基于步進(jìn)電機(jī)的三自由度機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)【直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人型-單片機(jī)】【6張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】
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機(jī)器人
首先我介紹一下機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它應(yīng)該說(shuō)是一個(gè)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展共同的一個(gè)綜合性的結(jié)果，同時(shí)，為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)重大影響的一門(mén)科學(xué)技術(shù)，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國(guó)加強(qiáng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的投入，就加強(qiáng)了本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結(jié)果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們?cè)诓粩嗵接懽匀贿^(guò)程中，在認(rèn)識(shí)和改造自然過(guò)程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫?fù)雜和繁重的體力勞動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)不可達(dá)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)和改造，這也是人們?cè)诳萍及l(fā)展過(guò)程中的一個(gè)客觀需要。
機(jī)器人有三個(gè)發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說(shuō)，我們習(xí)慣于把機(jī)器人分成三類，一種是第一代機(jī)器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機(jī)器人，它是通過(guò)一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)，來(lái)控制一個(gè)多自由度的一個(gè)機(jī)械，通過(guò)示教存儲(chǔ)程序和信息，工作時(shí)把信息讀取出來(lái)，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機(jī)器人可以重復(fù)的根據(jù)人當(dāng)時(shí)示教的結(jié)果，再現(xiàn)出這種動(dòng)作，比方說(shuō)汽車(chē)的點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人，它只要把這個(gè)點(diǎn)焊的過(guò)程示教完以后，它總是重復(fù)這樣一種工作，它對(duì)于外界的環(huán)境沒(méi)有感知，這個(gè)力操作力的大小，這個(gè)工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實(shí)際上這種從第一代機(jī)器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀(jì)70年代后期，人們開(kāi)始研究第二代機(jī)器人，叫帶感覺(jué)的機(jī)器人，這種帶感覺(jué)的機(jī)器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺(jué)，比如說(shuō)力覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、滑覺(jué)、視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)和人進(jìn)行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺(jué)，比方說(shuō)在機(jī)器人抓一個(gè)物體的時(shí)候，它實(shí)際上力的大小能感覺(jué)出來(lái)，它能夠通過(guò)視覺(jué)，能夠去感受和識(shí)別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個(gè)雞蛋，它能通過(guò)一個(gè)觸覺(jué)，知道它的力的大小和滑動(dòng)的情況。第三代機(jī)器人，也是我們機(jī)器人學(xué)中一個(gè)理想的所追求的最高級(jí)的階段，叫智能機(jī)器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運(yùn)動(dòng)，感知思維和人機(jī)通訊的這種功能和機(jī)能，那么這個(gè)目前的發(fā)展還是相對(duì)的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機(jī)器人實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來(lái)越豐富，它內(nèi)涵越來(lái)越寬。
下面我簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下我國(guó)機(jī)器人發(fā)展的基本概況。由于我們國(guó)家存在很多其他的各種因素、問(wèn)題。我們國(guó)家在機(jī)器人方面的研究是在20世紀(jì)70年代后期，當(dāng)時(shí)我們?cè)趪?guó)家北京舉辦一個(gè)日本的工業(yè)自動(dòng)化產(chǎn)品展覽會(huì)，在這個(gè)會(huì)上有兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品，一個(gè)是數(shù)控機(jī)床，一個(gè)是工業(yè)機(jī)器人，這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們國(guó)家的許多學(xué)者，看到了這樣一個(gè)方向，開(kāi)始進(jìn)行了機(jī)器人的研究，但是這時(shí)候研究，基本上還局限于理論的探討階段，那么真正進(jìn)行機(jī)器人研究的時(shí)候，是在七五、八五、九五、十五將近這二十年的發(fā)展，發(fā)展最迅速的時(shí)候，是在1986年我們國(guó)家成立了863計(jì)劃是高技術(shù)發(fā)展計(jì)劃，就將機(jī)器人技術(shù)作為一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展的主題，國(guó)家投入將近幾個(gè)億的資金開(kāi)始進(jìn)行了機(jī)器人研究，使得我們國(guó)家在機(jī)器人這一領(lǐng)域得到很快地、迅速地發(fā)展。
目前主要單位像中科院沈陽(yáng)自動(dòng)化所，原機(jī)械部的北京自動(dòng)化所，像哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)，北京航空航天大學(xué)，清華大學(xué)，還包括中科院北京自動(dòng)化所等等的一些單位都做了非常重要的研究工作，也取得了很多的成果，而且目前這幾年來(lái)看，我們國(guó)家在高校里邊，有很多單位從事機(jī)器人研究，很多研究生和博士生都在從事機(jī)器人方面的研究，目前我們國(guó)家比較有代表性的研究，有工業(yè)機(jī)器人，水下機(jī)器人，空間機(jī)器人，核工業(yè)的機(jī)器人，都在國(guó)際上應(yīng)該處于領(lǐng)先水平，總體上我們國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，還存在很大的差距，主要表現(xiàn)在，我們國(guó)家在機(jī)器人的產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面，目前還沒(méi)有固定的成熟的產(chǎn)品，但是在上述這些水下、空間、核工業(yè)，一些特殊機(jī)器人方面，我們?nèi)〉昧撕芏嘤刑厣难芯砍删汀?
下邊我簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機(jī)器人是最成熟，應(yīng)用最廣泛的一類機(jī)器人，世界總量目前已經(jīng)銷(xiāo)售110萬(wàn)臺(tái)，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計(jì)，但這110萬(wàn)臺(tái)在已經(jīng)進(jìn)行裝備使用的是75萬(wàn)臺(tái)，這個(gè)量也是不小的。總體情況看，日本在工業(yè)機(jī)器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機(jī)器人的王國(guó)，美國(guó)發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺(tái)數(shù)方面，已經(jīng)超過(guò)了日本，中國(guó)剛開(kāi)始進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化的階段，已經(jīng)研制出多種工業(yè)機(jī)器人樣機(jī)，已有小批量在生產(chǎn)中使用。
點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人主要是針對(duì)汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)線，提高生產(chǎn)效率，提高汽車(chē)焊接的質(zhì)量，降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的一種機(jī)器人。它的特點(diǎn)是通過(guò)機(jī)器人對(duì)兩個(gè)鋼板進(jìn)行點(diǎn)焊的時(shí)候，需要承載一個(gè)很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以它一般來(lái)說(shuō)有五到六個(gè)自由度，負(fù)載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個(gè)球形的工作空間，運(yùn)動(dòng)速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說(shuō)，是相對(duì)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件的個(gè)數(shù)，就相當(dāng)于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來(lái)，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個(gè)自由度，同時(shí)腕部還有一個(gè)調(diào)整姿態(tài)來(lái)使用的三個(gè)自由度，所以一般的機(jī)器人有六個(gè)自由度，就能把空間的三個(gè)位置，三個(gè)姿態(tài)，機(jī)器人完全實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)然也有小于六個(gè)自由度的，也有多于六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人，只是在不同的需要場(chǎng)合來(lái)配置。
第二類是服務(wù)機(jī)器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來(lái)，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷拓寬，目前一個(gè)很重要的特征，大家都知道，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了非制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車(chē)制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務(wù)行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護(hù)、搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機(jī)器人相比，它有一個(gè)很重要的不同，它主要是一個(gè)移動(dòng)平臺(tái)，它能夠移動(dòng)、去運(yùn)動(dòng)，上面有一些手臂進(jìn)行操作，同時(shí)還裝有一些像力覺(jué)傳感器和視覺(jué)傳感器、超聲測(cè)距傳感器等等。它對(duì)周邊的環(huán)境進(jìn)行識(shí)別，來(lái)判斷它的運(yùn)動(dòng)，完成某種工作，這是服務(wù)機(jī)器人的基本的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。
例如，家務(wù)機(jī)器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對(duì)地毯和地板定期的它能夠進(jìn)行清掃和吸塵，它這個(gè)機(jī)器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識(shí)別出來(lái)，它自動(dòng)的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務(wù)中一些機(jī)器人的表現(xiàn)。
那么醫(yī)療機(jī)器人，是近五年來(lái)發(fā)展比較迅速的一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。如果人手術(shù)的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生來(lái)手術(shù)，一個(gè)是疲勞，另一個(gè)人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國(guó)一些大學(xué)里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤(pán)突出這種病，進(jìn)行識(shí)別以后，能夠自動(dòng)地用機(jī)器人來(lái)輔助進(jìn)行定位，進(jìn)行操作和手術(shù)。像美國(guó)已經(jīng)有一千多例機(jī)器人對(duì)人眼球進(jìn)行手術(shù)，這樣的機(jī)器人，還包括通過(guò)遙控操作的辦法，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)人的胃腸這種手術(shù)，大家在電視里邊看到，一個(gè)機(jī)械手，大概有手指這樣粗細(xì)的一個(gè)機(jī)械手，通過(guò)插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個(gè)機(jī)器手，同時(shí)對(duì)它用激光的方法對(duì)病灶進(jìn)行激光的治療，這樣的話，人就不用很大幅度地破壞人的身體，這實(shí)際對(duì)人的一種解放，是非常好一種機(jī)器人，醫(yī)療機(jī)器人它也很復(fù)雜，一方面它完全自動(dòng)去完成各種工作，是有困難的，一般來(lái)說(shuō)都是人來(lái)參與，這是美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)的一個(gè)林白手術(shù)這樣一個(gè)例子，人通過(guò)在屏幕上，通過(guò)一個(gè)遙控操作手來(lái)控制另一個(gè)機(jī)械手，實(shí)現(xiàn)通過(guò)對(duì)人的腹腔進(jìn)行手術(shù)，前幾年我們國(guó)家展覽會(huì)上，美國(guó)已經(jīng)成功的實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)人的心臟瓣膜的手術(shù)和搭橋手術(shù)，這已經(jīng)在機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域中，引起了很大的轟動(dòng)，還包括，AESOP的這種外科手術(shù)機(jī)器人，它實(shí)際上通過(guò)一些儀器能夠?qū)θ说囊恍┎∽冞M(jìn)行檢查，通過(guò)一個(gè)機(jī)械手就能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)人的某些部位進(jìn)行手術(shù)，還包括遙操作機(jī)械手，以及多個(gè)醫(yī)生可以在機(jī)器人共同參與下進(jìn)行手術(shù)，包括機(jī)器人給大夫醫(yī)生拿鉗子、鑷子或刀子來(lái)代替護(hù)士的工作，同時(shí)把照明能夠自動(dòng)的給醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作聯(lián)系起來(lái)，醫(yī)生的手到哪兒，照明就去哪兒，這樣非常好的，一個(gè)醫(yī)生的助手。
我們國(guó)家的這個(gè)方面也不甘落后，應(yīng)該說(shuō)繼美國(guó)、俄國(guó)和法國(guó)之后，我們國(guó)家這個(gè)方面，也是走向了國(guó)際的前列，這是中科院沈陽(yáng)自動(dòng)化所開(kāi)發(fā)和研制成功，水下六千米無(wú)纜自治水下機(jī)器人，那么這個(gè)機(jī)器人到水下六千米，能夠無(wú)纜進(jìn)行作業(yè)，這是剛被獲得2000年我們國(guó)家十大科技成果之一，這個(gè)標(biāo)志著我們國(guó)家在水下機(jī)器人這塊，已經(jīng)達(dá)到了國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平，目前我們?cè)?63計(jì)劃，在開(kāi)發(fā)水下七千米的有載人潛器來(lái)對(duì)海洋進(jìn)一步的開(kāi)發(fā)和作業(yè)，這也是投了很大的財(cái)力和物力。
我們?cè)诳臻g機(jī)器人研究這塊也有很大的發(fā)展。包括像歐洲十六國(guó)在聯(lián)合空間計(jì)劃，面向未來(lái)太空的這種太空艙這樣一個(gè)整個(gè)計(jì)劃，其中有一點(diǎn)就是空間機(jī)器人，它的主要意義在于開(kāi)發(fā)宇宙，造福人類，創(chuàng)造人類新的家園，它主要的功能是在于科學(xué)考察，像空間生產(chǎn)和科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，衛(wèi)星和航天器的維修和修理，以及空間建筑的裝配，這幾個(gè)應(yīng)用，確實(shí)是必要的，比方說(shuō)科學(xué)考察，如果對(duì)像地面的模擬一些物理和化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，不一定非得人在太空艙里邊，因?yàn)槿嗽谔张摾锷嬉惶斓馁M(fèi)用，將近是一百萬(wàn)美金，而且也很危險(xiǎn)，那么其實(shí)有些動(dòng)作是很簡(jiǎn)單的，人通過(guò)在地面上，通過(guò)衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行控制機(jī)器人，再定期的完成某種預(yù)定的動(dòng)作，實(shí)際是很簡(jiǎn)單的，還有包括像太空艙進(jìn)行控制一些實(shí)驗(yàn)，一些開(kāi)關(guān)、按鈕、法蘭簡(jiǎn)單的維修維護(hù)，都可以用機(jī)器人來(lái)完成，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器人有太陽(yáng)能電池的話，那么機(jī)器人就能夠生存，就能工作，通過(guò)上次我們剛才介紹機(jī)器人發(fā)展的應(yīng)用，在不同領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，也確實(shí)看到了機(jī)器人在工業(yè)、醫(yī)療、水下、空間、采掘、建筑、服務(wù)、娛樂(lè)、軍事方面的應(yīng)用，也的的確確看到，是由于應(yīng)用帶動(dòng)了關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的發(fā)展，沒(méi)有需求，機(jī)器人就不能發(fā)展，正是因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)谡J(rèn)識(shí)自然改造自然過(guò)程中，需要各種各樣的機(jī)器人，所以才促進(jìn)了這項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了機(jī)器人本身問(wèn)題的發(fā)展，從另一個(gè)方面，由于關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的解決，以及應(yīng)用的需求，就促進(jìn)了機(jī)器人學(xué)本身的一個(gè)主題的發(fā)展，智能化，由原來(lái)的示教再現(xiàn)，發(fā)展成目前局部感知功能的第二代機(jī)器人，最終的目標(biāo)，是不斷地隨著其它學(xué)科和先進(jìn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使機(jī)器人內(nèi)涵不斷豐富，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)智能機(jī)器人這樣一個(gè)主流。
機(jī)器人是人類的得力助手，能友好相處的可靠朋友，將來(lái)我們會(huì)看到人和機(jī)器人會(huì)存在一個(gè)空間里邊，成為一個(gè)互相的助手和朋友。機(jī)器人會(huì)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生飯碗的問(wèn)題。我們相信不會(huì)出現(xiàn)“機(jī)器人上崗，工人下崗”的局面，因?yàn)槿藗冸S著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，實(shí)際上把人們從繁重的體力和危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中解放出來(lái)，使人們有更好的崗位去工作，去創(chuàng)造更好的精神財(cái)富和文化財(cái)富。
Robots
First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.
Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.
Now I have a brief account of China's robot development of the basic profiles. As our country there are many other factors that problem. Our country in robotics research of the 20th century the late 1970s. At that time, we organized at the national, a Japanese industrial automation products exhibition. In this meeting, there are two products, is a CNC machine tools, an industrial robot, this time, our country's many scholars see such a direction, has begun to make a robot research But this time, are basically confined to the theory of phase .Then the real robot research, in 7500 August 5, 1995, 15 nearly 20 years of development, The most rapid development, in 1986 we established a national plan of 863 high-technology development plan, As robot technology will be an important theme of the development of The state has invested nearly Jiganyi funds begun to make a robot, We made the robot in the field quickly and rapid development.
At present, units like the CAS ShenYng Institute of Automation, the original machinery, automation of the Ministry, as of Harbin Industrial University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Qinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also includes automation of some units, and so on have done a very important study, also made a lot of achievements Meanwhile, in recent years, we end up in college, a lot of flats in robot research, Many graduate students and doctoral candidates are engaged in robotics research, we are more representative national study Industrial robots, underwater robots, space robots, robots in the nuclear industry are on the international level should be taking the lead .On the whole of our country Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, primarily manifested in the We in the robot industry, at present there is no fixed maturity product, but in these underwater, space, the nuclear industry, a number of special robots, we have made a lot of achievements characteristics.
Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.
Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.
The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.
For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.
The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.
In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.
We regard this country excel, it should be said that the United States, Russia and France, in our nation, also to the international forefront, which is the CAS ShenYang Institute of Automation of developing successful, 6,000 meters underwater without cable autonomous underwater robot, the robot to 6,000 meters underwater, can be conducted without cable operations. His is 2000, has been obtained in our country one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements. This indicates that our country in this underwater robot, have reached the advanced international level, 863 in the current plan, the development of 7,000 meters underwater in a manned submersible to the ocean further development and operation, This is a great vote of financial and material resources.
In this space robotics research has also been a lot of development. In Europe, including 16 in the United States space program, and the future of this space capsule such a scheme, One thing is for space robots, its main significance lies in the development of the universe and the benefit of mankind and the creation of new human homes, Its main function is to scientific investigation, as production and space scientific experiments, satellites and space vehicles maintenance and repair, and the construction of the space assembly. These applications, indeed necessary, for example, scientific investigation, as if to mock the ground some physical and chemical experiments do not necessarily have people sitting in the edge of space, because the space crew survival in the day the cost is nearly one million dollars. But also very dangerous, in fact, some action is very simple, through the ground, via satellite control robot, and some regularly scheduled completion of the action is actually very simple. Include the capsule as control experiments, some switches, buttons, simple flange repair maintenance, Robot can be used to be performed by robots because of a solar battery, then the robot will be able to survive, we will be able to work, We have just passed the last robot development on the application of the different areas of application, and have seen the robots in industry, medical, underwater, space, mining, construction, service, entertainment and military aspects of the application .Also really see that the application is driven by the development of key technologies, a lack of demand, the robot can not, It is because people in understanding the natural transformation of the natural process, the needs of a wide range of robots, So this will promote the development of key technologies, the robot itself for the development of From another aspect, as key technology solutions, as well as the needs of the application, on the promotion of the robot itself a theme for the development of intelligent, and from teaching reappearance development of the current local perception of the second-generation robot, the ultimate goal, continuously with other disciplines and the development of advanced technology, the robot has become rich, eventually achieve such an intelligent robot mainstream.
Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.
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