雙孔墊片的側(cè)滑板精沖模具設(shè)計(jì)【說明書+CAD+PROE】
雙孔墊片的側(cè)滑板精沖模具設(shè)計(jì)【說明書+CAD+PROE】,說明書+CAD+PROE,雙孔墊片的側(cè)滑板精沖模具設(shè)計(jì)【說明書+CAD+PROE】,墊片,滑板,模具設(shè)計(jì),說明書,仿單,cad,proe
大連交通大學(xué)2013屆本科畢業(yè)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯
外文原文
The mold designing and manufacturing
The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly.
Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .
The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .
The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.
Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects: (1) The total quantity falls short of demand
Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.
(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather in our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .
(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.
(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few
To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .
(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently
Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.
(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick. (3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low. Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .
(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability
Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.
(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fall
The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement. At present, our country economy still was at the high-speed development phase, on the international economic globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high-speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .
The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Mold profession in "ten one five" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manu facture technology aspect breakthrough.
Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.
Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. Standard letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops .
Neutron diffraction techniques are used to measure a series of bulk stress distributions in granular materials undergoing high stress die compaction. Two different granular materials are studied: a ductile material in the form of iron powder and a brittle material in the form of quartz sand. The behaviour of these two materials is examined in terms of the resulting stress distribution within two dies of different geometry: an axisymmetric converging die and a stepped cylindrical die. These measured distributions are examined and discussed to highlight both similarities and differences in the mechanical response of these contrasting materials at high consolidating loads. The potential for neutron diffraction techniques to provide full-field information on the mechanical response and stress within granular samples is demonstrated.
The?development?of?modern?industrial?and?technological?level?depends?largely?on?the?level?of?industrial?development?die,?so?die?industry?to?national?economic?social?development?will?play?an?increasing?role.?
March?1989?the?State?Council?promulgated?"on?the?current?industrial?policy?decision?points"?in?the?mold?as?the?machinery?industry?transformation?sequence?of?the?first production?and?capital?construction?of?the?second?sequence?(after?the?large-scale?power?generation?equipment?and?the?corresponding?power?transmission?equipment),?establish?tooling?industry?in?an?important?position?in?the?national?economy.??
Since?1997,?they?have?to?mold?and?its?processing?technology?and?equipment?included?in?the?"current?national?focus?on?encouraging?the?development?of?industries,?products?and?technologies?catalog"?and?"to?encourage?foreign?investment?industry?directory."?
Approved?by?the?State?Council,?from?1997?to?2000,?more?than?80?professional?mold?factories?owned?70%?VAT?refund?of?preferential?policies?to?support mold?industry.?
All?these?have?fully?demonstrated?the?development?of?the?State?Council?and?state?departments?roiling?industry?attention?and?support.??
Mold?around?the?world?about?the?current?annual?output?of?60?billion?U.S.?dollars,?Japan,?the?United?States?and?other?industrialized?countries?die?of?industrial?output?value?of?more?than?machine?tool?industry,?beginning?in?1997,?China's?industrial?output?value?has?exceeded?the?mold?machine?tool?industry?output.? ??
According?to?statistics,?home?appliances,?toys?and?other?light?industries,?nearly?90%?of?the?parts?are?integrated?with?production?of?chopsticks;?in?aircraft,?automobiles,?agricultural?machinery?and?radio?industries,?the?proportion?exceeded?60%.??
Such?as?aircraft?manufacturing,?the?use?of?a?certain?type?of?fighter?dies?more?than?30,000?units,?of?which?the?host?8000?sets,?2000?sets?of?engines,?auxiliary?20?000?sets.?
From?the?output?of?view,?since?the?80's,?the?United?States,?Japan?and?other?industrialized?countries?die?industry?output?value?has?exceeded?the?machine?tool?industry,?and?there?are?still?rising.??
Production?technology,?according?to?the?International?Association?predicts?that?in?2000,?the?product?best?pieces?of?rough?75%,?50%?will?be?finished?mold?completed;?metals,?plastics,?ceramics,?rubber,?building?materials?and?other?industrial?products,?most?of?the?mold?will?be?completed?in?more?than?50%?metal?plates,?more?than?80%?of?all?plastic?products,?especially?through?the?mold?into.?
中文翻譯
模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造
模具是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)重要的基礎(chǔ)手段，在我國，模具制造屬于制造業(yè)的特殊作用的設(shè)備，中國盡管非常早的開始使用并制造模具，但是長期一直沒有形成工業(yè)。直到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)胝?。近幾年，不僅地方模具企事業(yè)單位有了巨大的發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)（個(gè)體）的模具事業(yè)單位也迅速的發(fā)展起來。
盡管中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但是與需求相比，明顯需求量更大，它的主要缺口精確地集中在大規(guī)模、復(fù)雜、長壽命、領(lǐng)域中。由于在模具精準(zhǔn)度、壽命、工業(yè)周期和生產(chǎn)率等等，中國與國際平均水平還有發(fā)達(dá)國家仍然有很大的懸殊，因此，需要每年大規(guī)模的提高模具水平。
中國模具工業(yè)必須提高生產(chǎn)率，從現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)國際專業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，與最新水平的提高。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面，主要是企事業(yè)單位向?qū)I(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)中心向高檔模具發(fā)展，從進(jìn)出口改進(jìn)，高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)、多功能復(fù)合模具和復(fù)合加工及激光技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計(jì)制造上的應(yīng)用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術(shù)、信息化方向發(fā)展。
最近幾年，模具專業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和組織改良步伐在加快，主要表現(xiàn)在大規(guī)模的，精確的，復(fù)雜的，耐用的中高端模具和模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)證書的發(fā)展速度比普通模具的生產(chǎn)速度更快，塑料模和壓鑄模的比例在增長；專用模具工廠的質(zhì)量和效率在提高；“三資”和私人企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地最近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。
雖然我國模具總量目前已達(dá)到相當(dāng)規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設(shè)計(jì)制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家許多。當(dāng)前存在的問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：
（1）總量供不應(yīng)求，國內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。
（2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理 。我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達(dá)60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進(jìn)出口之比
為3.7:1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的凈進(jìn)口額達(dá)13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進(jìn)口量最大的國家。
（3）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。
（4）開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳，我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場(chǎng)中經(jīng)常處于被動(dòng)地位。我國每個(gè)模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達(dá)25～30萬美元，與之相對(duì)的是我國相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。
造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應(yīng)有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機(jī)制不能適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)之外，還有下列幾個(gè)原因：
（1）國家對(duì)模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠，雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負(fù)過重。模具企業(yè)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造引進(jìn)設(shè)備要繳納相當(dāng)數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術(shù)進(jìn)步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。
（2）人才嚴(yán)重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入太少，模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金、勞動(dòng)密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺，高級(jí)模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對(duì)科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導(dǎo)致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大，進(jìn)展不快。
（3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年來我國機(jī)床行業(yè)進(jìn)步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設(shè)備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進(jìn)許多國外先進(jìn)設(shè)備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進(jìn)設(shè)備不配套，設(shè)備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。
（4）專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差，由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細(xì)致，商品化程度低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對(duì)模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對(duì)模具制造周期有很大影響。
（5）模具材料及模具相關(guān)技術(shù)落后，模具材料性能、質(zhì)量和品種問題往往會(huì)影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國產(chǎn)模具鋼與國外進(jìn)口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設(shè)備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。
目前，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國際上經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)日趨明顯，這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機(jī)遇。一方面，國內(nèi)模具市場(chǎng)將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國轉(zhuǎn)移以及跨國集團(tuán)到我國進(jìn)行模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內(nèi)的模具市場(chǎng)總體發(fā)展趨勢(shì)前景看好，預(yù)計(jì)中國模具將在良好的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國不但會(huì)成為模具大國，而且一定逐步向模具制造強(qiáng)國的行列邁進(jìn)?！笆晃濉逼陂g，中國模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質(zhì)的方面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品水平、開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機(jī)制以及技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方面也會(huì)取得較大發(fā)展。模具技術(shù)集合了機(jī)械、電子、化學(xué)、光學(xué)、材料、計(jì)算機(jī)、精密監(jiān)測(cè)和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等諸多學(xué)科，是一個(gè)綜合性多學(xué)科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要是模具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復(fù)雜及更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無圖化、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術(shù)集成化、設(shè)備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營國際化的方向發(fā)展。
模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)應(yīng)是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術(shù)和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術(shù)方面的突破，隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)總量和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對(duì)模具的需求量越來越大，技術(shù)要求也越來越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術(shù)含量，特別是目前國內(nèi)尚不能自給，需大量進(jìn)口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產(chǎn)集中度等對(duì)整個(gè)模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件也必須重點(diǎn)發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應(yīng)快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才能不斷提高我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平，從而提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本。由于我國的模具產(chǎn)品在國際市場(chǎng)上占有較大的價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此對(duì)于出口前景好的模具產(chǎn)品也應(yīng)作為重點(diǎn)來發(fā)展。根據(jù)上述需要量大、技術(shù)含量高、代表發(fā)展方向、出口前景好的原則選擇重點(diǎn)發(fā)展產(chǎn)品，而且所選產(chǎn)品必須目前已有一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來的產(chǎn)品。
利用中子衍射技術(shù)測(cè)量了顆粒材料在高應(yīng)力模具壓制過程中的一系列應(yīng)力分布。研究了兩種不同的粒狀材料：一種以鐵粉形式和石英砂為脆性材料的韌性材料。研究了兩種材料在不同幾何形狀下的應(yīng)力分布特性：軸對(duì)稱收斂模和階梯形凹模。這些測(cè)量的分布進(jìn)行了檢查和討論，以突出兩者的相似性和差異，這些對(duì)比材料在高加固負(fù)荷的機(jī)械響應(yīng)。中子衍射技術(shù)的潛力，提供完整的實(shí)地信息，在粒狀樣品的機(jī)械響應(yīng)和應(yīng)力的證明。
現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展很大程度上取決于工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的高低，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展將起到越來越大的作用。1989年3月國務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定“在模具作為第二序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)機(jī)械行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型序列（在大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備），在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位，建立模具工業(yè)。
自1997以來，他們就把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了“當(dāng)前國家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的行業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄”和“鼓勵(lì)外商投資行業(yè)名錄”。經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997日至2000日，80多家專業(yè)模具廠擁有70%的退稅優(yōu)惠政策，扶持模具行業(yè)。
所有這些都充分體現(xiàn)了國務(wù)院發(fā)展和國家有關(guān)部門的重視和支持，鼓勵(lì)行業(yè)。 全世界模具約600億美元，目前年產(chǎn)量日本、美國等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具超過機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值，1997年初，中國的工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值的模具。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，家用電器、玩具等輕工業(yè)，近90%的零部件都集成了模具生產(chǎn)；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械和無線電行業(yè)中。
從產(chǎn)出來看，自80年初以來，美國、日本等工業(yè)化國家模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床行業(yè)，且仍在上升。生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，根據(jù)國際協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)
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