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八年級(下)　Units 1—2 中考基礎(chǔ)知識梳理 類別 課標(biāo)考點要求 詞 匯 攻 關(guān) 1.stomach(n.)→__stomachache__(n.)胃痛；腹痛★ 2.foot(n.)→__feet__(pl.) 腳；足★ 3.own(v.)→__owner__(n.)物主；主人 4.break(n.)→__broken__(adj.)破損的；殘缺的★ 5.train(v.)→__training__(n.)訓(xùn)練；培訓(xùn) 6.kind(adj.)→__kindness__(n.)仁慈；善良★ 7.strong(adj.)→__weak__(反義詞)虛弱的；無力的 →__stronger__(比較級)較強壯的；較強烈的★ →__strongest__(最高級)最強壯的；最強烈的 8.feel(v.)→__felt__(過去式/過去分詞)感覺 →__feeling__(n.)感覺；感觸 →__interested__(adj.)感興趣的 9.interest(n.& v．)→__interesting__(adj.)有趣的★ 10.knife(n.)→__knives__(pl.)刀 11.hurt(v.)→__hurt__(過去式/過去分詞)(使)疼痛；受傷 12.decide(v.)→__decision__(n.)決定；抉擇★ 13.satisfy( v．)→__satisfaction__(n.)滿足；滿意 →__satisfied__(adj.)感到滿意的；滿足的★ 14.alone(adj.& adv.)→__lonely__(adj.)孤獨的；寂寞的 15.imagine(v.)→__imagination__(n.)想象力；想象 16.death(n.)死亡→__die__(v.)消失；滅亡；死亡 17.climb(v.)→__climber__(n.)登山者；攀登者 短 語 歸 納 1.感冒__have__a__cold__ 2.胃痛；腹痛__have__a__stomachache__ 3.躺下__lie__down__ 4.量體溫__take__ones__temperature__ 5.發(fā)燒__have__a__fever__ 6.休息__take__breaks/take__a__break__ 7.下車__get__off__ 8.使……驚訝的是；出乎……的意料__to__ones__surprise__ 9.立即；馬上__right__away__ 10.陷入；參與__get__into__ 11.習(xí)慣于……；適應(yīng)于……__be__used__to__ 12.冒險__take__risks/take__a__risk__ 13.用盡；耗盡__run__out__(of)__ 14.切除__cut__off__ 15.離開；從……出來__get__out__of__ 16.掌管；管理__be__in__control__of__ 17.放棄__give__up__ 18.打掃(或清除)干凈__clean__up__ 19.(使)變得更高興；振奮起來__cheer__up__ 20.分發(fā)；散發(fā)__give__out__ 21.想出；提出(主意、計劃、回答等)__come__up__with__ 22.推遲__put__off__ 23.分發(fā)__hand__out__ 24.打電話給(某人)；征召__call__up__ 25.照顧；非常喜歡__care__for__ 26.參加……選拔；試用__try__out__ 27.修理；裝飾__fix__up__ 28.贈送；捐贈__give__away__ 29.(外貌或行為)像__take__after__ 30.建起；設(shè)立__set__up__ 31.影響；有作用__make__a__difference__ 32.幫助……擺脫困境__help__out__ 33.曾經(jīng)……；過去……__used__to__ 34.因……感謝某人 __thank__sb.__for__(doing)__sth.__ 35.與……相似 ____be__similar__to__ 句 型 再 現(xiàn) ( 含 情 景 交 際 ) 1.(詢問他人健康狀況)“你怎么啦？”“我背痛?！? —__Whats__the__matter__？ —I__have__a__sore__back__. 2.我該怎么辦？ __What__should__I__do__？ 3.(詢問他人意見)“我應(yīng)該放些藥在上面嗎？”“是的，應(yīng)該。/不，不應(yīng)該?！? —__Should__I__put some medicine on it？ —Yes，__you__should__./No，__you__shouldnt__. 4.昨天上午9點，26路公交車正沿著中華路行駛，這時司機看到一位老人躺在路邊。 At 9：00 a．m.yesterday，bus No.26__was__going__along__Zhonghua Road when the driver__saw__an old man__lying__on the side of the road. 5.有人頭部受到撞擊。 Someone__got__hit__on the head. 6.作為一名登山者，阿倫習(xí)慣了冒險。 As a mountain climber，Aron __is__used__to__taking__risks. 7.他們給我講過去的生活經(jīng)歷，講過去是什么樣子的。 They told me stories about the past and how things __used__to__be__. 8.她在四歲時就能獨自看書了。 She could read __by__herself__at__the__age__of__four__. 9.有了你的幫助，我才有可能擁有“幸運兒”(狗名)。 You helped to__make__it__possible__ for me to have Lucky. 10.我喜愛動物，我對擁有一條狗這個想法感到興奮。 I love animals and I was __excited__about__the idea __of__having__a__dog__. 11.我認為我以同樣的姿勢一動不動坐太久了。 I think I sat __in__the__same__way__for too long __without__moving__. 12.當(dāng)他在猶他州登山的時候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了危險的境地。 He found himself in a very dangerous situation __when__climbing________________________in Utah. 語 法 1.情態(tài)動詞should，shouldnt，could用于提建議(詳見第二編P120) 2.反身代詞(詳見第二編P98) 3.常用動詞詞組(詳見第二編P119) 4.動詞不定式作賓語、賓語補足語和目的狀語(詳見第二編P123) 話題 Unit 1 Health and first aid(健康與急救) Unit 2 Volunteering and charity(志愿者服務(wù)與慈善)★ 素材包 如何保持健康： 1.More and more people realize the importance of exercise. 2.The doctor told me to take a rest and drink more water. 3.Through sports and exercise，people become healthier and stronger. 4.Having a ninehour sleep every night is also very important. 5.Wed better eat more vegetables and fruit instead of meat. 如何保持自身安全： 1.Whats more，the traffic safety is also important. 2.We should always stay in the safe place when we go swimming. 3.Dont give your personal information to others on the Internet. 4.Last but not least，food safety can make a real difference to students daily life at the same time. 描述疾病或意外： 1.I played computer all the time without taking a rest. 2.To my surprise，he hurt himself badly. 3.Thanks to Mr.Wu，he sent the old man to the hospital quickly. 4.The young man was so careless that he hurt himself. 5.The man hit the door heavily and then he was sent to the hospital. 貴陽中考重難點突破 　trouble的用法 (教材八下P3) 【滿分點撥】 【歸納拓展】 trouble作動詞時，意為“打擾；使煩惱”，常用搭配為： trouble sb.to do sth.麻煩某人做某事 be sorry to trouble sb.抱歉打擾某人 1．你是一個很善良的人，能幫助那些在困境中的人們。 It is very kind of you to help the people who are __in__ __trouble__． 2．Now，we have some trouble __raising__(raise) enough money for rebuilding their houses after the earthquake. 　辨析used to do sth.，be/get used to (doing) sth.與be used to do sth. (教材八下P6，P10) 短語 含義及用法 used to do sth. 過去常常做某事(to為不定式符號) be/get used to (doing) sth. 習(xí)慣于(做)某事(to是介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動名詞) be used to do sth.(＝be used for doing sth.) 被用來做某事(不定式作目的狀語；for短語表用途) 1．(熱點題)Nowadays，Alipay(支付寶) is widely used __to__pay__(pay) for goods. 2．(熱點題)Many people are used to __watching__(watch) Go Fighting(《極限挑戰(zhàn)》) on Sunday nights. ( A )3.(xx宜賓中考)My sister ______ be lazy.But now shes working really hard. A．used to B．is used to C．was used to 　give up的用法 (教材八下P7) 【滿分點撥】 (1)give up是動副短語，后接代詞作賓語時，代詞必須放在兩詞之間；后接名詞作賓語時，名詞可放在兩詞之間或之后。如： Although English is very difficult，I dont want to give it up.雖然英語很難，但是我不想放棄。 (2)give up后接動詞時需用動詞的ing形式。 【歸納拓展】 give的相關(guān)短語： ( C )1.(2019預(yù)測)He failed to break the world record for the long jump many times，but he never ______ his hope. A．gave away B．gave back C．gave up 2．The chemical change gave__off__ heat and light. 3．(熱點人物題)The famous professor，Ye Jiaying(葉嘉瑩)，gave__away__ all her money to Nankai University. 4．The enemy was at last forced to give__in__． 　cheer up的用法 (教材八下P9) 【滿分點撥】 (1)cheer up可以單獨使用，表示“(使)變得更高興；振奮起來”。如： Oh，come on—cheer up！噢，加油，振奮起來吧！ (2)cheer sb.up意為“使某人高興起來”，相當(dāng)于make sb.happy。如果賓語是名詞或詞組，可放在cheer up的中間或后面，若是代詞作賓語，則只能放在cheer up的中間。如： Please give Mary a call，and it can cheer her up.給瑪麗打個電話吧，這樣能讓她高興起來。 【歸納拓展】 本單元中up短語： ( C )1.(xx蘇州中考改編)—Little Jenny looks unhappy today. —Dont worry.A box of chocolates will ______ her ______． A give；up B．wake；up C．cheer；up ( C )2.(xx昆山三模改編)—What should we do for the disabled children in the Childrens Home? —You are supposed to ______ a study group to help them. A．take up B．fix up C．set up 　put off推遲 (教材八下P10) 【滿分點撥】 與put有關(guān)的短語： put away 把……收起來 put on 穿上；上演；增加(體重) put down 放下；寫下 put out 熄滅；撲滅 put up張貼；搭起；舉起 ( A )1.(xx襄陽中考改編)—Mom，can I leave the chores till tomorrow? —Im afraid not.You cant ______ todays work till tomorrow. A．put off B．turn down C．give away ( A )2.(xx臨沂中考改編)A primary school in England has ______ signs at its three entrances(入口)，saying：Greet your child with a smile，not a mobile. A．put up B．put off C．put on ( C )3.(xx銀川模擬改編)The firemens job is to______ the fire and protect our safety. A．put away B．put up C．put out 　辨析rise和raise (教材八下P12) 【滿分點撥】 兩個詞都有“舉起、提高、升起”之意，但其用法不盡相同。 rise 不及物動詞，后不接賓語，無被動語態(tài) 一般事物可以自發(fā)地上升，如太陽升起、水位上升、價格上漲、收入增加等 不規(guī)則動詞，過去式為rose，過去分詞為risen raise 及物動詞，后常接賓語 強調(diào)外力所施加的影響，如籌錢、養(yǎng)育小孩、飼養(yǎng)動物、舉高物體等 規(guī)則動詞，過去式和過去分詞均為raised raise，rise 1．The price of the houses in China __has__risen__ since 2，000. 2．The sea level __rises__ because of the global warming. 3．The teacher __raised__ her voice to let herself heard by students. ( B )4.(貴陽背景特色題)The government is working hard ______ money to build a wider country road. A．raise B．to raise C．to rise 　—Whats the matter？怎么了？ —I have a stomachache.我胃痛。(教材八下P1) 【滿分點撥】 (1)Whats the matter？意為“怎么了？”常用來詢問身體有什么不適或有什么不順心的事，也可以用來詢問某物出了什么故障，后面可接with sb./sth.，表示“某人或某物怎么了？”。 (2)由ache構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞(表示身體某個部位疼痛)： (3)“have＋a＋名詞”型短語： 【歸納拓展】 ( C )—You didnt eat anything just now.______？ —I didnt pass my English test.Im sad now. A．Whats matter B．Whats the wrong C．Whats the matter with you 　At 9：00 a．m.yesterday，bus No.26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road.昨天上午9點，26路公交車正沿著中華路行駛，這時司機看到一位老人躺在路邊。(教材八下P3) 【滿分點撥】 英語中感官動詞see，watch，notice，hear，feel 等后能接兩種形式的賓語補足語，但是會有區(qū)別。以see為例： (1)see sb.do sth.看見某人做了某事的全過程或發(fā)生過了。如： I saw some students smoke in the toilet.我看見有些學(xué)生在衛(wèi)生間里吸煙。 (2)see sb.doing sth.看見某人正在做某事。如： I saw some students smoking when I went into the toilet.當(dāng)我走進衛(wèi)生間的時候，我看見有些學(xué)生正在吸煙。 1．Did you see a boy __playing__(play) under the tree just now? ( C )2.(xx銅仁中考改編)—Listen！Who is singing in the next room? —It must be Sally.I often hear her ______ there. A．singing　　　B．to sing　　　C．sing 隨堂知識鞏固 一、單項選擇。 ( C )1.(xx天津中考改編)—She is too busy to help us finish the work. —Lets do it ______. A．herself B．myself C．ourselves ( C )2.(2019預(yù)測)—What do you volunteer to do for the Art Festival？【考點?】 —I help to ______ posters after school to let more people know it. A．put down B．put out C．put up ( A )3.(xx湘西中考)—Molly has changed so much！She ______ be shy and quiet.【考點?】 —Yeah.But now she ______ speaking in front of class. A．used to；is used to B．is used to；used to C．used to；used to ( C )4.(xx十堰中考改編)—A great person once said，“If you can follow your heart and never ______，your dream will come true.”【考點?】 —I think so.I believe I will enter a good high school this year if I try hard. A．give away B．give back C．give up ( C )5.(xx東營中考改編)—Hi，Li Mei.How is your new school? —Fantastic.We can choose the courses according to our______.I love operas，so I took the Beijing Opera class. A．grades B．talents C．interests ( A )6.(xx蘇州中考改編)—Im Daisy，not Jessie.【考點?】 —Sorry，I have difficulty ______ peoples names. A．remembering B．remember C．to remember ( C )7.(貴陽中考)When Bob is upset or tired，he prefers comedies that can ______．【考點?】 A．look it up B．clean them up C．cheer him up 二、根據(jù)語境或句意，用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。(對應(yīng)P42“詞匯攻關(guān)”) 1．(xx安順中考)He left without__saying__(say) a word. 2．The__death__(die) of Stephen Hawking made people all over the world sad. 3．Jimmy often volunteers to fix up __broken__(break) computers for others. 4．The girl made a difficult__decision__(decide) to leave school to help her parents. 5．The boy spent much time__training__(train) his skills of listening. 高頻話題寫作指導(dǎo) 志愿者活動 ◆話題解讀 “志愿者活動”屬于《中學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準》——“社會行為”話題，這是以“學(xué)生參與社會活動”為主題的書面表達。此類型話題可能涉及到的內(nèi)容有：看望孤寡老人；社會勞動服務(wù)等等一系列的活動。 從命題角度上來看：學(xué)生可寫的內(nèi)容豐富，可以是某次社會活動的計劃，也可以是回顧活動內(nèi)容撰寫的日記，活動倡議書等等。這類型的寫作能很好地考查學(xué)生對校園外、學(xué)習(xí)外的社會行為的認知和看法。通過此類型文章的書寫，激發(fā)學(xué)生參與社會活動的積極性，激發(fā)學(xué)生熱情向上的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)。 從作文類型上來看：屬于記敘文類型的書面表達?？梢砸匀沼洝⒊h書、書信、新聞報道、征文等多種形式呈現(xiàn)。 從作文內(nèi)容上來看：社會活動的內(nèi)容是豐富的，可以是學(xué)雷鋒活動，植樹活動，幫助孤寡老人，志愿者活動。如xx年貴陽以參加“幫助別人，成長自己”的志愿者活動為背景，寫一封自薦信；xx年畢節(jié)A作文考查了學(xué)生去敬老院做志愿者活動的短文續(xù)寫。通過敘述或計劃這些社會活動，讓學(xué)生從活動中悟出人生的一些哲理，引發(fā)思考和共鳴，從而使主題得以升華。 ◆核心詞匯和句型 1．詞匯 volunteer 志愿者 poster 海報 develop work ability 培養(yǎng)工作能力 work as a guide 當(dāng)向?qū)? offer a chance 提供一個機會 introduce history介紹歷史 take part in 參加 meaningful 有意義的 a sense of responsibility 責(zé)任感 play a role 發(fā)揮作用；有影響 pass on 傳遞 be responsible for 對……負責(zé) do some voluntary work 做一些志愿者工作 2．句型 They made meaningful posters to help people know more about Guizhou Culture.他們制作了意義豐富的海報來幫助人們更多地了解貴州文化。 It offered us students a good chance to develop abilities as well as open our eyes.它給我們學(xué)生提供了一次培養(yǎng)能力，開闊眼界的機會。 Holding such an activity is useful and helpful.舉行這樣的活動是有用的。 It is a good chance for us to develop not only a sense of responsibility but also our work ability.它不僅是一個培養(yǎng)我們責(zé)任感的好機會，也是培養(yǎng)我們工作能力的好機會。 Although we were tired，we felt very happy because we did a meaningful thing.盡管很累，我們還是很開心，因為我們做了一件很有意義的事情。 Its an honor for me to become a volunteer and work hard for this great event.能成為一名志愿者并為之努力奮斗是我的榮幸。 ◆典例剖析 (廣州中考改編)五四青年節(jié)那天，你參加了學(xué)校組織的志愿者活動。你的英語老師要求你寫一則英文日記，包括以下要點： 1.時間：xx年5月4日； 2．地點：廣東博物館； 3．內(nèi)容：七年級學(xué)生：當(dāng)導(dǎo)游，帶參觀者到不同的展館；八年級學(xué)生：表演短劇，介紹廣州歷史；九年級學(xué)生：制作海報，幫助人們了解嶺南文化 ； 4．意義(活動對你個人和社會的意義)。 注意： 1．參考詞匯：展館display room，海報poster； 2.詞數(shù)80左右(日記的開頭已經(jīng)給出，不計入詞數(shù))； 3．不得透露學(xué)校、姓名等任何個人信息。 Friday，May 4th，xx Dear Diary， I went to the Guangdong Museum with my schoolmates to do some voluntary work today.________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 【審題指導(dǎo)】細讀所給的文字提示，可以提取以下信息： 1．本篇作文為記敘文，格式為日記。內(nèi)容要點：七年級學(xué)生：當(dāng)導(dǎo)游，帶參觀者到不同的展館；八年級學(xué)生：表演短劇，介紹廣州歷史；九年級學(xué)生：制作海報，幫助人們了解嶺南文化，這幾點一定不能漏寫； 2．日記的主體時態(tài)為一般過去時，表達觀點的時候可以用到一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。人稱可根據(jù)表達需要，靈活選用。 【寫作導(dǎo)圖】 Voluntary WorkWhen and where→May 4th，xx Guangdong Museum Activitiesstudents of Grade Seven students of Grade Eight students of Grade Nine The significance of voluntary work→useful and helpful 【參考范文】 Friday,__May__4th，xx Dear__Diary， I__went__to__the__Guangdong__Museum__with__my__schoolmates__to__do__some__voluntary__work__today.Now，let me tell you something about the activity. Students from three grades took part in it and played different roles.Students of Grade Seven worked as guides.They took visitors to different display rooms.Those of Grade Eight put on a short play，introducing the history of Guangzhou.As for students of Grade Nine，they made meaningful posters to help people know Lingnan Culture better. In my opinion，holding such an activity is useful and helpful.On the one hand，it is a good chance for us to develop not only a sense of responsibility but also our work ability.On the other hand，it helps the history and culture of Guangzhou to be known by more and more people. 【名師點評】本文的亮點之處有：1.時態(tài)使用正確，文章主體用過去時態(tài)；2.in my opinion，work as，as for等短語的靈活運用，體現(xiàn)了作者豐富的語言積累和扎實的基本功；3.文章結(jié)尾處on the one hand，on the other hand的使用，明確指出了志愿者活動的意義，升華了全文；4.整篇作文層次分明，內(nèi)容完整。 ◆自我測評 為配合我市“創(chuàng)建文明城市”的活動，全市需要一些志愿者參加該活動。作為一名貴陽的學(xué)生，你也想加入到該項志愿者活動中。請以“What Should I Do to Build a Civilized City”為題，談?wù)勀隳転閯?chuàng)建文明城市做些什么。 一、寫作要點提示 1．你想成為志愿者； 2．志愿者行為包括：美化環(huán)境、低碳出行等。 二、參考詞匯 交通工具transportation；空氣污染air pollution；有魅力的attractive 三、寫作要求 短文應(yīng)緊扣要點，但不要逐字翻譯，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，以使短文銜接、連貫，詞數(shù)控制在80—100。 ______What__Should__I__Do__to__Build__a__Civilized__City______ As__is__known__to__all，Guiyang__is__building__a__civilized__city.As__a__student__in__Guiyang，I__think__we__should__do__something__for__it. I__want__to__be__a__volunteer__to__help__clean__up__the__city__parks__and__streets.And__I__can__help__to__plant__more__trees.The__more__trees__we__plant，the__greener__our__city__will__be.As__for__transportation，I__will__ride__a__bicycle__instead__of__taking__a__bus.It__will__help__reduce__air__pollution.__ By__doing__these，I__believe__our__city__will__be__more__beautiful__and__attractive.__