的關(guān)系運(yùn)營報(bào)告是維持一個(gè)報(bào)告服務(wù)器。報(bào)告服務(wù)器維護(hù)交易數(shù)據(jù)庫的圖像存在一定的延遲，通常前一天。報(bào)告服務(wù)器用于大多數(shù)報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)倉庫提取。 微軟SQL Server 2005中新增了兩項(xiàng)功能，數(shù)據(jù)庫鏡像和數(shù)據(jù)庫快照。這使得它非常容易創(chuàng)建和維護(hù)一個(gè)報(bào)告服務(wù)器?，F(xiàn)在SQL Server報(bào)表服務(wù)器每一天可以有更低的延遲比。此外，報(bào)告服務(wù)器的目的是充當(dāng)交易系統(tǒng)的備用系統(tǒng)。 要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)報(bào)表服務(wù)器，首先

48、創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫鏡像，一個(gè)新的SQL Server 2005的功能，它提供了高可用性的即時(shí)備份系統(tǒng)。你可以閱讀SQL Server聯(lián)機(jī)叢書主題“數(shù)據(jù)庫鏡像概念”獲取更多信息。數(shù)據(jù)庫鏡像不能直接查詢，這就是第二次的新功能，數(shù)據(jù)庫快照，就變得很重要。 在創(chuàng)建鏡像數(shù)據(jù)庫快照提供了額外的數(shù)據(jù)副本進(jìn)行報(bào)告。數(shù)據(jù)庫快照是數(shù)據(jù)庫在特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)的只讀副本，并且不會(huì)自動(dòng)與新的信息源數(shù)據(jù)庫的更改時(shí)更新。數(shù)據(jù)庫快照是與眾多使用場景多方面的主題;你可以閱讀SQL Server聯(lián)機(jī)叢書主題“了解數(shù)據(jù)庫視圖”了解更多信息。但就目前而言，它是足夠注意，快照存儲(chǔ)其信息的方式是非常節(jié)省空間。多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫快照可以存在，為報(bào)告目

49、的的數(shù)據(jù)的完整視圖，雖然維護(hù)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫快照不會(huì)對交易數(shù)據(jù)庫中的一些影響賴以數(shù)據(jù)庫快照的基礎(chǔ)。 通過在數(shù)據(jù)庫鏡像創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫快照，您可以有效地創(chuàng)建一個(gè)備份服務(wù)器系統(tǒng)的高可用性。那么數(shù)據(jù)庫快照可以成為雙重責(zé)任作為報(bào)表服務(wù)器，以及在高可用性解決方案中使用。 5、Table分區(qū) 分區(qū)表和索引都他們的數(shù)據(jù)分為水平單位，讓行組映射到單個(gè)分區(qū)上的數(shù)據(jù)，如查詢執(zhí)行的操作，執(zhí)行好像整個(gè)表或索引是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的實(shí)體。 分區(qū)可以： 提高表和索引管理。 提高多CPU機(jī)器的查詢性能。 在關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)倉庫中，事實(shí)表是顯而易見的候選表分區(qū)和分區(qū)按日期范圍是最常見的分區(qū)策略。 有三

50、個(gè)步驟來定義一個(gè)分區(qū)表，在SQL Server聯(lián)機(jī)叢書主題“創(chuàng)建分區(qū)表和索引”中所述。三個(gè)步驟如下： 創(chuàng)建分區(qū)函數(shù)指定如何使用該函數(shù)的表進(jìn)行分區(qū)。 創(chuàng)建分區(qū)方案指定分區(qū)函數(shù)的分區(qū)如何被放置在文件組中。 創(chuàng)建使用分區(qū)方案的表或索引。 多個(gè)表可以使用相同的分區(qū)方案。 本文討論了事實(shí)表的范圍分區(qū)，不打算成為一個(gè)完整的討論或教程表分區(qū)。有關(guān)表分區(qū)的更多信息，請參閱SQL Server聯(lián)機(jī)叢書。 最常見的分區(qū)方案的事實(shí)表按日期范圍，如年，季，月，甚至一天來分區(qū)。在大多數(shù)情況下大多的表，或表的日期劃分，提供了最大的管理效益。為了獲得更好的查詢性能，在時(shí)間維度表，

51、應(yīng)使用相同的分區(qū)方案進(jìn)行分區(qū)。 6、Using表分區(qū)進(jìn)行快速數(shù)據(jù)加載 大多數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)倉庫應(yīng)用掙扎著越來越加載大量數(shù)據(jù)在一個(gè)小 - 和收縮 - 加載窗口。典型的過程開始于從多個(gè)源系統(tǒng)中提取，隨后步驟清潔，變換，綜合，和理順在這些系統(tǒng)中的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)管理應(yīng)用程序被限制在完成載入窗口內(nèi)的整個(gè)提取，轉(zhuǎn)換和加載過程。通常，系統(tǒng)的商業(yè)用戶有很強(qiáng)的需求，該系統(tǒng)減少的時(shí)間量的數(shù)據(jù)倉庫是他們的查詢不可用。 “寫”步驟中的數(shù)據(jù)管理應(yīng)用程序，其中，所述新的數(shù)據(jù)被插入到現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)倉庫中，必須設(shè)計(jì)成能迅速發(fā)生并以最小的用戶的影響。 為了加載數(shù)據(jù)的速度非?？?，將數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)模式必須是批量記錄或簡單，并且該表必須

52、是空的或包含數(shù)據(jù)，但是沒有索引。如果這些條件得到滿足，一個(gè)未記錄的負(fù)載是可能的。在SQL Server 2000中，分區(qū)表存在之前，這些條件通常只在最初的歷史數(shù)據(jù)倉庫負(fù)載滿足。有些客戶與大型數(shù)據(jù)倉庫已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)準(zhǔn)分區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)，通過構(gòu)造一個(gè)UNION ALL視圖在單獨(dú)的物理表;這些表是用未記錄技術(shù)填充每個(gè)負(fù)載周期。這種方法并不完全令人滿意，而SQL Server 2005分區(qū)表提供卓越的功能。 在SQL Server 2005中，您不能執(zhí)行非日志記錄直接加載到一個(gè)分區(qū)。但是，您可以加載到一個(gè)單獨(dú)的表，我們將調(diào)用偽分區(qū)。在某些情況下，您可以切換偽分區(qū)到分區(qū)表作為極其迅速發(fā)生元數(shù)據(jù)操作。這種技

53、術(shù)滿足最小化整體加載時(shí)間我們兩個(gè)要求：無日志記錄進(jìn)行偽分區(qū)負(fù)載，并減少最終用戶的影響，并確保數(shù)據(jù)倉庫的完整性：偽分區(qū)可以在用戶查詢的數(shù)據(jù)倉庫加載。數(shù)據(jù)管理應(yīng)用程序可以等待，直到被加載并準(zhǔn)備執(zhí)行分區(qū)切換之前的所有事實(shí)表。發(fā)生該分區(qū)開關(guān)操作速度非?？?，亞秒響應(yīng)的順序。 此外，偽分區(qū)可以備份為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的表，提高了系統(tǒng)的可管理性。 7、Using表分區(qū)進(jìn)行快速數(shù)據(jù)刪除 許多數(shù)據(jù)倉庫保持活躍的數(shù)據(jù)倉庫的詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)的滑動(dòng)窗口。例如，事實(shí)表中可能包含的數(shù)據(jù)用于三年，五年，或十年。每隔一段時(shí)間，最早的數(shù)據(jù)從表中刪除。主要的原因保持修剪數(shù)據(jù)來提高查詢性能并最大限度地減少儲(chǔ)存成本。 SQL Server 2005中的分區(qū)使它很容易修剪從一個(gè)大分區(qū)的事實(shí)表的舊數(shù)據(jù)。如上所述簡單地創(chuàng)建一個(gè)空的偽分區(qū)，然后將其切換到分區(qū)表。分區(qū)表中有一個(gè)空的分區(qū)在那里曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)人口稠密的分區(qū)稱為偽分區(qū)有數(shù)據(jù)的地方。偽分區(qū)可以備份，截?cái)嗷蛳陆担ㄈ邕m用）?；蛘吣憧梢赃x擇重新定義分區(qū)函數(shù)合并所有的左（空）分區(qū)連成一片。