檸條的研究進展-外文文獻

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Caragana of researchCaragana is a child of plants, deciduous shrubs, Department of Eurasia specialty is European - Asian steppe vegetation typical plant sub-region. About 100 species worldwide, China has now identified 67 species, Shanxi Province, about 20 species. Yellow River in China are mainly distributed in the dry areas north, southwest and northwest places as the central Tibetan plateau, a small number of class types are located in the south of Yangtze River and the Yangtze River. Distribution from around the world to see, from northern Europe to east through the Caucasus and Central Asia, Siberia and the Soviet Union directly to the DPRK, Japan, south to Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and northern India. Shanxi Caragana mainly plantations, starting in the northwest counties of Shanxi Province, according to research in the late Qing Xuantong (1910) from Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi Province have been introduced in northern Shanxi Province, later gradually moved south, cultivation history has 70 years, a lot of planting in the late 1950s, more north-west, south less. It's a large crown, 3-4 m high, up to 6 meters, you can wind it's a huge root system. A cluster of 15-year-Caragana, root diameter of 8 cm, the root hairs up to 8160, you can sand, reducing surface runoff. It leaves much to reduce transpiration and prevent water evaporation, is characterized by drought-tolerant. Not only that, Caragana also be used for weaving, feed, paper and medicine, oil, fuel and other operations. Planting Caragana, you can embark on a restoration of vegetation, governance and the brilliant way to improve the environment, farmers can develop out of a road to riches. Therefore, the development of large-scale cultivation of both Caragana forest ecological value, but also economic value. A resistance of Caragana 1.1 drought tolerance Three Loess Plateau Land Institute, Meng-Ben, Li Jian Xun Caragana soil water status and transpiration dynamics were investigated. Practice shows that, Caragana in the general soil conditions to normal growth, annual rainfall of 300 mm above the lush growth of the region, biological capacity, annual precipitation is 150 ~ 300mm in the region can grow and wilt when the soil moisture content 1.51%, germinate best when soil moisture content of 12% to 14%, 8% of soil moisture can germinate. Through the World Health (Life Sciences, Lanzhou University) on to study the physiological drought Caragana, Caragana that under drought conditions, soluble sugars, free amino acid content is higher. Inner Mongolia Forestry College An Shouqin and other organs of Caragana anatomical study of nutrition, the results show, Caragana the xerophytic structure, especially well developed. 1.2 Heat resistance Zhang, such as experiments have shown that victims of Caragana start heating temperature is 46 ℃, thermal limit temperature of 48 ~ 49 ℃, than the plants resistance to heat. 1.3 cold resistance Caragana can withstand minus 30 ℃ ~ 40 below zero cold. Inner Mongolia Zhungeer extreme depth of the permafrost 128cm, Cylinder Division gol League The annual average temperature is only 1.5 ℃, the maximum depth of permafrost 290cm. In such harsh conditions, Caragana still the winter. 1.4 Caragana resistance of sand buried Caragana clones sprout very strong, they have well-developed root neck, can germinate a large number of branches, their stems are buried in the sand can produce adventitious roots after germination of new buds and branches. In addition, the aging of the lateral root enlargement, not only has the tenacity of reproductive capacity, and are not afraid of the sand has buried features. General health cluster 3a Sprouting in large quantities, especially by the flat stubble, the sprout from the root of the neck, a large number of branches, forming dense thickets. 2a Health C. microphylla children plant 18, 3a 32 branches Health, 4a raw 57 branches, 5a raw 82 branches. Shanxi Linxian Cheng family village has a tower more than 300 a child age of C. microphylla, shrub up to 3.5m, week-long 25m, is the king of Caragana. Caragana in the year, although many livestock grazing seasons foliage, growth is still very lush. Experience has shown that moderate grazing by Caragana after topping trim like the role, can promote branching. Poor resistance of 1.5 Caragana in sandy, dry soil conditions, drought, growth, and its anti-poor nature are inseparable. It is measured in soil organic matter content of 0.05%, PH alkaline conditions, Caragana can grow, the soil nutrient conditions because of its strict requirements, as Caragana itself has a strong nitrogen fixation, while it contains the root secretion of acid production capability to its rhizosphere dissolved nutrients in the environment. Caragana what is to absorb nutrients through nitrogen fixation of it? Secretion of acid or by inhalation of the nutrients the body? Needs further study. 2 Caragana benefits of research 2.1 The economic benefits of Caragana 2.1.1 Caragana feed efficiency Caragana of nutrient-rich, often used as feed for livestock needs. According to the Tianjin Mei, Xie Haijun (Shanxi Province, animal husbandry and veterinary schools) adsurgens of leguminous plants, Caragana, sweet clover silage alone were tested and the study of feeding ruminants, and achieved good results. According to the Shanxi Agricultural University, Professor Lin Xueyuan Yaoyan Tao teacher research shows that: Total N total P total K in all K Softwood 2.34% 0.137% 0.875% Leaves 0.177% 0.419% 2.27% Caragana of total N, total P, total K, respectively: 2.34%, 0.137%, 0.875%, leaf total N, total P, total K, respectively: 2.27%, 0.177%, 0.419%. Caragana storage of different nutrients: P> Ca> K> Mg> Mn> Zn, that Caragana of P, Ca, K the higher requirements. According to the Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences Soil and Fertilizer Institute findings show that: C. microphylla Caragana seeds and fat content in children mainly oleic acid and linoleic acid-based, but the fat content slightly lower than other varieties. Nutrient content of N were higher, followed by, Ca, Mg, Fe content than other seeds. If Huairen wool soap test area C. microphylla children with an average N was 3.09%, 19.31% crude protein folding, especially the high content of Ca and Fe, respectively, up 0.74% and 0.18%. According to the determination of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Caragana flowering to grain filling stage and per kg of fresh leaves, twigs with 22-48 grams of crude protein, crude fat containing 4.98 g, Caragana flowering branches per kilogram of dried digestible crude protein contained in , equivalent to 2.67 kg of corn, 0.88 kg or 0.64 kg peas black beans. Caragana have such good nutrients in feeding livestock, they have very good results, according to Institute of Biotechnology, Ningxia University, Li Aihua and Li Yuehua results showed that: Caragana meal feeding the sheep, the average weight gain of 150.0% higher than the control , Caragana group of sheep slaughter tests showed that the pre-slaughter live weight, hip weight, net meat weight, dressing percentage, net meat 21.2% higher than the control rate, 34.9%, 41.7%, 11.3%, 16.5%. In addition, medicine can Caragana, frying oil seeds, etc. The results show that, Caragana has a high nutritional value. 1.1.2 The industrial efficiency Caragana Ministry of Light Industry Institute study shows that paper, Caragana a rate of 51.2% pulp, bleached degree 65.4%, breaking out the length of 4.10m, folding number of 24, burst factor of 26.8, breaking out factor of 84, to produce qualified newsprint. Caragana is visible fiber paper and making a good raw material. According to the survey, Pianguan Nissan 300 have been completed and the fiberboard production, annual profit since 1985 of 10 million yuan. 2.2 Caragana social benefits 2.2.1 Caragana is a good firewood. Caragana flammable, heat large. According to the determination of 4.6 calories per kilogram of Caragana kcal. Region in Caragana growth, people are like burning Caragana. Caragana 3 years old, dry wood per hectare annual amount of up to 5626 ~ 8250kg. According to statistics Pianguan people each year than the burning of coal burning Caragana can save up to 50 million. 2.2.2 Caragana can be used for weaving. Caragana good management, production of volume can not 3750kg/hm2 income 375 yuan or so. If the county from 30% a year for the production of the woods, with a total income of up to 375 yuan. 2.2.3 Caragana is a good nectar plants, flowering over dozens of days. Pianguan Caragana done annually by the nectar, honey can be income 40500kg. Caragana seeds while also producing a reliable income people, the word county seed each year 100,000 kg, income of 10 million yuan. 2.3 The ecological benefits of Caragana Caragana is not only rich in nutrients, high economic efficiency; and soil improvement on soil fertilizer to accompany a great impact, eco-efficient, specific performance of the following four areas: 2.3.1 It is the litter returned to the soil, improve soil organic matter content. It is measured per 5000kg Caragana dry leaves with N29 kg, P5.5kg, K14.3kg. Equivalent of ammonium sulfate 145kg, potassium sulfate 28.6 kg, superphosphate 27.4kg, and they are in the form of organic matter returned to the soil, which increases soil organic matter content and N, P, K content. According to Shanxi Pianguan springs within the town Caragana to the determination of the soil humus content of 1.13%, while the adjacent wasteland humus content is 0.64%. Dongsheng City, Inner Mongolia, Teng Chai Liang Qiankun village mu hilly ground to create a network with Caragana, the grain yield from the past 10 ~ 15kg to 50kg or so. According to the determination, the longer the age of Caragana Lam, the higher content of organic matter, and the differences are significant. 2.3.2 Caragana role of soil improvement is that it also has well-developed root system, not only the sand-fixing, but also prevent soil erosion. Zhang Jimin, Liang Guiying other populations of Northern Caragana classification and relationship with soil and water conservation and the sand made a investigation and analysis of evidence Caragana has a significant role in preventing soil erosion. According to the survey, one in the C. microphylla children buried in the sand, can be sprouted within a few years tens to hundreds of bars of the root, forming a strong shrub, block sand thickness of up to 6 ~ 7m, crown up to 13.5m × 11.10m, sand amounted to tens of cubic meters. Same time delaying the formation of forest runoff and promote infiltration of precipitation, surface erosion can be reduced 70%, 80% to reduce surface runoff. In addition, the role of Caragana of soil improvement lies in the death of its roots, but also a good organic fertilizer, can also increase soil organic matter content. 2.3.3 Caragana have well-developed root nodules, it was determined, the number of nodules and roots with age proportional to the size, depending on the size of nodules and roots of trees growing strength. Nitrogen-fixing nodule has a strong ability in the air can be free-state nitrogen fixation, increased soil nitrogen, improving soil fertility, air can be fixed in the free state of nitrogen fertility and improve soil physical structure, increased soil activity. Yan Aimin, Chen Caragana children new to the phenotypic diversity of rhizobia analyzed. 2.3.4 Caragana as a good feed, but also promoted the development of animal husbandry, in turn, animal husbandry and agriculture to provide a large number of high-quality fertilizer. According to the survey, each sheep manure produced each year around 750kg, can increase grain 30.0 ~ 37.5kg. Thus, the formation of Caragana Lam - Livestock - Soil - Caragana Lam circulatory system, not only improve economic efficiency, but also the good ecological environment. 3 Other research Caragana 3.1 Wei Wei, Wang Xin, Caragana of Maowusu preliminary study molecular ecology group: RAPD evidence that there is a strong Caragana populations gene flow between species and hybrids of the same ecological transition. 3.2 Cizhong Ling, Xiao He and other children of Caragana microphylla and differentiation of callus culture were studied. 3.3 cold Li Jiao, Gergen Tana, Kang Xueling (Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department of grassland) on Caragana microphylla different light quality on seed germination and seedling growth of children made an initial impact study to prove that mixed light and blue light exposure the best seedling growth , half-light irradiation has little effect on seed germination. However, at present in the absorption of nutrients for Caragana amount of research, especially its N, P, K absorption in quantitative terms, is not reported, especially for Te is not specific to the absorption of soil nutrients on the whole, therefore, In this study, a new start, with practical significance