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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)
題目 實(shí)用微型客車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)—車(chē)架、制動(dòng)系設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
(學(xué)生填表)
院系:車(chē)輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院
課題名稱(chēng)
實(shí)用微型客車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)------------車(chē)架設(shè)計(jì)、制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)
課題類(lèi)型
指導(dǎo)教師
職稱(chēng)
課題來(lái)源
1. 設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)的依據(jù)與意義
近年來(lái),我國(guó)客車(chē)市場(chǎng)相繼出現(xiàn)了高速增長(zhǎng)、平緩調(diào)整、全面回升的發(fā)展景象:2003-2004年高速發(fā)展;2005年,隨著國(guó)家宏觀調(diào)控政策的全面施行,客車(chē)市場(chǎng)受到一定的抑制,銷(xiāo)量下滑,2007年國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定快速發(fā)展,汽車(chē)行業(yè)蓬勃向上,汽車(chē)市場(chǎng)也走出了2005年的低迷狀態(tài),表現(xiàn)出良好的回升勢(shì)頭。,
當(dāng)然,隨著汽車(chē)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和汽車(chē)行駛速度的提高,車(chē)架及車(chē)輛制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在車(chē)輛的安全方面占著重要的地位,車(chē)架作為汽車(chē)的承載基體,為貨車(chē),中型及以下的客車(chē),中高級(jí)轎車(chē)所采用;支撐著發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),離合器,變速器,轉(zhuǎn)向器,非承載式車(chē)身和貨箱等所有簧上質(zhì)量的有關(guān)機(jī)件,承受著傳給它的各種力和力矩。本設(shè)計(jì)采用邊梁式車(chē)架。要保證微型客車(chē)的良性發(fā)展必須采用低成本戰(zhàn)略。采用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù),以低的投入實(shí)現(xiàn)高的效益的增長(zhǎng),發(fā)展廉價(jià)的中低檔車(chē),以適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求,本設(shè)計(jì)采用液力制動(dòng)器,由于降低成本,采用人力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),行車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用液力式,駐車(chē)制動(dòng)采用機(jī)械式。在制動(dòng)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)方面,為適應(yīng)各國(guó)和各地區(qū)制動(dòng)法規(guī)的要求,制動(dòng)管路必須采用雙回路傳能型式。
為保證汽車(chē)行駛的安全性,進(jìn)行車(chē)架和制動(dòng)系的設(shè)計(jì)是很有必要的。
2. 國(guó)內(nèi)外同類(lèi)設(shè)計(jì)(或同類(lèi)研究)的概況綜述
車(chē)架有邊梁式,鋼管式等多種形式,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外采用最多的是邊梁式,而汽車(chē)制動(dòng)器的種類(lèi)很多,形式多樣。伴隨著汽車(chē)的研究開(kāi)發(fā),汽車(chē)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了很大的改變,出現(xiàn)了很多新的結(jié)構(gòu)型式和功能形式。新型動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)也要求制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式和功能形式發(fā)生相應(yīng)的改變。
(1)供能裝置的發(fā)展
氣壓制動(dòng)是發(fā)展最早的一種動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。液壓制動(dòng)是目前得到廣泛應(yīng)用的一種制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟。目前正在發(fā)展的電液復(fù)合制動(dòng)以及電子制動(dòng)中使用了電機(jī)作為制動(dòng)能源,人力踩制動(dòng)踏板作為控制來(lái)源。
(2)控制裝置的發(fā)展
隨著清潔能源汽車(chē)和電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的研究應(yīng)用,以及電子技術(shù)在汽車(chē)上面的廣泛應(yīng)用,制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的控制裝置也出現(xiàn)了電子化的趨勢(shì),其中電制動(dòng)完全改變了制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的控制和管理,會(huì)使汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生革命性的變化,它采用電子控制,可以更加準(zhǔn)確、更高效率地實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)。
(3)傳動(dòng)裝置的發(fā)展
電子制動(dòng)是利用制動(dòng)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力直接作用到制動(dòng)器,它的控制信號(hào)來(lái)自控制單元,用信號(hào)線傳遞制動(dòng)信號(hào)和制動(dòng)力信息。
(4)制動(dòng)器的發(fā)展
目前汽車(chē)制動(dòng)器基本都是摩擦式制動(dòng)器,由于盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器熱和水穩(wěn)定性以及抗衰減性能較鼓式制動(dòng)器好,可靠性和安全性也好,而得到廣泛應(yīng)用。普遍應(yīng)用的液壓制動(dòng)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是非常成熟的技術(shù),隨著人們對(duì)制動(dòng)性能要求的提高,防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑轉(zhuǎn)控制系統(tǒng)、電子穩(wěn)定性控制程序、主動(dòng)避撞技術(shù)等功能逐漸融人到制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,需要在制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)上添加很多附加裝置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些功能,使得制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化,增加了液壓回路泄漏的可能以及裝配、維修的難度,制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)要求結(jié)構(gòu)更加簡(jiǎn)潔,功能更加全面和可靠,制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的管理也成為必須要面對(duì)的問(wèn)題,電子技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是大勢(shì)所趨。
3. 課題設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)的內(nèi)容
微型客車(chē)的基本參數(shù)為:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)選用JL462Q,最高車(chē)速為95km/h,最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑≤4.5m,乘員人數(shù)6-8人,檔位數(shù)4+1。
參照長(zhǎng)安牌SC6331A微型客車(chē)的整體布局參數(shù)(網(wǎng)上可以查到)、亞洲牌微型客車(chē)底盤(pán)實(shí)物(車(chē)輛實(shí)驗(yàn)室整車(chē)陳列室內(nèi))、長(zhǎng)劍牌微型轎車(chē)實(shí)物(車(chē)輛實(shí)驗(yàn)室整車(chē)拆裝室內(nèi))和有關(guān)的其他車(chē)型(查閱有關(guān)資料),完成微型客車(chē)的車(chē)架、制動(dòng)系設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)方法
(1)進(jìn)行制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的總成設(shè)計(jì)
1,制動(dòng)系的結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型及選擇
2,制動(dòng)系參數(shù)選擇及計(jì)算
3,駐車(chē)制動(dòng)和應(yīng)急制動(dòng)的計(jì)算
4,制動(dòng)器主要零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
5,制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇及計(jì)算
(2)進(jìn)行車(chē)架的總成設(shè)計(jì)
5. 實(shí)施計(jì)劃
(5-6周) 進(jìn)行調(diào)研,搜集,分析資料,完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
(6-7周) 全組集體討論,確定總體方案。每個(gè)學(xué)生確定自己的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與繪圖數(shù)量。
(8-9周) 整理本設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料,進(jìn)行必要的理論計(jì)算,擬說(shuō)明書(shū) 草稿,搜集相關(guān)外文資料并翻譯。
(10-11周) 完成總圖設(shè)計(jì)。
(12-13周) 完成零部件圖設(shè)計(jì),并完成機(jī)繪圖。
(14-15周) 按要求整理,編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
(16-17周) 審閱,評(píng)閱設(shè)計(jì)資料,答辯,評(píng)定成績(jī)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽字: 年 月 日
研究所(教研室)意見(jiàn)
研究所所長(zhǎng)(教研室主任)簽字: 年 月 日
車(chē)輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
實(shí)用微型客車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)—車(chē)架、制動(dòng)系設(shè)計(jì)
摘要
汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系是保證汽車(chē)及駕駛者生命安全的重要部分,制動(dòng)系是使行進(jìn)中的汽車(chē)減慢速度或者停止運(yùn)動(dòng)。
這次我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目是微型客車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)---車(chē)架和制動(dòng)系設(shè)計(jì)。在第二章我主要介紹了制動(dòng)系的概況和設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足的基本要求。第三章主要是制動(dòng)系的類(lèi)型及最后確定的方案,其中列出了幾種可供選擇的類(lèi)型并進(jìn)行了分析、比較最后確定的方案如下:行車(chē)制動(dòng)器:前盤(pán)后鼓,盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器為通風(fēng)型浮動(dòng)鉗盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器,鼓式制動(dòng)器為領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器。第四章主要介紹了制動(dòng)系主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇并進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算,是本設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)的核心部分,其中包括鼓式和盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇,例如:制動(dòng)鼓內(nèi)徑、摩擦襯片寬度和包角、摩擦襯片起始角、制動(dòng)盤(pán)直徑和厚度等,同時(shí)對(duì)制動(dòng)力和制動(dòng)力矩分配系數(shù)進(jìn)行了計(jì)算。第五章主要對(duì)駐車(chē)制動(dòng)和應(yīng)急制動(dòng)進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。第六章介紹的是制動(dòng)器主要零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),如制動(dòng)鼓、制動(dòng)蹄、制動(dòng)底板和制動(dòng)輪缸等。第七章包括制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇和計(jì)算,制動(dòng)管路的分路系統(tǒng)和液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算。第八章列出了車(chē)架的幾種類(lèi)型,分析比較之后,最后確定選用前窄后寬的邊梁式車(chē)架,并且在這一章中對(duì)車(chē)架的彎曲強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行了計(jì)算,對(duì)車(chē)架的剛度進(jìn)行了校核。通過(guò)這一系列的分析、計(jì)算、校核等,這套設(shè)計(jì)方案是可行的。 THE DESIGN OF PRARECTICAL MINIATURE
CAR’S —THE DESIGN OF FRAME AND BRAKE SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The brake system is an important part to keep safety for automobile, the purpose of the braking system is to slow down and stop the moving automobile.
My topic in this graduation design is the design of frame and the brake system.In second chapter we mainly introduced something about the brake system and some requests which the brake system should satisfied. The third chapter mainly introduced the type of the brake system and finally determined the plan, in this chapter we listed several kinds to choose, at last we determined the plan through analysis and compare with as follows: In traveling brake system, the former wheels are disc brake and the rear wheels are drum brake. The disc brake for ventilating fluctuation pliers disc brake, and the drum type brake for collar from foot brake. The fourth chapter mainly introduced the main design parameter’s choice and has carried on the simple computation, and this chapter is the most important part. Including drum type and disc brake main design parameter choice, For example: The brake drum inside diameter, the width, the angle and the outset angle, the diameter and thickness of the brake plate and so on, simultaneously have carried on the computation to the brake strength and the braking moment distribution coefficient. The fifth chapter mainly said the vehicle to brake on stopping and momentary through simple computation. The brake major parts structural design, like brake drum, brake shield plate or disc and brake wheel cylinder and so on were designed in the sixth chapter. Seventh chapter including applies the brake the driving mechanism choice and the computation, the brake line by-pass system and the hydraulic pressure driving mechanism design and the computation. Eighth chapter has listed the frame several kind of types, after the analysis comparison, after finally front determined selects the narrow width side beam plate frame, And has carried on the computation in this chapter to the frame bending strength, has carried on the examination to the frame rigidity. Through this a series of analysis, computation, examination and so on, this set of design proposal is feasible
KEY WORDS: brake system, drum brake, disk brake, frame
目 錄
第一章 前言…………………………………………………………......1
§1.1 汽車(chē)的誕生與世界汽車(chē)工業(yè)的發(fā)展……..…….……….…....1
§1.2 我國(guó)汽車(chē)工業(yè)的發(fā)展………….………….……………..…....2
第二章 制動(dòng)系概況………………………………………………..…....4
第三章 制動(dòng)系的結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型及選擇………………………………..…....6
§3.1 后輪鼓式制動(dòng)器的選擇…………………………………........6
§3.2 前輪盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的選擇…………………………………...….9
§3.3 盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及確定的方案………………………..10
第四章 制動(dòng)系參數(shù)選擇及計(jì)算…………………………………........11
§4.1 制動(dòng)器主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選擇………………………….….....11
§4.2 制動(dòng)力與制動(dòng)力矩分配系數(shù)………………………………..14
第五章 駐車(chē)制動(dòng)和應(yīng)急制動(dòng)計(jì)算…………………………………....18
§5.1 駐車(chē)制動(dòng)計(jì)算………………………………………………..18
§5.2 應(yīng)急制動(dòng)計(jì)算…………………………………………..…....19
第六章 制動(dòng)器主要零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)………………………………....20
第七章 制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇及計(jì)算………………………………....22
第八章 車(chē)架…………………………………………………………....26
第九章 總結(jié)……………………………………………………….…...33
參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………….….....34
致謝………………………………………………………………...…...35
III
Brake System Service and Maintenance
The types of trouble that may develop in drum-type hydraulic braking systems include the following.
(1) Brake pedal goes to floorboard. When this happens, it means that there is no pedal reserve, since full pedal movement does not provide adequate braking. This would be a very unlikely situation with a dual-brake system. One section might fail (front or rear) but it would be rare for both to fail at the same time. If this happens, chances are the driver has been driving for some time with one section out .
(2) One brake drags. This means that the brake shoes are not moving away from the brake drum when the brakes are released.
(3) All brake drag. When all brakes drag, it may be that the brake pedal does not have sufficient play, so that the piston in the master cylinder does not fully retract.
(4) Car pulls to one side. If the car pulls to one side when the brakes are applied, this means that more braking pressure is being applied to one side than to the other.
(5) Soft, or spongy, pedal. If the pedal action is soft, or spongy, the chances are that there I is air in the system, although out-of adjustment brake shoes could cause this.
(6) Poor braking action requiring excessive pedal pressure. If the brake lining is soaked with oil or brake fluid, they will not hold well, and excessive pedal pressure is required for braking action. Improper brake-shoe adjustment or the use of the wrong brake lining could cause the same trouble.
(7) Brakes too sensitive or grab. When the brakes are too sensitive and brake hard or grab with slight brake –pedal pressure, it may be that the linings have become greasy , that the brake shoes are out of adjustment , that the wrong lining is being used and that drums are scored or rough .
(8) Noisy brakes. Brakes will become noisy if the brake linings wear so much that rivets come into contact with the brake drum, if the shoes become warped so that pressure on the drum is not uniform ,if shoe rivets become loose so that they contact the drum , or if the drum becomes rough or worn .
(9)Air in system. If air gets into the hydraulic system, poor braking and a spongy pedal will result. It is possible accidentally to plug the vent (by wrench action ) when the filler plug is removed .
(10) Loss of brake fluid. Brake fluid can be lost if the master cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the line connections are loose, or if the line is damaged.
(11) Warning light comes on when braking (dual system). This is a signal that one of the two braking systems has failed. Both systems (rear and front) should be checked so that the trouble can be found and eliminated. It is dangerous to drive with this condition, even though braking can be achieved, because only half the wheels are being broken.
Many of the troubles on the disk in the disk type of brake system are similar to those that may be found in the drum type.
Whenever you encounter a complaint of faulty braking action, always try to analyze it and determine its cause. Sometimes, all that is necessary (in earlier drum-type brakes) is a minor brake with the self-adjuster; the brakes automatically adjust themselves to compensate for lining wear. Other brake services include addition of brake fluid, bleeding the hydraulic system to remove air, repair or replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of brake linings, and refinishing of brake drums.
Tire service and maintenance includes periodic inflation to make sure that the tire is kept at the proper pressure, periodic tire inspection so that small damages can be detected and repaired before they develop into major defects, and tire removal, repair, and replacement.
Incorrect tire inflation can cause many types of steering and braking difficulty. Low pressure will cause hard steering, front wheel shimmy, steering kickback, and tire squeal on turns. Uneven tire pressure will tend to make the car pull to one side. For these reason, it is very important to maintain proper pressure in the tires. There are a few points you should remember when inflating tires:
(1) Don’t inflate a tire when it is hot, as, for instance, after hard driving on the highway.
(2) Always replace the cap (where used) after checking air pressure or inflating a tire.
The removal and replacement of tires are not difficult on smaller vehicles, but on large, heavy-duty applications special tools are required to remove and handle them. Air must be released from the center of the rim. A tire tool or flat stock can be used to pry one part of the bead up over the rim flange (start near the valve stem). Care must be exercised to avoid damaging the tire bead or inner tube. After the bead is started over the rim flange with the tool, the remainder of the bead can be worked out over the flange with the hands. The other bead of the tire is removed from over the same side of the rim flange in a similar manner.
In tire shops where many tires are being changed daily, special tire-changing machines are used. In these, the wheel is put into place and air pressure is used to force the tire bead away from the rim. This machine will remove a tire from a wheel rim in a few seconds. Further, it can be used to quickly install a tire on the rim.
The following cautions should be carefully observed in tire service and maintenance work:
(1) On tubeless tires, do not use tire irons to force the beads away from the rim flanges; this could damage the rim seals on the beads and cause an air leak. Instead, use a bead breaker tool.
(2) If a tire has been deflated, never inflate it while the car weight is on the tire. Always jack up the car before inflating the tire so that the tube can distribute itself around the tire evenly. If this is not done, some parts of the tube will be stretched more than other parts, and this puts a strain on the tube that might cause it to blow out.
A number of repairs can be made on tires and tubes, ranging from the patching of nail holes, punctures, or cuts to vulcanizing new tread material to the tire casing. This latter operation is known as recapping, since a new cap, or tread, is placed on the tire. Repair procedures vary according to whether the tire is or is not of the tubeless type.
With the tube type, puncture repair requires removal of the tire so that the puncture in the tube can be attached. This is done with a special kit. Patches require curing, or vulcanizing, at a temperature of around 150℃.
Tubeless-tire punctures can usually be repaired without taking the tire off the rim. One method uses a rubber plug, which is inserted, into the puncture hole along with special cement. After the cement dries and the plug is trimmed flush with the tread, the repair is complete.
Applying a patch on the inside can repair larger holes and cuts in tires. In addition, when treads have worn down, new treads can be vulcanized onto the casing provided the casing is in good condition.
Tires have two functions. First, they interpose a cushion between the road and the car wheels to absorb shocks resulting from irregularities in the road. The tires flex, or give, as bumps are encountered, thus reducing the shock effect to the passengers in the car. Second, the tires provide frictional contact between the wheels and the road so that good traction is secured. This permits the transmitting of power through the tires to the road for rapid accelerating, combats the tendency of the car to skid on turns, and allows quick stops when the brakes are applied.
Tires are of two basic types, solid and pneumatic (air filled). Solid tires have very limited usage, being confined largely to specialized industrial applications. Pneumatic tires are of two types, those using an inner tube and the tubeless type. The amount of air pressure used depends on the type of tire and operation. Passenger-car tires are inflated to about 275 to 413 KPa. Air is introduced into the tire (or inner tube) through a valve that opens when the chuck on the air hoses if applied. On the tire with an inner tube, the valve is mounted on the tube. On the tubeless tire, the valve is mounted on the wheel rim.
外文資料翻譯
翻 譯
Fig.3.5 裝備有獨(dú)立懸掛時(shí),當(dāng)車(chē)輪行駛在顛簸道路作上下的反復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),可以使軌跡改變,是輪胎在微小的α角度范圍內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。尤其是顛簸發(fā)生在一側(cè)時(shí)可以影響側(cè)向力、方向的穩(wěn)定性和滾動(dòng)阻力。
Fig.3.6 對(duì)路面的側(cè)向力Fy.w是由于軌跡的改變而產(chǎn)生的。圖中所示的是型號(hào)為175/65R 14 82 H的輪胎在充氣至1.9巴、負(fù)荷為380千克及時(shí)速80km時(shí)輪距的變化與橫向力的關(guān)系。
Fig.3.7 由畫(huà)出的輪胎軌跡的改變和外連接桿的軌跡在雙叉骨懸掛上的U點(diǎn)交匯可以進(jìn)行計(jì)算,如Fig.3.8中的圖形所示。
Fig.3.8 為方便計(jì)算出軌跡的改變的圖形可以用于雙叉骨懸掛和縱連接軸系統(tǒng)。
正如水平線先前表明的那樣,在圖中沿著C、D點(diǎn)周?chē)幕≈钡筋嶔さ淖罡唿c(diǎn)W上下行程為S1和S2。然后用鉛筆一步步記錄下點(diǎn)W、U的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡。由這種方法而畫(huà)出的連接各點(diǎn)的線可以顯示軌跡的改變和連接桿的運(yùn)動(dòng),但沒(méi)有考慮懸掛控制臂所產(chǎn)生的彈力。(參見(jiàn)Fig.3.18)
若是在縱向臂狀控制軸情況下,必須在D點(diǎn)的下端畫(huà)一個(gè)弧,同時(shí)必須在旋轉(zhuǎn)的懸掛控制臂狀軸上畫(huà)一條過(guò)點(diǎn)1的垂線。同時(shí),一個(gè)如Fig.3.8中的模形沿著弧和垂線運(yùn)動(dòng)以決定輪距的變化。
麥克佛森支撐桿在輪槽里有個(gè)最高點(diǎn)E(Fig1.7),當(dāng)車(chē)輪行駛在顛簸道路上時(shí)較低的圓形連接點(diǎn)2 到C點(diǎn)的距離變短,當(dāng)輪胎反彈時(shí)則變長(zhǎng)。這個(gè)模型必須考慮像這種長(zhǎng)度的變化,它在支撐減震器中線EE方向上有個(gè)槽。經(jīng)常且必須出現(xiàn)在模型中的點(diǎn)2在D點(diǎn)周?chē)幕∩线\(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)開(kāi)口向上越過(guò)點(diǎn)C。應(yīng)該在畫(huà)板上做個(gè)小標(biāo)記。
若在P點(diǎn)周?chē)?huà)弧,那么雙重連接擺動(dòng)軸軌跡的改變可以容易的畫(huà)出。Figure 3.12同時(shí)說(shuō)明了這個(gè)和降低車(chē)尾的好處。例如,完成一較小的弧度角和較高的側(cè)面弧形力。
在全獨(dú)立懸掛情況下,P的位置決定了輪距的瞬間改變量±⊿b。如果P處在水平面上,當(dāng)雙叉骨懸掛的懸掛控制臂的長(zhǎng)度固定不變使`該點(diǎn)在車(chē)輪受擠壓或反彈時(shí)從一邊到另一邊作水平運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)(Fig.3.13),輪距的改變可以完全得到避免。這可以用計(jì)算、畫(huà)圖或者考慮任何彈力的模型來(lái)表明車(chē)輪運(yùn)動(dòng)距離s=±70mm之間(Fig.3.18)。
Fig.3.9確定縱向連接軸軌跡的改變和外連接桿交匯于U的軌跡在Fig.3.8中表示。對(duì)于此懸掛系統(tǒng)的說(shuō)明參見(jiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)[2]中的Fig3.32、3.157 和9.4 Fig.3.10用畫(huà)圖的方法計(jì)算麥克佛森減震器輪距的改變,減振器中心線E方向必須有個(gè)槽。
在研究?jī)奢喴惠S的汽車(chē)時(shí),輪距的改變量可以看作一個(gè)由兩平行車(chē)輪單側(cè)改變時(shí)引起車(chē)輪往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離的方程。車(chē)輪的平行運(yùn)行是必要的,因?yàn)樵谲?chē)輪顛簸在最高點(diǎn)或最低點(diǎn)時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的微小改變會(huì)使測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)失真。
用圖形表示,車(chē)輪的改變應(yīng)標(biāo)在y軸上,
Fig.3.11 Fig.3.10顯示的是麥克佛森支撐桿減震器的單輪軌跡改變和U 點(diǎn)的變化。C點(diǎn)是麥克佛森支撐桿上部的槽的中心;這個(gè)點(diǎn)在Figs 1.8和 3.139中被標(biāo)為E。
Fig.3.12降低懸掛的控制臂支點(diǎn)P可以減少雙擺動(dòng)軸軌跡的改變,使車(chē)身的重心從RO1降到RO2且需要一個(gè)更寬的輪距。若車(chē)上有兩名乘客時(shí),輪胎上會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)曲面效應(yīng),盡管這樣做的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是吸收更多的側(cè)面力,但缺點(diǎn)是不利于減少顛簸。
Fig.3.13 要使輪距不改變就要求車(chē)的滾動(dòng)中心位于水平面上。同時(shí)還會(huì)取得較好的運(yùn)動(dòng)性能。
要與軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向一致,即上彈為正下彈為負(fù)。原點(diǎn)應(yīng)與設(shè)計(jì)重量一致,換句話說(shuō)有兩個(gè)或三個(gè)體重68千克的人的重量??哲?chē)是不符合實(shí)際的。
兩個(gè)輪子軌跡的改變量⊿b標(biāo)在x軸,向右表示增加,向左表示減少。需要指出的是目前軌跡處在原點(diǎn)位置。輪距在滿(mǎn)載或空車(chē)時(shí)的改變量⊿b可以由彈簧的彈性來(lái)界定。彈簧在彈性范圍內(nèi)從原點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離⊿S1,從而得出一個(gè)⊿b關(guān)于⊿s的方程的曲線。
圖5.9中顯示的是一輛前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車(chē)的前輪彈簧的情況,用115毫米減掉80毫米就得到了反彈距離,到原點(diǎn)的距離⊿s=35mm。汽車(chē)在允許的負(fù)重范圍內(nèi),在顛簸路況行駛距離為⊿s1=92-50=42毫米。路線被顯示在Fig.3.14中;⊿s1減⊿b1=+4mm, ⊿s2-⊿b2=-8mm.在規(guī)定重量下的軌跡為:bf=1286mm.
Fig.3.14獨(dú)立懸掛系統(tǒng)中的輪距b取決于負(fù)荷。
圖3.7、3.15 和3.18 顯示的是雙叉骨懸掛系統(tǒng)和麥克佛森支撐桿系統(tǒng)輪距的改變,圖中顯而易見(jiàn)的是較低的改變值。正如在3.4.1章細(xì)節(jié)描述的那樣,曲線的形狀取決于重心的高低。在三座位的車(chē)型中,Rof在地面以上,當(dāng)滿(mǎn)載時(shí)會(huì)靈敏的下降。
若汽車(chē)制造商設(shè)計(jì)較低的重心作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么重心隨后再下降則會(huì)走向反面。Rof在地面以下時(shí),方向的穩(wěn)定性會(huì)受損,尤其是寬輪胎時(shí)。
在雙叉骨懸掛系統(tǒng)中,彈簧位于控制臂的上方或下方,無(wú)論哪種情況,猛然一下的提升會(huì)使輪距變化曲線發(fā)生輕微變動(dòng)。同時(shí)引起重心的輕微變化(Fig3.18)。曲線的形狀取決于裝有彈簧的汽車(chē)上的測(cè)量量。在任何情況下曲線的變化表明了正確的高度。
典型的后輪懸掛輪距的變化……..
Fig.3.15 奧迪A6、歐寶阿斯特拉、和本田雅閣的前輪距的變化曲線。其中本田是唯一裝備雙叉骨懸掛的乘用車(chē);行使方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)顯而易見(jiàn)。
汽車(chē)重心高見(jiàn)下表,單位是mm
制動(dòng)系的保養(yǎng)和維修
鼓式液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)所發(fā)生的故障有以下幾種類(lèi)型:
(1)制動(dòng)踏板移至汽車(chē)底板:發(fā)生這種情況時(shí),由于整個(gè)踏板位移,不能提供滿(mǎn)意的制動(dòng),意味著沒(méi)有踏板行程余量。這對(duì)于裝有雙管路的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),是極不可能發(fā)生的事,(前部或后部的)一套管路可能損壞,但兩套管路同時(shí)損壞是極少見(jiàn)的。如果發(fā)生這種情況,駕駛員很可能在一套管路失靈的情況下已經(jīng)行駛了一段時(shí)間。
(2)一邊制動(dòng)器咬死:這意味著解除制動(dòng)時(shí),制動(dòng)蹄片不能從制動(dòng)鼓上分開(kāi)。
(3)全部制動(dòng)器咬死:如果所有的制動(dòng)器都咬死,可能是由于踏板未能充分地起作用,致使制動(dòng)總泵中的活塞不能完全返回。
(4)汽車(chē)跑偏:如果制動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)生汽車(chē)跑偏,即意味著提供的制動(dòng)力一邊比另一邊要大。
(5)制動(dòng)踏板發(fā)軟或如踏在海綿上:如果踩踏板時(shí),感覺(jué)發(fā)軟或像踏在海綿上,可能是系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)了空氣。不過(guò),調(diào)整不當(dāng)?shù)闹苿?dòng)蹄片也會(huì)發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象。
(6)制動(dòng)作用不佳,需加大踏板壓力:如果制動(dòng)襯片被油或制動(dòng)液浸漬,就會(huì)失去作用。調(diào)整不當(dāng)?shù)闹苿?dòng)襯片或是使用的制動(dòng)襯片有毛病均會(huì)引起同樣的問(wèn)題。
(7)制動(dòng)器反應(yīng)過(guò)于靈敏或猛烈:制動(dòng)器過(guò)于靈敏,或輕輕踏下制動(dòng)踏板,即猛然剎車(chē),可能是襯片被油浸漬、制動(dòng)片脫出、使用的是有毛病的襯片、以及制動(dòng)鼓工作面擦傷或凹凸不平所至。
(8)制動(dòng)噪音:制動(dòng)器襯片磨損嚴(yán)重,致使鉚釘直接與制動(dòng)鼓接觸;制動(dòng)蹄翹曲,使其直接觸及制動(dòng)鼓上的壓力不均;制動(dòng)蹄上的鉚釘松動(dòng),使其直接觸及制動(dòng)鼓;制動(dòng)鼓凹凸不平或磨損;這些情況都會(huì)使制動(dòng)器產(chǎn)生噪音。
(9)空氣進(jìn)入系統(tǒng):如果空氣進(jìn)入系統(tǒng),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)不良和踩下踏板不能產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力。也可能是拆卸加注口螺栓時(shí),(用扳手不當(dāng))偶然堵住排氣口所至。
(10)制動(dòng)液流失:如果制動(dòng)總泵滲漏,連接管松動(dòng)或破損,均會(huì)使制動(dòng)液流失。
(11)制動(dòng)時(shí)(雙管路系統(tǒng))警示燈亮:這是兩路制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)之一發(fā)生故障的信號(hào),檢查(前后)兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)以便發(fā)現(xiàn)并排除故障。帶著這類(lèi)故障行車(chē)是非常危險(xiǎn)的,即使還可實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng),也僅僅是因?yàn)榘霐?shù)車(chē)輪還能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)制動(dòng)。
在盤(pán)式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中制動(dòng)盤(pán)與鼓式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)所發(fā)生的大部分故障相類(lèi)似。
無(wú)論何時(shí)制動(dòng)出故障,總要盡力去分析并確定其原因。有時(shí),所要做的僅僅是對(duì)制動(dòng)器稍做調(diào)整,以減少襯片磨損。目前帶有自動(dòng)調(diào)校裝置的制動(dòng)器,可自動(dòng)調(diào)整以減少襯片的磨損。制動(dòng)器的其它維修工作還包括:添加制動(dòng)液,排出液壓系統(tǒng)的空氣,修理或更換制動(dòng)總泵和分泵,更換制動(dòng)襯片和整修制動(dòng)鼓工作表面。
輪胎的維修包括定期充氣,保證輪胎氣壓正常;定期檢查輪胎可以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和修理較小的損壞,以免發(fā)展為大故障。維修還包括拆卸、修理和更換輪胎。
不適當(dāng)?shù)妮喬コ錃鈺?huì)引起多種類(lèi)型的轉(zhuǎn)向和制動(dòng)障礙。壓力低會(huì)使轉(zhuǎn)向沉重,前輪擺振,轉(zhuǎn)向回跳以及轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)輪胎發(fā)出噪音;各輪胎壓力不均勻?qū)⒃黾悠?chē)跑偏的傾向。由于這些原因,保持輪胎的正常氣壓是非常重要的。在給輪胎充氣時(shí),應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)輪胎在熱狀態(tài)下時(shí)不要充氣。例如,在高速公路上長(zhǎng)途行駛之后。
(2)檢查氣壓或充氣后,應(yīng)該把輪胎氣門(mén)蓋放回原處。
在小型車(chē)輛上更換和拆卸輪胎并不困難。但是在重型車(chē)輛上,需使用專(zhuān)門(mén)的工具進(jìn)行拆卸和操作。開(kāi)始拆卸輪胎時(shí),首先應(yīng)從內(nèi)胎中排除空氣,輪胎的輪緣一側(cè)應(yīng)推向輪輞的中心,可用輪胎工具或扁平的翹棒把輪緣的一端從輪輞輞圈上翹起。要當(dāng)心不要損壞輪胎輪緣或內(nèi)胎。當(dāng)用工具使輪緣從輪輞輞圈中脫出后,輪緣的剩余部分可用手將其扒過(guò)輞圈。再用類(lèi)似的方法拆卸另一邊的輪緣。
輪胎商店每天都更換很多輪胎,所使用的是專(zhuān)門(mén)的輪胎更換設(shè)備。使用這種設(shè)備時(shí),只要把輪胎安裝到位,氣壓裝置就把輪緣從輞圈中壓出,這種裝置在幾秒鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)即可將輪胎從輞圈中拆下來(lái)。此外,還可以很快地把輪胎裝入輞圈內(nèi)。維修輪胎時(shí),應(yīng)該認(rèn)真遵守下列注意事項(xiàng):
(1)維修無(wú)內(nèi)胎輪胎時(shí),不能使用撬棒強(qiáng)行把輪緣從輪輞上拆卸下來(lái)。這樣容易損壞輪緣上的輪輞止口,并造成空氣泄漏。應(yīng)該使用專(zhuān)門(mén)工具。
(2)如果輪胎已經(jīng)沒(méi)氣了,不要在汽車(chē)負(fù)載時(shí)給輪胎充氣。在充氣前,通常應(yīng)該用千斤頂頂起汽車(chē),使內(nèi)胎能夠均勻地沿著輪胎的每一處擴(kuò)充起來(lái)。如果不這樣做,內(nèi)胎的某一部分就比其它部分膨脹的更多,這一部分內(nèi)胎可能就會(huì)因拉的過(guò)緊而引起爆裂。
輪胎和內(nèi)胎的維修范圍為修補(bǔ)釘子劃破的口子、破洞、或切口,以及用新的胎冠材料熱補(bǔ)外胎。后者就是大家都知道的輪胎翻新,因?yàn)槭窃谳喬ド霞恿艘粚犹ゼy。維修過(guò)程要依據(jù)是無(wú)內(nèi)胎輪胎,還是有內(nèi)胎輪胎而定。
修補(bǔ)內(nèi)胎的破口,需拆下輪胎,粘補(bǔ)內(nèi)胎破口。需用專(zhuān)門(mén)工具。硫化或熱補(bǔ)的溫度大約為150℃。
通常修補(bǔ)無(wú)內(nèi)胎輪胎的破口時(shí),無(wú)需將輪胎從輪輞上取下。一種方法是橡皮塞修整的與胎冠一樣高,修理工作就完成了。較大的輪胎破口和切口可用補(bǔ)胎片在內(nèi)側(cè)進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)。另外,輪胎磨損后,可在外胎上熱補(bǔ)新的胎面,使外胎翻舊如新。
輪胎有兩種功能。首先,輪胎吸收路面的沖擊。輪胎具有可彎性,也就是彈性。在遇到顛簸路面時(shí),可以減少對(duì)車(chē)上乘員的沖擊。其次,輪胎提供了車(chē)輪與路面的摩擦接觸,保證汽車(chē)穩(wěn)定行駛。輪胎的這些功能可以使汽車(chē)在突然加速時(shí)傳遞驅(qū)動(dòng)力,在汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)避免打滑,在汽車(chē)剎車(chē)時(shí)快速停車(chē)。
輪胎有兩種基本形式,實(shí)心輪胎和充氣輪胎。實(shí)心輪胎的使用范圍極為有限,僅在某些特定的工業(yè)方面應(yīng)用。充氣輪胎又分為有內(nèi)胎式和無(wú)內(nèi)胎式兩種。輪胎的充氣量取決于輪胎的種類(lèi)和用途。載人轎車(chē)的輪胎充氣量為275千帕到413千帕。把導(dǎo)入空氣的橡膠軟管夾在氣門(mén)上,空氣就被打入輪胎(或內(nèi)胎)。
有內(nèi)胎式輪胎氣門(mén)是直接做在內(nèi)胎上的,無(wú)內(nèi)胎式輪胎的氣門(mén)安裝在輪轂上。
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