2019年電大?？啤端幬镏委煂W(xué)》期末復(fù)習(xí)題及答案參考必考重點.doc

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1、電大藥物治療學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)題及答案參考小抄一、單項選擇題（從每題的四個備選答案中,選出一個正確的答案,每小題1分）1、EBM的核心思想是A.謹(jǐn)慎地、明確地、明智地根據(jù)最佳臨床證據(jù)，為個別患者作出合適的治療策略B.大規(guī)模、多中心、隨機(jī)對照試驗結(jié)果C.在批判、評價的基礎(chǔ)上收集證據(jù)D.定量總結(jié)、系統(tǒng)評價答案：A2、服藥后，進(jìn)入血液的藥物呈現(xiàn)活性的狀態(tài)是A.絡(luò)合狀態(tài) B.復(fù)合體狀態(tài) C.游離狀態(tài) D.吸附狀態(tài)答案：C3、屬于肝藥酶抑制劑是A.利福平 B.苯妥英鈉 C.苯巴比妥 D.氯霉素答案：D4、屬于快效殺菌劑的是A.慶大霉素 B.磺胺 C.紅霉素 D.青霉素答案：D5、糖皮質(zhì)激素新制劑是A.化可的松

2、B.美達(dá)松 C.他米松 D.的松藥物答案：B6、下列哪項屬于間接成本的范圍求診支出的食宿費(fèi) 傷殘造成的誤工損失治療引起的精神痛苦 醫(yī)生的工資答案：B7、妊娠婦女合并高血壓時應(yīng)該采取的措施是A采取抗高血壓藥物治療 B終止妊娠C注意觀察護(hù)理 D停止一切日?；顒哟鸢福篈8、下列不屬于內(nèi)酰胺酶抑制劑A.阿莫西林 B.三唑巴坦 C.克拉維酸 D.舒巴坦答案：A9、老年人用藥應(yīng)選A.劑量 B.用強(qiáng)大 C.對性強(qiáng) D.合用藥答案：C10、 臨床預(yù)后指標(biāo)不包括下列哪一項？A與藥物作用直接有關(guān)的指標(biāo) B.長期大規(guī)模人群的觀察、隨訪結(jié)果C.病死率、病殘率 D.降血壓藥降低心血管事件、卒中發(fā)生率答案：A11、 使用

3、專用紅處方的藥品是A. 西藥毒性藥品 B.放射性藥品 C. 麻醉藥品 D. 精神藥品答案：C12、下列哪種情況屬于藥物不良反應(yīng)？A.藥物過量 B.藥物濫用 C.偽劣藥品 D.藥物依賴性答案：D13、洗胃時應(yīng)注意A.強(qiáng)腐蝕性中毒患者洗胃有可能造成食道及胃穿孔B.洗胃過程中如發(fā)生驚厥應(yīng)一邊洗胃一邊進(jìn)行對癥治療C.揮發(fā)性烴類化合物口服中毒適宜洗胃D.每次灌入的洗胃液越多越容易將胃內(nèi)毒物清洗干凈答案：A14、促進(jìn)骨礦化的藥物是A.孕激素 B.活性維生素D3 C.雌激素 D.生素K答案：B15、增加胃液pH值的藥物不宜與下列哪種抗菌素合用A.頭孢呋辛 B.頭孢氨芐 C.頭孢克洛 D.阿莫西林答案：A16

4、、藥物體內(nèi)過程是指藥物被機(jī)體吸收的整個過程藥物被機(jī)體吸收,并分布至各個組織器官的整個過程藥物在機(jī)體吸收、分布及代謝的整個過程藥物被機(jī)體吸收、分布、代謝和排泄的整個過程答案：D17、高血壓患者合并下列哪種疾病時禁用噻嗪類利尿藥A合并充血性心力衰竭 B合并冠心病 C合并痛風(fēng)D合并心律失常答案：C18、過敏的全身反應(yīng)不包括A.過敏性休克 B.藥疹 C.血液病樣反應(yīng) D.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)答案：B19、以下哪類藥與糖皮質(zhì)激素合用可導(dǎo)致心律紊亂A.水楊酸鹽 B.口服降糖藥 C. 丙咪嗪 D.強(qiáng)心苷答案：D20、一例肺炎患者在使用氨芐青霉素一天后出現(xiàn)全身皮疹，此現(xiàn)象屬于哪種藥物不良反應(yīng)？A繼發(fā)反應(yīng) B、變態(tài)反應(yīng)

5、 C、毒性反應(yīng) D、特異質(zhì)反應(yīng)答案：B二、填空題（每空1分）1、成本常包括_、 _、 _。答案：直接、間接、隱性成本。2、抑郁癥目前提倡_和_相結(jié)合。答案：藥物治療、心理治療3、新的糖尿病分為_、_、_、_四大類型。答案：1型、2型、特殊類型、妊娠。4、個體化給藥方案制定步驟 _、 _、 _、 _、 _。答案：明確診斷、選擇適合的藥物及給藥途徑、確定初始給藥方案、觀察臨床療效測定血藥濃度、修改用藥方案。5、平均穩(wěn)態(tài)血藥濃度與_成正比，與_成反比。答案：藥物劑量，給藥間隔時間6、藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的兩大要素是_和_。答案：成本分析、收益評價7、目前認(rèn)為充血性心力衰竭（CHF）治療有四種基本藥物，即_、_

6、、_和_。答案：利尿劑、洋地黃類、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑、受體阻滯劑。8、疼痛第一階梯用藥的類型是_，第二階梯用藥的類型是 _，第三階梯用藥的類型是 _。答案：非阿片類、弱阿片類、強(qiáng)阿片類。三、名詞解釋（每題3分）1、單方答案：比較簡單1分的處方1分，通常只含一、二味藥1分。2、藥源性疾病答案：由藥物1分不良反應(yīng)1分引起的疾病1分。3、治療藥物監(jiān)測答案：運(yùn)用各種靈敏的現(xiàn)代分析技術(shù)，定量分析生物樣品中藥物及其代謝產(chǎn)物的濃度1分，以探討患者體內(nèi)血藥濃度與療效及毒性反應(yīng)的關(guān)系1分從而確定有效及毒性血藥濃度范圍1分。4、藥學(xué)信息答案：包括藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域1分所有知識1分的數(shù)據(jù)1分。5、成本-效益分析答案：是對

7、備選方案的成本和收益1分均以貨幣單位計量和描述1分，并對貨幣化了的成本和收益進(jìn)行比較評價的一種方法1分。6藥物治療學(xué)：是研究藥物治療疾病的理論和方法的一門學(xué)科；是藥學(xué)學(xué)科的重要組成部分；是醫(yī)藥的結(jié)合點。藥物治療是通過應(yīng)用藥物的手段達(dá)到消除和控制疾病，預(yù)防疾病和提高生活質(zhì)量的目的。7藥品：是指用于預(yù)防、治療、診斷人的疾病，有目的調(diào)節(jié)人的生理功能并規(guī)定有適應(yīng)證或者功能主治、用法和用量的物質(zhì)。8合理用藥：藥物正確無誤；用藥指征適宜；療效，安全性，使用，價格對病人適宜；劑量，用法，療程妥當(dāng)；用藥對象適宜、無禁忌證、不良反應(yīng)??；調(diào)配無誤；病人依從性良好。9標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療指南（STG）：是依據(jù)特定醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的專家

8、，利用已明確的研究證據(jù)，根據(jù)當(dāng)前的知識水平和經(jīng)驗，對常見的健康問題優(yōu)先推薦的療效好、經(jīng)濟(jì)適用的藥物及非藥物治療方案。10循證醫(yī)學(xué)（EBM）：其核心思想是謹(jǐn)慎地、明確地、明智地應(yīng)用當(dāng)代最佳證據(jù)（資料），對個體患者醫(yī)療作出決策。11系統(tǒng)評價（SR）：是針對某一具體的臨床問題系統(tǒng)全面地收集全世界所有已發(fā)表或未發(fā)表的相關(guān)的臨床研究文章，用統(tǒng)一的科學(xué)評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，篩選出符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、質(zhì)量好的文獻(xiàn)，用統(tǒng)計方法進(jìn)行綜合，得到定量的結(jié)果，并加以說明，得出可靠的結(jié)論。四、簡述題（每題5分）1.簡述藥理學(xué)與藥物治療學(xué)的區(qū)別。答案：二者都是研究藥物與人體相互作用的科學(xué)1分，但各有側(cè)重。藥理學(xué)側(cè)重于藥物作用的理論研究1分，是

9、藥物治療學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)1分。藥物治療學(xué)是藥理學(xué)理論在臨床的實際應(yīng)用1分。著重研究在疾病防治中選擇藥物和用藥方法，以及制定藥物治療方案等實際問題1分。2.簡述肝、腎疾病時臨床用藥原則。答案：（1）用藥必須有明確指征1分（2）選無毒或毒性低，避免用毒性大的藥物1分（3）選半衰期短藥物1分（4）選療效與不良反應(yīng)易觀察的藥物1分（5）以小劑量為宜，多選用間歇療法1分五、論述題（每題10分）1、敘述如何調(diào)配與使用醫(yī)療毒性藥品。答案：調(diào)配處方時，必須認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)1分，計量準(zhǔn)確1分，按醫(yī)囑注明要求1分，并由配方人員1分及具有藥師以上技術(shù)職稱的復(fù)核人員簽名蓋章后方可發(fā)出1分。如發(fā)現(xiàn)處方有疑問時，須經(jīng)原處方醫(yī)生重新審

10、定后再行調(diào)配1分。處方一次有效1分，取藥后處方存二年備查1分。此類藥應(yīng)有專人負(fù)責(zé)1分、專柜加鎖保管1分。2、敘述抗抑郁藥的分類、代表藥及作用機(jī)制？答案：（1）單胺氧化酶抑制劑：嗎氯貝胺，抑制單胺氧化酶，使單胺類遞質(zhì)降解減少2分（2）三環(huán)類：丙咪嗪，阻止NA、5-HT再攝取2分；（3）四環(huán)類：馬普替林，選擇性的抑制NA再攝取2分；（4）5-HT再攝取抑制劑：氟西汀（帕羅西汀、舍曲林、西酞普蘭、文拉法辛）選擇性的抑制5-HT再攝取4分。3.敘述藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價的步驟與應(yīng)用范圍。答案：（1）藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價步驟：明確研究的問題1分、確定藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價的角度1分、確定比較方案1分、選用恰當(dāng)?shù)乃幬锝?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價

11、方法1分、治療成本的估算、治療結(jié)果的測量、確定貼現(xiàn)率和時間偏好、計算經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價指標(biāo)、敏感性分析、做出合理結(jié)論與解釋1分。（2）藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評價的應(yīng)用范圍為衛(wèi)生資源的宏觀決策提供科學(xué)依據(jù)1分為臨床醫(yī)療決策提供指導(dǎo)1分藥學(xué)服務(wù)質(zhì)量評價1分為新藥開發(fā)提供決策依據(jù) 1分為藥品生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營提供參考依據(jù)1分一、藥物治療學(xué)的任務(wù)和主要內(nèi)容1疾病的治療，包括藥物治療和非藥物治療。藥物治療是通過應(yīng)用藥物的手段達(dá)到消除和控制疾病，預(yù)防疾病和提高生活質(zhì)量的目的。非藥物治療手段包括物理療法，手術(shù)治療、放射治療、心理治療等。不同的治療方法都有各自不同的適應(yīng)征。但藥物治療在各種治療方法中是應(yīng)用最廣泛的治療方法。2藥物治療過程

12、包括四個階段：藥劑學(xué)階段：是藥物治療最初階段，指藥物以不同制劑的形式，通過不同給藥途徑，從給藥部位進(jìn)入病人體內(nèi)的過程。藥代動力學(xué)階段：進(jìn)入體內(nèi)的藥物隨血液分布到各器官組織，到達(dá)病變部位，使該部位的藥物濃度達(dá)到能發(fā)揮治療作用的水平并能維持一定的作用時間。藥效動力學(xué)階段：藥物到達(dá)靶器官或組織后，通過與組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)受體結(jié)合或其他作用途徑，發(fā)揮藥理作用。藥物治療學(xué)階段：藥物通過藥理作用對病變部位或疾病的病理生理過程產(chǎn)生影響，從而產(chǎn)生治療作用。3藥理學(xué)與藥物治療學(xué)的區(qū)別二者都是研究藥物與人體相互作用的科學(xué)，但各有側(cè)重。藥理學(xué)側(cè)重于藥物作用的理論研究，是藥物治療學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)。藥物治療學(xué)是藥理學(xué)理論在臨床的實

13、際應(yīng)用。著重研究在疾病防治中選擇藥物和用藥方法，以及制定藥物治療方案等實際問題。二、影響藥物治療的因素生理因素、病理因素、藥物相互作用、耐受性、依從性和其他因素等。三、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療指南1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療指南的作用：引導(dǎo)醫(yī)務(wù)工作者采取費(fèi)用/效果比最好的治療，對低收入的患者特別有用；可用于培訓(xùn)醫(yī)務(wù)工作者、檢查工作質(zhì)量，也可在采購藥品等方面應(yīng)用。2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療的優(yōu)點：患者可得到不同醫(yī)生的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療；給醫(yī)生提供代表當(dāng)前治療水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療方案。對藥學(xué)工作者來說，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療的好處除提高藥物治療質(zhì)量外，還可方便藥品供應(yīng)。四、循證醫(yī)學(xué)（EBM）與合理用藥循證醫(yī)學(xué)的應(yīng)用過程實際上是醫(yī)師或藥師將個人的臨床經(jīng)驗與外部所能獲得的最佳

14、證據(jù)相結(jié)合，提出最佳治療方案的過程。循證醫(yī)學(xué)的各級證據(jù)在評價時，EBM中的證據(jù)按質(zhì)量和可靠程度可分為五級（可靠性依次降低）。一級：所有隨機(jī)對照試驗（RCT）的系統(tǒng)評價（SR）/Meta-分析；二級：單個的樣本量足夠的RCT結(jié)果；三級：設(shè)有對照組但未用隨機(jī)方法分組的試驗；四級：無對照的病例觀察；五級：專家意見。請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this

15、 storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famou

16、s when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inla

17、nd cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers

18、were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clea

19、n the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditio

20、ns. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former offic

21、e of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world

22、 get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitan

23、yuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Clu

24、b. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terra

25、ce facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behin

26、d the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular locatio

27、n for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted in

28、to factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place t

29、hats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bri

30、dge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for

31、pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizen

32、s. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a

33、 traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smo

34、oth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changni

35、ng Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei R

36、oad for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residen

37、tial highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrializatio

38、n but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a li

39、ttle girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were

40、closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint Johns University, Chinas first-ever modern institution of higher education esta

41、blished by missionaries from the United States in 1879. The buildings combine Chinese and Western elements. Address: 1575 Wanhangdu Road, Changning district The old residential area After you leave the university from its east gate you will enter a shabby neighborhood that retains its original look.

42、 The alleys are narrow and the houses are overcrowded. Some things have not changed for many generations, such as raising chickens at home. Address: West Guangfu Road Moganshan Road This is anartsy street that has become very popular among artists and fashionistas in recent years. Graffiti covers th

43、e walls on the winding street, where you can find a cluster of art galleries and creative industry offices. Sihang Warehouse Four banks jointly funded the construction of this warehouse, so it is named sihang, or four banks. The warehouse, built in 1931, was used for the storage of food, first-aid s

44、upplies and ammunition during the years of war. The building, which is also a masterpiece left by the Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec in the 1930s, has been recently transformed into a center of creative industry workshops. Address: 1 Guangfu Road, Zhabei district整理范文，僅供參考?xì)g迎您下載我們的文檔資料可以編輯修改使用致力于合同簡歷、論文寫作、PPT設(shè)計、計劃書、策劃案、學(xué)習(xí)課件、各類模板等方方面面，打造全網(wǎng)一站式需求覺得好可以點個贊哦如果沒有找到合適的文檔資料，可以留言告知我們哦