刷片倒裝復(fù)合模具設(shè)計【落料沖孔復(fù)合?!?/h1>
刷片倒裝復(fù)合模具設(shè)計【落料沖孔復(fù)合?!?落料沖孔復(fù)合模,刷片倒裝復(fù)合模具設(shè)計【落料沖孔復(fù)合?!?倒裝,復(fù)合,模具設(shè)計,沖孔
XXXXX學(xué)院畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)說 明 書題 目 刷片倒裝復(fù)合模設(shè)計 學(xué) 生 系 別 專 業(yè) 班 級 材料成型及控制工程 學(xué) 號 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 課程設(shè)計(論文)的主要內(nèi)容及基本要求內(nèi)容:如圖所示的零件,(1)生產(chǎn)批量:大批量;(2)材 料:20#;(3)材料厚度:t=1.5mm。摘 要本文闡述了沖壓復(fù)合模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及工作過程,通過工藝分析,采用落料沖孔工序,通過沖裁力、頂件力、卸料力等計算,確定模具類型。該模具采用后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架,左右兩邊的導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套采用同一型號。落料凹模采用整體結(jié)構(gòu),廢料從凸凹模的開槽中卸出。本模具性能可靠,運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),提高了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率,降低勞動強(qiáng)度和生產(chǎn)成本。關(guān)鍵字:沖壓;落料沖孔;復(fù)合模;模具結(jié)構(gòu)目 錄課程設(shè)計(論文)的主要內(nèi)容及基本要求2摘 要3第一章、緒 論6第二章、沖壓件工藝性分析及沖裁方案的確定72.1.材料分析72.2.沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性72.3.沖裁件尺寸精度和表面粗糙度要求72.4.沖裁方案的確定7第三章、排樣圖的設(shè)計及材料利用率的計算93.1.排樣的設(shè)計93.2.搭邊的選取93.3.材料利用率的計算10第四章、沖裁工藝力的計算124.1.沖裁力的計算124.1.1.沖裁力的計算公式124.2.卸料力、推件力、和頂件力的計算124.3.沖壓壓力中心計算13第五章、沖壓設(shè)備的選擇155.1.沖壓設(shè)備選擇15第六章、沖裁模工作部分設(shè)計計算166.1.沖裁間隙166.2.模具刃口尺寸的計算166.2.1.落料部分刃口設(shè)計計算176.2.2.沖孔部分刃口設(shè)計計算19第七章、卸料零件計算207.1.卸料樹脂的選擇20第八章、主要零部件設(shè)計218.1.落料凹模設(shè)計218.1.1.落料凹模刃口形式218.1.2.落料凹模外形和尺寸的確定228.1.3.落料凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)形式228.2.凸凹模設(shè)計228.2.1.模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和固定方法228.2.2.凸凹模長度的確定238.2.3.凸凹模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計238.3.沖孔凸模238.3.1.沖孔凸模的固定形式238.3.2.凸模強(qiáng)度校核23第九章、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇249.1.模架及模柄的選擇249.2.凸模固定板及墊板的選擇249.3.模具閉合高度的校核249.4.卸料螺釘259.5.螺釘及銷釘?shù)倪x擇25總 結(jié)26參考文獻(xiàn)27第一章、緒 論我國考古發(fā)現(xiàn),早在2000多年前,我國已有沖壓模具被用于制造銅器,證明了中國古代沖壓成型和沖壓模具方面的成就就在世界領(lǐng)先。1953年,長春第一汽車制造廠在中國首次建立了沖模車間,該廠于1958年開始制造汽車覆蓋件模具。我國于20世紀(jì)60年代開始生產(chǎn)精沖模具。在走過了漫長的發(fā)展道路之后,目前我國已形成了300多億元(未包括港、澳、臺的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字,下同。)各類沖壓模具生產(chǎn)能力。改革開放以來,隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展,市場對模具的需求量不斷增長。近年來,模具工業(yè)一直以15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展,模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化,除了國有專業(yè)模具廠外,集體、合資、獨(dú)資和私營也得到了快速發(fā)展。浙江寧波和黃巖地區(qū)的“模具之鄉(xiāng)”;廣東一些大集團(tuán)公司和迅速崛起的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè),科龍、美的、康佳等集團(tuán)紛紛建立了自己的模具制造中心;中外合資和外商獨(dú)資的模具企業(yè)現(xiàn)已有幾千家。近年來,我國沖壓模具水平已有很大提高。大型沖壓模具已能生產(chǎn)單套重量達(dá)50多噸的模具。為中檔轎車配套的覆蓋件模具內(nèi)也能生產(chǎn)了。精度達(dá)到12m,壽命2億次左右的多工位級進(jìn)模國內(nèi)已有多家企業(yè)能夠生產(chǎn)。表面粗糙度達(dá)到Ra1.5m的精沖模,大尺寸(300mm)精沖模及中厚板精沖模國內(nèi)也已達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。第二章、沖壓件工藝性分析及沖裁方案的確定2.1.材料分析沖裁材料為20#鋼,查文獻(xiàn)1 :屬于優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,屈服點(diǎn)s=250MPa,抗拉強(qiáng)度b=360-510MPa,延伸率不小于25,抗剪強(qiáng)度=280-400MPa,塑性好,焊接性好,適合沖裁。2.2.沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀應(yīng)盡可能簡單、對稱、避免復(fù)雜形狀的曲線,在許可的情況下,把沖裁件設(shè)計成少、無廢料排樣的形狀,以減少廢料,矩形孔兩端宜用圓弧連接,以利于模具加工。從產(chǎn)品形狀看,產(chǎn)品屬于正方形,不過四角是尖角的,這樣凹模會因為熱處理應(yīng)力集中而導(dǎo)致開裂,因此在設(shè)計模具時,產(chǎn)品四角需要增加R角,本次設(shè)計的課題有R3過渡,所以無需單獨(dú)設(shè)計R角。沖裁件凸出或凹進(jìn)的部分不能太窄,盡可能避免過長的懸臂和窄槽,如圖2-2所示。最小寬度b一般不小于1.5t,若沖裁材料為高碳鋼,b2t, ,當(dāng)材料厚度t0.10.50.52.52.56.5 6.50.0650.0750.0450.0550.040.050.030.040.020.060.10.0630.0550.0450.0250.140.080.060.050.03鋁 鋁合金紫銅 黃銅0.0250.080.020.060.030.070.030.09 注:表4-1引自文獻(xiàn)2。卸料力系數(shù)K卸在沖多孔、大搭邊和輪廓復(fù)雜時取上限值。 沖裁時,所需沖壓力為沖裁力、卸料力和推件力之和,這些力在選擇壓力機(jī)時是否要考慮進(jìn)去,應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的模具結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別對待。采用剛性卸料裝置和下出料的沖裁模的總壓力為 (4-4)采用彈性卸料裝置和下出料的總壓力為 (4-5)采用彈性卸料裝置和上出料方式的的總壓力為 (4-6)式(4-4)、(4-5)、(4-6)引自文獻(xiàn)2P52。因為工件厚1.2mm,相對較薄,卸料力也比較小,故采用彈性卸料裝置上出料方式,總沖壓力F總:F總=F沖+F卸+F頂=139.144+6.96+7.653=153.757KN4.3.沖壓壓力中心計算沖裁時的合力作用或多工序模各工序沖壓力的合力作用點(diǎn),稱為模具壓力中心。如果模具壓力中心與滑塊的壓力中心不一致,沖壓時會產(chǎn)生偏載,導(dǎo)致模具以及滑塊與導(dǎo)軌的急劇磨損,降低模具壽命和壓力機(jī)的使用壽命。計算壓力中心時,如圖4-2所示。為了減少計算,坐標(biāo)設(shè)在和上,此時=0,=0,可少算兩個數(shù)。將xoy坐標(biāo)系建立在圖示的對稱中心上,將沖裁輪廓線按集合圖形分解為10段基本線段。若選用J23-63沖床,模柄孔40,壓力中心點(diǎn)仍在壓力機(jī)模柄孔投影面積范圍內(nèi),滿足要求。有關(guān)計算如表4-1。其計算公式如下:=0 (4-8) =0 (4-9)式(4-8)、(4-9)引自文獻(xiàn)2P248。式中 x1、x2xn各圖形沖裁力的x軸坐標(biāo)(mm); y1、y2yn各圖形沖裁力的y軸坐標(biāo)(mm); 、各圖形沖裁周邊長度(mm)。由于外形兩邊基本對稱,所以壓力中心與模具中心吻合,即為(0,0)。第五章、沖壓設(shè)備的選擇5.1.沖壓設(shè)備選擇考慮到制件的精度要求,參考文獻(xiàn)2P49初選J23-40壓力機(jī),其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如下: 公稱壓力:400KN 滑塊行程:100mm 最大封閉高度:300mm 封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)量:80mm 工作臺孔徑(前后左右):300mm450mm 模柄孔尺寸(直徑深度):50mm70mm第六章、沖裁模工作部分設(shè)計計算6.1.沖裁間隙沖裁間隙是沖裁模的凸模和凹模刃口之間的間隙。沖裁間隙分為單邊間隙和雙邊間隙單邊間隙用C表示,雙邊間隙用Z表示。間隙值的大小對沖裁件質(zhì)量、模具壽命、沖裁力的影響很大,是沖裁工藝與模具設(shè)計中一個極其重要的工藝參數(shù)。確定合理間隙的方法主要有理論計算法和查表選取法兩種。一般直接采取查表的方法,直接明了。本模具所沖裁的材料為20#,材料厚度為1.5mm,查表得:=0.06mm,=0.18mm。6.2.模具刃口尺寸的計算沖裁件的尺寸精度主要決定于模具刃口的尺寸精度,合理的間隙的數(shù)值也必須依靠模具刃口尺寸來保證。因此,正確確定模具刃口尺寸及其公差是設(shè)計沖裁模的主要任務(wù)之一。(一)計算原則由于凸、凹模之間存在間隙,所以沖裁件斷面都是帶有錐度的,且落料件的大端尺寸等于凹模尺寸,沖裁件的小端尺寸等于凸模尺寸。在測量與使用過程中,落料件是以大端尺寸為 基準(zhǔn),沖孔件孔徑是以小端尺寸為基準(zhǔn)。沖裁過程中,凸、凹模要與沖裁零件或廢料發(fā)生摩擦,凸模越磨越小,凹模越磨越大,結(jié)果使間隙越用越大。因此,在確定凸、凹模刃口尺寸時,必須遵循下述原則:(1)落料模先確定凹模尺寸,其標(biāo)稱尺寸應(yīng)取接近或者等于制件的最小極限尺寸,以保證凹模磨損到一定尺寸范圍內(nèi),也能沖出合格制件,凸模刃口的標(biāo)稱尺寸比凹模小一個最小合理間隙。(2)沖孔模先確定凸模刃口尺寸,其標(biāo)稱尺寸應(yīng)接近或者等于制件的最大極限尺寸,以保證凸模磨損到一定尺寸范圍內(nèi),也能沖出合格的孔。凹模刃口的標(biāo)稱尺寸應(yīng)比凸模大一個最小合理間隙。(二)計算方法模具工作部分尺寸及公差的計算方法與加工方法有關(guān),基本上可分為兩類。1.凸模與凹模分開加工 凸、凹模分開加工,是指凸模和凹模分別按圖樣加工至尺寸。此種方法適用于圓形或形狀簡單的工件,為了保證凸、凹模間隙小于最大合理間隙,不僅凸、凹模分別標(biāo)注公差(凸模,凹模),而且要求有較高的制造精度,以滿足如下條件 (6-2)或取 (6-3) 也就是說,新制造的模具應(yīng)該是,如圖6-5所示。否則制造的模具間隙已超過允許的變動范圍,影響模具的使用壽命。2.凸模與凹模配合加工 對于沖制件形狀復(fù)雜或薄板制件的模具,其凸、凹模往往采用配合加工的方法。此方法是先加工好凸模(或凹模)作為基準(zhǔn)件,然后根據(jù)此基準(zhǔn)件的實(shí)際尺寸,配作凹模(或凸模),使他們保持一定距離。因此,只需在基準(zhǔn)件上標(biāo)注尺寸及公差,另一件只標(biāo)注標(biāo)稱尺寸,并注明“尺寸按凸模(或凹模)配作,保證雙面間隙”。這樣。可放大基準(zhǔn)件的制造公差。其公差不再受凸、凹模間隙大小的限制,制造容易,并容易保證凸、凹模間的間隙。由于復(fù)雜形狀工件各部分尺寸性質(zhì)不同,凸模和凹模磨損后,尺寸變化趨勢不同,所以基準(zhǔn)件的刃口尺寸計算方法也不相同。6.2.1.落料部分刃口設(shè)計計算應(yīng)以凹模為基準(zhǔn)件,然后配做凸模。圖示為落料件,先做凹模,凹模磨損后,(圖6-6右圖的點(diǎn)畫線位置),刃口尺寸的變化有增大、減小、不變?nèi)N情況。因此凹模尺寸應(yīng)按不同情況分別計算。 凹模磨損后尺寸變大(圖中A類)。 計算這類尺寸,先把工件圖尺寸化為A0-,再按落料凹模公式計算: (6-1)上式引自文獻(xiàn)2P64式(2-11)。式中Ad凹模刃口尺寸(mm); A工件標(biāo)稱尺寸(mm);工件公差(mm);d凹模制造偏差(mm);d=/4。落料凹模尺寸:Aj1=(Amax-X)- =33.65-0.50.3=33.5-0.02 0;Aj2=(Amax-X)- =32.15-0.50.3=32-0.02 0;Aj3=(Amax-X)- =20.1-0.50.2=20-0.02 0;Aj4=(Amax-X)- =4.05-0.50.1=4-0.02 0;Aj5=(Amax-X)- =3.05-0.50.1=3-0.02 0;Aj6=(Amax-X)- =4.55-0.50.1=4.5-0.02 0;Aj7=(Amax-X)- =8.6-0.50.2=8.5-0.02 0;該零件落料時凸模刃口各部分尺寸按上述凹模的相應(yīng)部分尺寸配制,保證雙面間隙值=0.06-0.18mm。本設(shè)計中取0.12。落料凸模尺寸: A1=(Aj1-Z)+ =33.5-0.12=33.38-0 +0.02; A2=(Aj2-2Z)+ =32-0.12=31.88-0 +0.02; A3=(Aj3-2Z)+ =20-0.12=19.88-0 +0.02;A4=(Aj4-2Z)+ =4-0.12=3.88-0 +0.02;A5=(Aj5-Z)+ =3-0.06=2.94-0 +0.02;臺階高度4.5毫米保持不變 A4=(Aj4-Z)+ =4.50 +0.02;6.2.2.沖孔部分刃口設(shè)計計算 由于沖出的孔形狀簡單,所以凸模與凹模分開加工。由文獻(xiàn)2P58表2-5查得=0.03mm =0.05mm -=(0.05-0.03)mm=0.02mm 由文獻(xiàn)2P58表2-10查得凸、凹模的制造公差: =0.02mm, =0.02mm/2=(0.0+0.02)/2mm=0.02mm- 工件尺寸11mm未標(biāo)注尺寸公差,按照IT10級精度處理,x=0.5,,工件公差=0.04,沖孔凸模尺寸:Bj1=(Amin+X)+/4 =10.9+0.50.2=110 +0.02 沖孔凹模尺寸:Bh1=(Amin+2Z)-/4 =11+20.06=11.12-0.02 0 第七章、卸料零件計算7.1.卸料樹脂的選擇因為工件料厚為1.5mm,相對較薄,卸料力也比較小,故采用彈性卸料。根據(jù)卸料力6960N采用4個彈簧,此時每個彈簧擔(dān)負(fù)的卸料力為約1740N。沖裁時卸料板的工作行程h2=t+1=2.5mm;考慮凸模的修模余量h3=4mm,樹脂的預(yù)壓量為h1;故樹脂總壓縮量為H總=h1+h2+h3=h1+6.5mm考慮卸料的可靠性,取樹脂在預(yù)壓量為h1時就有應(yīng)力11000N的壓力。初選樹脂直徑d=25mm,工作極限負(fù)荷1000N;自由高度h0=25 mm,工作極限載荷下彈簧的變形量hj=6.3 mm。第八章、主要零部件設(shè)計8.1.落料凹模設(shè)計凹模的設(shè)計是模具設(shè)計一項很重要的工作。8.1.1.落料凹模刃口形式 凹模刃口通常有如圖9-1所示的幾種形式。圖9-1 凹模的刃口形式圖a的特點(diǎn)是刃邊強(qiáng)度較好該刃口形式的特點(diǎn)是刃邊強(qiáng)度較好,刃磨后工作部分尺寸不變,但洞口易積存廢料或制件,推件力大且磨損撒,刃磨時磨去的尺寸較多。一般刃磨后工作部分尺寸不變,但洞口積存廢料或制件,推件力大且磨損大,刃磨時磨去的尺寸較多。一般用于形狀復(fù)雜和精度要求較高的制件,對向上出件或出料的模具也采用此刃口形式。圖b的特點(diǎn)不易積存廢料或制件,對洞口磨損及壓力很小,但刃邊強(qiáng)度差。且刃磨后尺寸稍有增大,不過由于它的磨損小,這種增大不會影響模具壽命。一般適用于形狀較簡單、沖裁制件精度要求不高、制件或廢料向下落的情況。圖c、d與圖b相似,圖c適用于沖裁較復(fù)雜的零件;圖d適用于沖裁薄料和凹模厚度較薄的情況。圖e 與圖a相似,適用于上出件或上出料的模具。圖f 適用于沖裁0.5mm以下的薄料,且凹模不淬火或淬火硬度不高(3540HRC),采用這種形式可用手錘打斜面以調(diào)整間隙,直到試出滿意的沖裁件為止??紤]到本模具的出件方式和精度要求,此落料凹模采用直刃口形式。8.1.2.落料凹模外形和尺寸的確定圓形凹??捎衫錄_模國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或工廠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件中選用。非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的凹模受力狀態(tài)比較復(fù)雜,目前還不能用理論計算方法確定,一般按照經(jīng)驗公式概略地計算,如8-2圖所示:凹模高度 H=Kb (15mm)凹模壁厚 c(1.52)H(3040mm)式中 b沖壓件最大外形尺寸 K系數(shù),考慮板材厚度的影響,其值可查文獻(xiàn)2P224表8-1。 上述方法適用于確定普通工具鋼經(jīng)過正常熱處理,并在平面支撐條件下工作的凹模尺寸。沖裁件形狀簡單時,壁厚系數(shù)取偏小值,形狀復(fù)雜時取偏大值。用于大批量生產(chǎn)的凹模,其高度應(yīng)該在計算結(jié)構(gòu)中增加總的修模量。 根據(jù)本模具情況,查得K=0.64。凹模高度H=Kb=0.6433.5=21.44mm15mm由于大批量生產(chǎn),考慮到總的修模量,凹模還需要加工臺階,所以凹模厚度H取30mm,凹模壁厚取45-50mm。8.1.3.落料凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)形式由于該沖模形狀簡單,考慮到凹模內(nèi)孔加工比較簡單,可以采用凹模整體的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,這樣便于成形磨削,使制造簡單化,模具的裝配比較容易。8.2.凸凹模設(shè)計凸凹模是本模具中相當(dāng)重要的工作零件,是完成沖壓工作的主要零件。圓形凸模已趨于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。非圓形凸模固定部分應(yīng)做成圓形或矩形,如果采用線切割或成型磨削時,固定部分應(yīng)和工作部分一致。8.2.1.模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和固定方法凸、凹模的固定形式有以下幾種方式:直接固定在模板上;臺階固定,螺栓壓緊;鉚接,凸模上臺階,裝配時端面鉚開然后磨平;采用緊固配合固定;粘接劑澆注法固定;螺釘、銷釘固定。由于凸凹模落料部分具有復(fù)雜外形和較大的斷面積,所以模具采用螺釘與下模板連接。凸模上無臺階,裝配時上面鉚開然后磨平,這種形式適用于形狀較復(fù)雜的零件,加工凸模時便于全長一起磨削。8.2.2.凸凹模長度的確定 凸凹模的長度一般是根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要確定的, 凸凹模長度 L=h1+h2+t+a式中h1固定板厚度(mm); h2卸料板厚度(mm); t材料厚度(mm),t=1.0mm; a附加長度,它包括凸模的修模量、凸模進(jìn)入凹模的深度級凸模固定板與卸料板的安全距離等。這一尺寸如無特殊要求,可取1025mm。 固定板厚度h1取15mm,卸料板厚度18mm,凸凹模長度為 L=15+18+2.0+15=50mm 取凸凹模長度為50mm。由于凸凹模的斷面積較大,故不需要進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度核算以及抗彎能力和承壓能力的校核。8.2.3.凸凹模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計由于凸凹模同時起到落料凸模和沖孔凹模的作用,并且也肩負(fù)著排除廢料的責(zé)任。8.3.沖孔凸模凸凹模的材料選擇Cr12MoV,HRC5560。由于所沖的孔有圓形和腰孔,而且都不屬于需要特別保護(hù)的小凸模,如此一方面加工簡單,另一方面又便于裝配和更換。8.3.1.沖孔凸模的固定形式由于沖孔凸模結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,圓孔的沖孔凸模采用臺階式,凸模與固定板用H7/m6配合,上面留有臺階。腰孔沖孔凸模采用臺階固定,過盈配合的方式,與固定板配合,過盈量為0.02-0.03。8.3.2.凸模強(qiáng)度校核一般情況下,凸模的強(qiáng)度是足夠的,沒有必要作強(qiáng)度校核。但對于特別細(xì)長的凸?;蛐⊥鼓_厚而硬的材料時,必須進(jìn)行凸模承壓能力和抗縱向彎曲能力的校驗。 第九章、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇9.1.模架及模柄的選擇參考文獻(xiàn)6: P3選擇GB2851.5-81后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架如圖。L=250mm,B=205mm,始用最小閉合高度189mm,最大閉合高度219mm,導(dǎo)柱孔距S=180mm。上模板厚35mm,下模板厚45mm。材料HT200。按JB/T7646.1-94選擇A40120壓入式模柄。材料45#。圖10-1 后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架9.2.凸模固定板及墊板的選擇考慮到模架的規(guī)格以及凸凹模的周界尺寸,參考文獻(xiàn)4P475表15.57,選擇JB/7643.2 140mm140mm15mm的固定板作為凸凹模和沖頭的固定板,材料45#。9.3.模具閉合高度的校核模具的閉合高度應(yīng)為上模板、下模板、凸凹模、凹模、固定板、上下墊板等厚度的總和。即 =(35+20+8+15+30+50+8+45-2)mm=209 mm “-2.0”是考慮凸模進(jìn)入凹模的深度。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場調(diào)整,可略有增減,以制件完全分離為準(zhǔn)。所先壓力機(jī)的閉合高度=252mm,=(252-70)mm=182mm。 滿足 9.4.卸料螺釘按照J(rèn)B/T7650.5-94選擇d=6的圓柱頭卸料螺釘M865 JB/T7650.5,螺柱長L=60mm。卸料螺釘窩深應(yīng)滿足 H卸料板行程+螺釘頭高度+修模量(5mm)+安全間隙(26mm)=2.2+9+5+(26)mm=18.222.2 mm。 9.5.螺釘及銷釘?shù)倪x擇 用于固定凸凹模固定板的螺釘參考文獻(xiàn)1P37表3-9選擇2個螺栓 GB 5782-86 M1040,螺紋規(guī)格d=8mm,公稱長度l=80,性能等級為8.8級、表面氧化、A級的六角頭螺栓。定位銷選用參考文獻(xiàn)1P54表4-4選擇銷GB 119-86 B880,公稱直徑d=10mm,長度l=80mm,材料為35鋼,熱處理硬度2838HRC???結(jié)課程設(shè)計是一種綜合性較強(qiáng)的專業(yè)實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié),它具知識面寬、學(xué)科廣、綜合性強(qiáng),通過這次課程設(shè)計,我鞏固了以前學(xué)過的知識,提高了查閱資料的能力,使我更加認(rèn)識到課程設(shè)計的重要性,從而提高了我理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的設(shè)計能力和動手能力。為我今后走向工作崗位打下了一定的基礎(chǔ)。設(shè)計過程中按照任務(wù)書的要求和目的,循序漸進(jìn),力求數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確,結(jié)構(gòu)合理。參考了許多文獻(xiàn)資料。由于經(jīng)驗不足,還有許多地方?jīng)]有考慮全面,有待于完善??傊瑢W(xué)海無涯,在以后的時間里,我要更加努力學(xué)習(xí)!參考文獻(xiàn)(1)中國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件手冊.中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會編.上海:上??茖W(xué)普及出版社,1989(2)冷沖壓國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn).國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總局.中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1989(3)沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計.姜奎華.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2002(4)模具制造工藝.黃毅宏.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004(5)沖模圖冊.李天佑.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998(6)冷沖模設(shè)計.丁聚松.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999(7)模具設(shè)計與制造簡明手冊.馮柄亮等.上??萍紭I(yè)出版社,2002(8)冷沖壓與塑性成型工藝與模具設(shè)計.翁其金.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990(9)冷沖模設(shè)計(第2版).趙孟棟主編.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997(10)沖壓手冊.王孝培主編.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990(11)沖壓工藝學(xué).肖景容,姜奎華主編.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990沖壓成形與板材沖壓 1 概述通過模具使板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形而獲得成品零件的一次成形工藝方法叫做沖壓。由于沖壓通常在冷態(tài)下進(jìn)行,因此也稱為冷沖壓。只有當(dāng)板材厚度超過8100mm時,才采用熱沖壓。沖壓加工的原材料一般為板材或帶材,故也稱板材沖壓。某些非金屬板材(如膠木板、云母片、石棉、皮革等)亦可采用沖壓成形工藝進(jìn)行加工。沖壓廣泛應(yīng)用于金屬制品各行業(yè)中,尤其在汽車、儀表、軍工、家用電器等工業(yè)中占有極其重要的地位。沖壓成形需研究工藝設(shè)備和模具三類基本問題。 板材沖壓具有下列特點(diǎn): (1)高的材料利用率。(2)可加工薄壁、形狀復(fù)雜的零件。(3)沖壓件在形狀和尺寸方面的互換性好。(4)能獲得質(zhì)量輕而強(qiáng)度高、剛性好的零件。(5)生產(chǎn)率高,操作簡單,容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化和自動化。沖壓模具制作成本高,因此適合大批量生產(chǎn)。對于小批量、多品種生產(chǎn),常采用簡易沖模,同時引進(jìn)沖壓加工中心等新型設(shè)備,以滿足市場求新求變的需求。板材沖壓常用的金屬材料有低碳鋼、銅、鋁、鎂合金及高塑性的合金剛等。如前所述,材料形狀有板材和帶材。沖壓生產(chǎn)設(shè)備有剪床和沖床。剪床是用來將板材剪切成具有一定寬度的條料,以供后續(xù)沖壓工序使用,沖床可用于剪切及成形。 2 沖壓成形的特點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)時間中所采用的沖壓成形工藝方法有很多,具有多種形式餓名稱,但塑性變形本質(zhì)是相同的。沖壓成形具有如下幾個非常突出的特點(diǎn)。 (1)垂直于板面方向的單位面積上的壓力,其數(shù)值不大便足以在板面方向上使板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形。由于垂直于板面方向上的單位面積上壓力的素質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)小于板面方向上的內(nèi)應(yīng)力,所以大多數(shù)的沖壓變形都可以近似地當(dāng)作平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)來處理,使其變形力學(xué)的分析和工藝參數(shù)的計算大呢感工作都得到很大的簡化。 (2)由于沖壓成形用的板材毛胚的相對厚度很小,在壓應(yīng)力作用下的抗失穩(wěn)能力也很差,所以在沒有抗失穩(wěn)裝置(如壓邊圈等)的條件下,很難在自由狀態(tài)下順利地完成沖壓成形過程。因此,以拉應(yīng)力作用為主的伸長類沖壓成形過程多于以壓應(yīng)力作用為主的壓縮類成形過程。 (3)沖壓成形時,板材毛胚內(nèi)應(yīng)力的數(shù)值等于或小于材料的屈服應(yīng)力。在這一點(diǎn)上,沖壓成形與體積成形的差別很大。因此,在沖壓成形時變形區(qū)應(yīng)力狀態(tài)中的靜水壓力成分對成形極限與變形抗力的影響,已失去其在體積成形時的重要程度,有些情況下,甚至可以完全不予考慮,即使有必要考慮時,其處理方法也不相同。 (4)在沖壓成形時,模具對板材毛胚作用力所形成的約束作用較輕,不像體積成形(如模鍛)是靠與制件形狀完全相同的型腔對毛胚進(jìn)行全面接觸而實(shí)現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)制成形。在沖壓成形中,大多數(shù)情況下,板材毛胚都有某種程度的自由度,常常是只有一個表面與模具接觸,甚至有時存在板材兩側(cè)表面都有于模具接觸的變形部分。在這種情況下,這部分毛胚的變形是靠模具對其相鄰部分施加的外力實(shí)現(xiàn)其控制作用的。例如,球面和錐面零件成形時的懸空部分和管胚端部的卷邊成形都屬這種情況。 由于沖壓成形具有上述一些在變形與力學(xué)方面的特點(diǎn),致使沖壓技術(shù)也形成了一些與體積成形不同的特點(diǎn)。由于不需要在板材毛的表面施加很大的單位壓力即可使其成形,所以在沖壓技術(shù)中關(guān)于模具強(qiáng)度與剛度的研究并不十分重要,相反卻發(fā)展了學(xué)多簡易模具技術(shù)。由于相同原因,也促使靠氣體或液體壓力成形的工藝方法得以發(fā)展。因沖壓成形時的平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)或更為單純的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)(與體積成形相比),當(dāng)前對沖壓成形匯中毛胚的變形與 力能參數(shù)方面的研究較為深入,有條件運(yùn)用合理的科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行沖壓加工。借助于電子計算機(jī)與先進(jìn)的測試手段,在對板材性能與沖壓變形參數(shù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時測量與分析基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)沖壓過程智能化控制的研究工作也在開展。人們在對沖壓成形過程有離開較為深入的了解后,已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到?jīng)_壓成型與原材料有十分密切的關(guān)系。所以,對板材沖壓性能即成形性與形狀穩(wěn)定性的研究,目前已成為沖壓技術(shù)的一個重要內(nèi)容。對板材沖壓性能的研究工作不僅是沖壓技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要,而且也促進(jìn)了鋼鐵工業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,為其提高板材的質(zhì)量提供了一個可靠的基礎(chǔ)與依據(jù)。 3沖壓變形的分類 沖壓變形工藝可完成多種工序,其基本工序可分為分離工序和變形工序兩大類。分離工序是使胚料的一部分與另一部分相互分離的工藝方法,主要有落料、沖孔、切邊、剖切、修整等。其中又以沖孔、落料應(yīng)用最廣。變形工序是使胚料的一部分相對于另一部分產(chǎn)生位移而不破裂的工藝方法,主要有拉深、彎曲、局部成形、脹形、翻邊、縮徑、校形、旋壓等。從本質(zhì)上看,沖壓成形就是毛胚的變形區(qū)在外力的作用下產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的塑性變形,所以變形區(qū)內(nèi)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和變形特點(diǎn)景象的沖壓成形分類,可以把成形性質(zhì)相同的成形方法概括成同一個類型并進(jìn)行體系化的研究。絕大多數(shù)沖壓成形時毛胚變形區(qū)均處于平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。通常認(rèn)為在板材表面上不受外力的作用,即使有外力作用,其數(shù)值也是較小的,所以可以認(rèn)為垂直于板面方向上的應(yīng)力為零,使板材毛胚產(chǎn)生塑性變形的是作用于板面方向上相互的兩個主應(yīng)力。由于板厚較小,通常都近似地認(rèn)為這兩個主應(yīng)力在厚度方向上是均勻分布的?;谶@樣的分析,可以把各種形式?jīng)_壓成型中的毛陪變形區(qū)的受力狀態(tài)與變形特點(diǎn),在平面應(yīng)力的應(yīng)力坐標(biāo)系中與相應(yīng)的兩向應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)系中以應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)決定的位置來表示。4.沖壓用原材料 沖壓加工用原材料有很多種,它們的性能也有很大的差別,所以必須根據(jù)原材料的性能與特點(diǎn),采用不同的沖壓成形方法、工藝參數(shù)和模具結(jié)構(gòu),才能達(dá)到?jīng)_壓加工的目的。由于人們對沖壓成形過程板材毛胚的變形行為有了較為深入的認(rèn)識,已經(jīng)相當(dāng)清楚的建立了由原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織等因素所決定的材料性能與沖壓成形之間的關(guān)系,這就使原材料生產(chǎn)部門不但按照沖壓件的工作條件與使用要求進(jìn)行原材料的設(shè)計工作,而且也根據(jù)沖壓件加工過程對板材性能的要求進(jìn)行新型材料的開發(fā)工作,這是沖壓技術(shù)在原材料研究方面的一個重要方向。對沖壓用原材料沖壓性能方面的研究工作有(1)原材料沖壓性能的含義。(2)判斷原材料沖壓性能的科學(xué)方法,確定可以確切反映材料沖壓性能的參數(shù),建立沖壓性能的參數(shù)與實(shí)際沖壓成形間的關(guān)系,以及沖壓性能參數(shù)的測試方法等。 (3)建立原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織和制造過程與沖壓性能之間的關(guān)系。沖壓用原材料主要是各種金屬與非金屬板材。金屬板材包括各種黑色技術(shù)和有色金屬板材。雖然在沖壓生產(chǎn)中所用金屬板材的種類很多,但最多的原材料蛀牙是鋼板、不銹鋼板、鋁合金板及各種復(fù)合金屬板。5板材沖壓性能及其鑒定方法 板材是指對沖壓加工的適應(yīng)能力。對板材沖壓性能的研究具有飛行重要的意義。為了能夠運(yùn)用最科學(xué)與最經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的沖壓工藝過程與工藝參數(shù)制造出沖壓零件,必須對作為加工對象的板材的性能具有十分清楚的了解,這樣才有可能充分地利用板材在加工方面的潛在能力。另一方面,為了能夠依據(jù)沖壓件的形狀與尺寸特點(diǎn)及其所需的成形工藝等基本因素,正確、合理地選用板材,也必須對板材的沖壓性能有一個科學(xué)的認(rèn)識與正確的判斷。評定板材沖壓性能的方法有直接試驗法與間接試驗法。 實(shí)物沖壓試驗是最直接的板材沖壓性能的評定方法。利用實(shí)際生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與模具,在與生產(chǎn)完全相同的條件下進(jìn)行實(shí)際沖壓零件的性能評定,當(dāng)然能夠的最可靠的結(jié)果。但是,這種評定方法不具有普遍意義,不能作為行業(yè)之間的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行信息的交流。 模擬試驗是把生產(chǎn)中實(shí)際存在的沖壓成形方法進(jìn)行歸納與簡單化處理,消除許多過于復(fù)雜的因素,利用軸對稱的簡化了的成形方法,在保證試驗中板材的變形性質(zhì)與應(yīng)力狀態(tài)都與實(shí)際沖壓成形相同的條件下進(jìn)行的沖壓性能的評定工作。為了保證模擬試驗結(jié)果的可靠性與通用性,規(guī)定了私分具體的關(guān)于試驗用工具的幾何形狀與尺寸、毛胚的尺寸、試驗條件(沖壓速度、潤滑方法、壓邊力等)。 間接試驗法也叫做基礎(chǔ)試驗法。間接試驗法的特點(diǎn)是:在對板材在塑性變形過程中所表現(xiàn)出的基本性質(zhì)與規(guī)律進(jìn)行分析與研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步把它和具體的沖壓成形中板材的塑性變形參數(shù)聯(lián)系起來,建立間接試驗結(jié)果(間接試驗值)與具體的沖壓成形性能(工藝參數(shù))之間的相關(guān)性。由于間接試驗時所用試件的形狀與尺寸以及加載的方式等都不同于具體的沖壓成形過程,所以它的變形性質(zhì)和應(yīng)力狀態(tài)也不同于沖壓變形。因此間接試驗所得的結(jié)果(試驗值)并不是沖壓成形的工藝參數(shù),而是可以用來表示板材沖壓性能的基礎(chǔ)性參數(shù)。Characteristics and Sheet Metal Forming1 The article overview Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping. Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc. The process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping. The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows: (1) High material utilization (2) Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape. (3) Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shapeand dimension. (4) Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained. (5) High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and automatization. The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands. The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc.Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming. 2Characteristics of stamping forming There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping: (1)The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters. (2)Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress. (3)During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming. (4)In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In some extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area. Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming: The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed. Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reasonable scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding. It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality. 3Categories of stamping forming Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming.Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning. In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically.The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains. 4Raw materials for stamping formingThere are a lot of raw materials used in stamping forming, and the properties of these materials may have large difference. The stamping forming can be succeeded only by determining the stamping method, the forming parameters and the die structures according to the properties and characteristics of the raw materials. The deformation of the blank during stamping forming has been investigated quite thoroughly. The relationships between the material properties decided by the chemistry component and structure of the material and the stamping forming has been established clearly. Not only the proper material can be selected based on the working condition and usage demand, but also the new material can be developed according to the demands of the blank properties during processing the stamping part. This is an important domain in stamping forming research. The research on the material properties for stamping forming is as follows: (1)Definition of the stamping property of the material. (2)Method to judge the stamping property of the material, find parameters to express the definitely material property of the stamping forming, establish the relationship between the property parameters and the practical stamping forming, and investigate the testing methods of the property parameters. (3)Establish the relationship among the chemical component, structure, manufacturing process and stamping property. The raw materials for stamping forming mainly include various metals and nonmetal plate. Sheet metal includes both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Although a lot of sheet metals are used in stamping forming, the most widely used materials are steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy and various composite metal plates. 5Stamping forming property of sheet metal and its assessing methodThe stamping forming property of the sheet metal is the adaptation capability of the sheet metal to stamping forming. It has crucial meaning to the investigation of the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. In order to produce stamping forming parts with most scientific, economic and rational stamping forming process and forming parameters, it is necessary to understand clearly the properties of the sheet metal, so as to utilize the potential of the sheet metal fully in the production. On the other hand, to select plate material accurately and rationally in accordance with the characteristics of the shape and dimension of the stamping forming part and its forming technique is also necessary so that a scientific understanding and accurate judgment to the stamping forming properties of the sheet metal may be achieved. There are direct and indirect testing methods to assess the stamping property of the sheet metal.Practicality stamping test is the most direct method to assess stamping forming property of the sheet metal. This test is done exactly in the same condition as actual production by using the practical equipment and dies. Surely, this test result is most reliable. But this kind of assessing method is not comprehensively applicable, and cannot be shared as a commonly used standard between factories. The simulation test is a kind of assessing method that after simplifying and summing up actual stamping forming methods, as well as eliminating many trivial factors, the stamping properties of the sheet metal are assessed, based on simplified axial-symmetric forming method under the same deformation and stress states between the testing plate and the actual forming states. In order to guarantee the reliability and generality of simulation results, a lot of factors are regulated in detail, such as the shape and dimension of tools for test, blank dimension and testing conditions(stamping velocity, lubrication method and blank holding force, etc).Indirect testing method is also called basic testing method its characteristic is to connect analysis and research on fundamental property and principle of the sheet metal during plastic deformation, and with the plastic deformation parameters of the sheet metal in actual stamping forming, and then to establish the relationship between the indirect testing results(indirect testing value) and the actual stamping forming property (forming parameters). Because the shape and dimension of the specimen and the loading pattern of the indirect testing are different from the actual stamping forming, the deformation characteristics and stress states of the indirect test are different from those of the actual one. So, the results obtained form the indirect test are not the stamping forming parameters, but are the fundamental parameters that can be used to represent the stamping forming property of the sheet metal.