C6132車床數(shù)控化改造及縱向進給機構(gòu)設(shè)計【說明書+CAD】
C6132車床數(shù)控化改造及縱向進給機構(gòu)設(shè)計【說明書+CAD】,說明書+CAD,C6132車床數(shù)控化改造及縱向進給機構(gòu)設(shè)計【說明書+CAD】,c6132,車床,數(shù)控,改造,縱向,進給,機構(gòu),設(shè)計,說明書,仿單,cad
外文資料翻譯
Machine tool numerical control reforms
機床數(shù)控改造
First, CNC systems and the development trend of history
一、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡史及趨勢
1946 birth of the world's first electronic computer, which shows that human beings created to enhance and replace some of the mental work tools. It and human agriculture, industrial society in the creation of those who merely increase compared to manual tools, from a qualitative leap for mankind's entry into the information society laid the foundation. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology applied to the machine in the United States was born first CNC machine tools. Since then, the traditional machine produced a qualitative change. Nearly half a century since the CNC system has experienced two phases and six generations of development.
1946年誕生了世界上第一臺電子計算機，這表明人類創(chuàng)造了可增強和部分代替腦力勞動的工具。它與人類在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)社會中創(chuàng)造的那些只是增強體力勞動的工具相比，起了質(zhì)的飛躍，為人類進入信息社會奠定了基礎(chǔ)。6年后，即在1952年，計算機技術(shù)應用到了機床上，在美國誕生了第一臺數(shù)控機床。從此，傳統(tǒng)機床產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)的變化。近半個世紀以來，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了兩個階段和六代的發(fā)展。
1.1, Numerical Control (NC) phase (1952 to 1970)
1.1、數(shù)控（NC）階段（1952～1970年）
Early computer's computational speed low and the prevailing scientific computing and data processing is not affected, but can not meet the requirements of real-time control machine. People have to use digital logic circuit "tied" into a single machine as a dedicated computer numerical control system, known as the hardware connection NC (HARD-WIRED NC), called the Numerical Control (NC). With the development of components of this phase after three generations, that is, in 1952 the first generation - tube; 1959 of the second generation - transistor; 1965 of the third generation - small-scale integrated circuits.
早期計算機的運算速度低，對當時的科學計算和數(shù)據(jù)處理影響還不大，但不能適應機床實時控制的要求。人們不得不采用數(shù)字邏輯電路"搭"成一臺機床專用計算機作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，被稱為硬件連接數(shù)控（HARD-WIRED NC），簡稱為數(shù)控（NC）。隨著元器件的發(fā)展，這個階段歷經(jīng)了三代，即1952年的第一代--電子管；1959年的第二代--晶體管；1965年的第三代--小規(guī)模集成電路。
1.2, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) phase (1970 to present)
1.2、計算機數(shù)控（CNC）階段（1970年～現(xiàn)在）
To 1970, GM has been a small computer and mass-produced. So it transplant system as the core component of NC, have entered a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) stage (in front of the computer should be "universal" word omitted). To 1971, the United States INTEL company in the world will be the first time the two most core computer components - computing and controller, a large-scale integrated circuit technology integration in a chip, called the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR) , also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
到1970年，通用小型計算機業(yè)已出現(xiàn)并成批生產(chǎn)。于是將它移植過來作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心部件，從此進入了計算機數(shù)控（CNC）階段（把計算機前面應有的"通用"兩個字省略了）。到1971年，美國INTEL公司在世界上第一次將計算機的兩個最核心的部件--運算器和控制器，采用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)集成在一塊芯片上，稱之為微處理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可稱為中央處理單元（簡稱CPU）。
1974 microprocessor to be used in CNC system. This is because the function of the computer is too small to control a machine tool capacity affluent (the time has been used to control more than one machine, called Group Control), as a reasonable economic use of the microprocessor. Minicomputer reliability and then not ideal. Early microprocessor speed and functionality while still not high enough, but can be adopted to solve the multi-processor architecture. As microprocessor core is a general computer components, it is still known as the CNC.
到1974年微處理器被應用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這是因為小型計算機功能太強，控制一臺機床能力有富裕（故當時曾用于控制多臺機床，稱之為群控），不如采用微處理器經(jīng)濟合理。而且當時的小型機可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還不夠高，但可以通過多處理器結(jié)構(gòu)來解決。由于微處理器是通用計算機的核心部件，故仍稱為計算機數(shù)控。
By 1990, PC machines (personal computers, domestic habits that computer) performance has been developed to a high stage, as a CNC system to meet the requirements of the core components. NC system based on PC has now entered the stage.
到了1990年，PC機（個人計算機，國內(nèi)習慣稱微機）的性能已發(fā)展到很高的階段，可以滿足作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)核心部件的要求。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)從此進入了基于PC的階段。
In short, CNC has also experienced a stage three generations. That is, in 1970's fourth generation - small computer; 1974 of the fifth generation - microprocessors and the sixth-generation 1990 - Based on the PC (called PC-BASED abroad).
總之，計算機數(shù)控階段也經(jīng)歷了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型計算機；1974年的第五代--微處理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（國外稱為PC-BASED）。
Also pointed out that, although the foreign computer has been renamed NC (CNC), but China still customary said Numerical Control (NC). Therefore, we stress the day-to-day "NC", in essence, is that "computer numerically controlled."
還要指出的是，雖然國外早已改稱為計算機數(shù)控（即CNC）了，而我國仍習慣稱數(shù)控（NC）。所以我們?nèi)粘Ｖv的"數(shù)控"，實質(zhì)上已是指"計算機數(shù)控"了。
1.3, the trend of future development of NC
1.3、數(shù)控未來發(fā)展的趨勢
1.3.1 continue to open, the sixth generation of PC-based development
1.3.1 繼續(xù)向開放式、基于PC的第六代方向發(fā)展
?Based on the PC with the open, low-cost, high reliability, rich in resources such as hardware and software features, and more CNC system manufacturers will embark on this path. At least it used PC as a front-end machine, to deal with the human-machine interface, programming, networking and communications problems, the former NC Some systems have the mandate. PC machine with the friendly interface, will be universal to all CNC system. Remote communications, remote diagnostics and maintenance will be more widespread.
基于PC所具有的開放性、低成本、高可靠性、軟硬件資源豐富等特點，更多的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠家會走上這條道路。至少采用PC機作為它的前端機，來處理人機界面、編程、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信等問題，由原有的系統(tǒng)承擔數(shù)控的任務。PC機所具有的友好的人機界面，將普及到所有的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。遠程通訊，遠程診斷和維修將更加普遍。
1.3.2 high-speed and high-precision Development
1.3.2向高速化和高精度化發(fā)展
This is to adapt to high-speed and high-precision machine tools to the needs of the development direction.
這是適應機床向高速和高精度方向發(fā)展的需要。
1.3.3 intelligent direction to the development
1.3.3向智能化方向發(fā)展
With artificial intelligence in the computer field infiltration and the continuing development of the intelligent numerical control system will be continuously improved.
隨著人工智能在計算機領(lǐng)域的不斷滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化程度將不斷提高。
（1）adaptive control technology
（1）應用自適應控制技術(shù)
CNC system can detect some important information in the process, and automatically adjust system parameters to improve the system running state purposes.
數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能檢測過程中一些重要信息，并自動調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的有關(guān)參數(shù)，達到改進系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)的目的。
（2）the introduction of expert guidance processing system
（2）引入專家系統(tǒng)指導加工
the experience of skilled workers and experts, processing and the general rules of law of special deposit system, the process parameters to the database as the foundation, and establish artificial intelligence expert system.
將熟練工人和專家的經(jīng)驗，加工的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律存入系統(tǒng)中，以工藝參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)庫為支撐，建立具有人工智能的專家系統(tǒng)。
（3）introduction of Fault Diagnosis Expert System
（3）引入故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)
（4）intelligent digital servo drives
（4）智能化數(shù)字伺服驅(qū)動裝置
Automatic Identification can load, and automatically adjust parameters to get the best drive system operation.
可以通過自動識別負載，而自動調(diào)整參數(shù)，使驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)獲得最佳的運行。
Second, CNC of the need for transformation
二、機床數(shù)控化改造的必要性
2.1, microscopic view of the necessity of
2.1、微觀看改造的必要性
?From the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC system includes computer power.
從微觀上看，數(shù)控機床比傳統(tǒng)機床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來自數(shù)控系統(tǒng)所包含的計算機的威力。
2.1.1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve, surface and other complex parts
2.1.1 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機床加工不出來的曲線、曲面等復雜的零件。
Because computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it can compound into complex curves and surfaces.
由于計算機有高超的運算能力，可以瞬時準確地計算出每個坐標軸瞬時應該運動的運動量，因此可以復合成復雜的曲線或曲面。
2.1.2 automated processing can be achieved, but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.
2.1.2 可以實現(xiàn)加工的自動化，而且是柔性自動化，從而效率可比傳統(tǒng)機床提高3～7倍。
Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and stored procedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation. CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called "flexible automation."
由于計算機有記憶和存儲能力，可以將輸入的程序記住和存儲下來，然后按程序規(guī)定的順序自動去執(zhí)行，從而實現(xiàn)自動化。數(shù)控機床只要更換一個程序，就可實現(xiàn)另一工件加工的自動化，從而使單件和小批生產(chǎn)得以自動化，故被稱為實現(xiàn)了"柔性自動化"。
2.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy to assemble, no longer needed "repair."
2.1.3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使裝配容易，不再需要"修配"。
2.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequent removal machine.
2.1.4 可實現(xiàn)多工序的集中，減少零件 在機床間的頻繁搬運。
2.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation, and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.
2.1.5 擁有自動報警、自動監(jiān)控、自動補償?shù)榷喾N自律功能，因而可實現(xiàn)長時間無人看管加工。
2.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than five.
2.1.6 由以上五條派生的好處。
Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quick response, and so on.
如：降低了工人的勞動強度，節(jié)省了勞動力（一個人可以看管多臺機床），減少了工裝，縮短了新產(chǎn)品試制周期和生產(chǎn)周期，可對市場需求作出快速反應等等。
These advantages are our predecessors did not expect, is a very major breakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation. NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology.
以上這些優(yōu)越性是前人想象不到的，是一個極為重大的突破。此外，機床數(shù)控化還是推行FMC（柔性制造單元）、FMS（柔性制造系統(tǒng)）以及CIMS（計算機集成制造系統(tǒng)）等企業(yè)信息化改造的基礎(chǔ)。數(shù)控技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為制造業(yè)自動化的核心技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)。
?2.2, the macro view of the necessity
2.2、宏觀看改造的必要性
From a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, the machinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools. Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD, CAE, CAM, virtual manufacturing and production management in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System), CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in information technology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use of information technology to foreign forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japan in 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.
從宏觀上看，工業(yè)發(fā)達國家的軍、民機械工業(yè)，在70年代末、80年代初已開始大規(guī)模應用數(shù)控機床。其本質(zhì)是，采用信息技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)（包括軍、民機械工業(yè)）進行技術(shù)改造。除在制造過程中采用數(shù)控機床、FMC、FMS外，還包括在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中推行CAD、CAE、CAM、虛擬制造以及在生產(chǎn)管理中推行MIS（管理信息系統(tǒng)）、CIMS等等。以及在其生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中增加信息技術(shù)，包括人工智能等的含量。由于采用信息技術(shù)對國外軍、民機械工業(yè)進行深入改造（稱之為信息化），最終使得他們的產(chǎn)品在國際軍品和民品的市場上競爭力大為增強。而我們在信息技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)方面比發(fā)達國家約落后20年。如我國機床擁有量中，數(shù)控機床的比重（數(shù)控化率）到1995年只有1.9％，而日本在1994年已達20.8％，因此每年都有大量機電產(chǎn)品進口。這也就從宏觀上說明了機床數(shù)控化改造的必要性。
Third, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market
三、機床與生產(chǎn)線數(shù)控化改造的市場
3.1, CNC transformation of the market
3.1、機床數(shù)控化改造的市場
My current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that China's CNC rate of less than 3 percent. Over the past 10 years, China's annual output of about 0.6 CNC machine tools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. China's machine tool easements over age 10 account for more than 60% below the 10 machines, automatic / semi-automatic machine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automated production line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine, 60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries and enterprises of the production, processing equipment is the great majority of traditional machine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine. Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety, low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domestic markets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a company's products, markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.
我國目前機床總量380余萬臺，而其中數(shù)控機床總數(shù)只有11.34萬臺，即我國機床數(shù)控化率不到3％。近10年來，我國數(shù)控機床年產(chǎn)量約為0.6～0.8萬臺，年產(chǎn)值約為18億元。機床的年產(chǎn)量數(shù)控化率為6％。我國機床役齡10年以上的占60％以上；10年以下的機床中，自動/半自動機床不到20％，F(xiàn)MC/FMS等自動化生產(chǎn)線更屈指可數(shù)（美國和日本自動和半自動機床占60％以上）。可見我們的大多數(shù)制造行業(yè)和企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、加工裝備絕大數(shù)是傳統(tǒng)的機床，而且半數(shù)以上是役齡在10年以上的舊機床。用這種裝備加工出來的產(chǎn)品普遍存在質(zhì)量差、品種少、檔次低、成本高、供貨期長，從而在國際、國內(nèi)市場上缺乏競爭力，直接影響一個企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、市場、效益，影響企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展。所以必須大力提高機床的數(shù)控化率。
3.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC market
3.2、進口設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線的數(shù)控化改造市場
Since China's reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technological transformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion US dollars.
我國自改革開放以來，很多企業(yè)從國外引進技術(shù)、設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線進行技術(shù)改造。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，從1979～1988年10年間，全國引進技術(shù)改造項目就有18446項，大約165.8億美元。
These projects, the majority of projects in China's economic construction play a due role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, not equipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble. Some of the equipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption of some bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; only pay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus, production lines, ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in items integrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running, did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but not because of equipment failure production standards; because some high energy consumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longer time, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.
這些項目中，大部分項目為我國的經(jīng)濟建設(shè)發(fā)揮了應有的作用。但是有的引進項目由于種種原因，設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)線不能正常運轉(zhuǎn)，甚至癱瘓，使企業(yè)的效益受到影響，嚴重的使企業(yè)陷入困境。一些設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線從國外引進以后，有的消化吸收不好，備件不全，維護不當，結(jié)果運轉(zhuǎn)不良；有的引進時只注意引進設(shè)備、儀器、生產(chǎn)線，忽視軟件、工藝、管理等，造成項目不完整，設(shè)備潛力不能發(fā)揮；有的甚至不能啟動運行，沒有發(fā)揮應有的作用；有的生產(chǎn)線的產(chǎn)品銷路很好，但是因為設(shè)備故障不能達產(chǎn)達標；有的因為能耗高、產(chǎn)品合格率低而造成虧損；有的已引進較長時間，需要進行技術(shù)更新。種種原因使有的設(shè)備不僅沒有創(chuàng)造財富，反而消耗著財富。
These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a number of significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the main technical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic and social benefits. This is a great transformation of the market.
這些不能使用的設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線是個包袱，也是一批很大的存量資產(chǎn)，修好了就是財富。只要找出主要的技術(shù)難點，解決關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題，就可以最小的投資盤活最大的存量資產(chǎn)，爭取到最大的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。這也是一個極大的改造市場。
Fourth, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing
四、數(shù)控化改造的內(nèi)容及優(yōu)缺
4.1, the rise of foreign trade reform
4.1、國外改造業(yè)的興起
In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, and their machine transformation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in a golden age. The machine, as well as technology continues to progress, is a machine of the "eternal" issue. China's machine tool industry transformation, but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famous companies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in the United States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industry in the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery Company, Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineering companies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.
在美國、日本和德國等發(fā)達國家，它們的機床改造作為新的經(jīng)濟增長行業(yè)，生意盎然，正處在黃金時代。由于機床以及技術(shù)的不斷進步，機床改造是個"永恒"的課題。我國的機床改造業(yè)，也從老的行業(yè)進入到以數(shù)控技術(shù)為主的新的行業(yè)。在美國、日本、德國，用數(shù)控技術(shù)改造機床和生產(chǎn)線具有廣闊的市場，已形成了機床和生產(chǎn)線數(shù)控改造的新的行業(yè)。在美國，機床改造業(yè)稱為機床再生（Remanufacturing）業(yè)。從事再生業(yè)的著名公司有：Bertsche工程公司、ayton機床公司、Devlieg-Bullavd（得寶）服務集團、US設(shè)備公司等。美國得寶公司已在中國開辦公司。在日本，機床改造業(yè)稱為機床改裝（Retrofitting）業(yè)。從事改裝業(yè)的著名公司有：大隈工程集團、崗三機械公司、千代田工機公司、野崎工程公司、濱田工程公司、山本工程公司等。
4.2, the content of NC
4.2、數(shù)控化改造的內(nèi)容
?Machine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following:
機床與生產(chǎn)線的數(shù)控化改造主要內(nèi)容有以下幾點：
One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augends significant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machine tools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and the degree of automation, mechanical, electrical part of the renovation, re-assembly of mechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their production requirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, the technology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or for the use of new technology, new technologies, based on the original technology for large-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level, and grades of upgrading.
其一是恢復原功能，對機床、生產(chǎn)線存在的故障部分進行診斷并恢復；其二是NC化，在普通機床上加數(shù)顯裝置，或加數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，改造成NC機床、CNC機床；其三是翻新，為提高精度、效率和自動化程度，對機械、電氣部分進行翻新，對機械部分重新裝配加工，恢復原精度；對其不滿足生產(chǎn)要求的CNC系統(tǒng)以最新CNC進行更新；其四是技術(shù)更新或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，為提高性能或檔次，或為了使用新工藝、新技術(shù)，在原有基礎(chǔ)上進行較大規(guī)模的技術(shù)更新或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，較大幅度地提高水平和檔次的更新改造。
4.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing
4.3、數(shù)控化改造的優(yōu)缺
4.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery time
4.3.1 減少投資額、交貨期短
?Compared with the purchase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine tools particularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some special circumstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times compared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savings investment.
同購置新機床相比，一般可以節(jié)省60％～80％的費用，改造費用低。特別是大型、特殊機床尤其明顯。一般大型機床改造，只花新機床購置費用的1/3，交貨期短。但有些特殊情況，如高速主軸、托盤自動交換裝置的制作與安裝過于費工、費錢，往往改造成本提高2～3倍，與購置新機床相比，只能節(jié)省投資50％左右。
4.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties, structure limited
4.3.2 機械性能穩(wěn)定可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)受限
?By the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid casting components, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after the high-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years. But by the mechanical structure of the original restrictions, it is not appropriate to the transformation of a breakthrough.
所利用的床身、立柱等基礎(chǔ)件都是重而堅固的鑄造構(gòu)件，而不是那種焊接構(gòu)件，改造后的機床性能高、質(zhì)量好，可以作為新設(shè)備繼續(xù)使用多年。但是受到原來機械結(jié)構(gòu)的限制，不宜做突破性的改造。
4.3.3 become familiar with the equipment, ease of operation and maintenance
4.3.3 熟悉了解設(shè)備、便于操作維修
The purchase of new equipment, new equipment do not know whether to meet the
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