2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第14章 句子成分.doc

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2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第14章 句子成分 句子是構(gòu)成文章的墓本單位，而每個(gè)句子又是由詞或短語組成，這些詞或短語便是句子的成分。不同的內(nèi)容運(yùn)用不同類型的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，這些句式結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成了英語中不同的句子種類。對(duì)于句子成分的考查體現(xiàn)出了多樣性，單選、完形填空、書面表達(dá)等題型都會(huì)有所涉及，在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，正確分析詞或短語所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞质呛苤匾?。?nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1主語知識(shí)點(diǎn)2謂語知識(shí)點(diǎn)3表語知識(shí)點(diǎn)4賓語知識(shí)點(diǎn)5定語知識(shí)點(diǎn)6狀語知識(shí)點(diǎn)7賓語補(bǔ)足語知識(shí)點(diǎn)8同位語知識(shí)詳單組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分，句子成分主要有主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和同位語等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)1主語功能與位置由充當(dāng)例句主語是一個(gè)句子的主體，表示所說的是誰或是什么。主語一般放在句首，有時(shí)在特殊句型中主語放在句中或句末名詞或名詞短語Some students dont like doing homework.一些學(xué)生不喜歡做作業(yè)代詞He is a doctor.他是一名醫(yī)生。數(shù)次Three and five is eight.三加五等于八。the+形容詞/過去分詞The rich should help the poor.富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。動(dòng)詞不定式To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。動(dòng)名詞Eating more vegetables is good for your health.多吃蔬菜對(duì)你的健康有好處。從句What he said is not true.他說的不是實(shí)話。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2謂語功能與位置由.充當(dāng)例句謂語表述主語的行為動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，常位于主語之后，有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、數(shù)的變化動(dòng)詞She practices playing the piano every day.她每天練習(xí)彈鋼琴。動(dòng)詞短語When did the Gulf War break out?海灣戰(zhàn)爭是何時(shí)爆發(fā)的?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形You should e here in person tomorrow.明天你應(yīng)該親自來。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3表語功能與位置由.充當(dāng)例句表語說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或身份，位于系動(dòng)詞之后名詞He is my friend.他是我的朋友。代詞This book isnt mine。這本書不是我的。數(shù)詞He was the first to e to school every day.他每天都是第一個(gè)到校的。形容詞The man look. worried.那個(gè)人看上去很著急?，F(xiàn)在分詞Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。過去分詞He was praised for his good marks.他由于成績優(yōu)良受到表揚(yáng)。動(dòng)詞不定式His job is to answer the phone.他的工作是接電話。介詞短語My house is between the school and the post office.我的房子在學(xué)校和郵局中間。從句This is where I first met her.這就是我第一次見到她的地方。知識(shí)點(diǎn)4賓語功能與位置由.充當(dāng)例句賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語的對(duì)象或內(nèi)容，是動(dòng)作的承受者，一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面名詞或名詞短語I ride a bike to school.我騎車上學(xué)。代詞You should take care of him.你應(yīng)該照顧他。數(shù)詞-How many pens do you have?你有幾支鋼筆?-I have six.我有六支。the+形容詞/過去分詞They are ready to help the poor.他們?cè)敢鈳椭F人。不定式或不定式短語Does anyone else want to e?還有人想來嗎?“疑問詞+不定式”Could you tell me how to use the dictionary?你能告訴我怎么使用字典嗎?動(dòng)名詞He enjoys playing basketball.他喜歡打籃球。從句I think he is right.我想他是對(duì)的?！局R(shí)拓展1.雙賓語:指的是“動(dòng)詞十間接賓語(往往指人)+直接賓語(往往指物)”。例如:Could you lend me your bicycle? （= Could you lend your bicycle to me?)你能把你的自行車借給我嗎?He bought his mother a handbag. (=He bought a hand bag for his mother. )他給他媽媽買了一個(gè)手提包。2.復(fù)合賓語:指的是“動(dòng)詞十賓語+賓補(bǔ)”(詳見下面的“賓語補(bǔ)足語”欄目)知識(shí)點(diǎn)5定語功能與位置由.充當(dāng)例句定語是修飾名詞或代詞的句子成分。形容詞作定語時(shí)，一般放在名詞前面;副詞或副詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在名詞后面名詞Jack and Susan work in a shoe store.杰克和蘇珊在一家鞋店工作。代詞My aunt lives in Canada.我的姑母住在加拿大。數(shù)詞She spent seven days on the beach.她在海灘上度過了七天。形容詞What a good idea it is!多好的主意!副詞People there are very friendly.那里的人們很友好。介詞短語The boy under the tree is John.在樹下的那個(gè)男孩是約翰。動(dòng)名詞He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的工作要做。動(dòng)詞不定式He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的工作要做。分詞The sleeping boy is only three years old.正在睡覺的那個(gè)男孩只有三歲。This university，founded in 1911，is very famous.建于1911年的這所大學(xué)很有名。從句The man who is speaking there is his father.正在那兒說話的那個(gè)人是他的父親。知識(shí)點(diǎn)6狀語功能與位置由充當(dāng)例句狀語是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、結(jié)果、條件、原因、方式、程度等，其位置不固定介詞短語They have lived in the city for ten years.他們已在這個(gè)城市生活了十年。副詞Light travels faster than sound.光比聲音傳播得快。形容詞They went home, cold and hungry.他們回家T，饑寒交迫。動(dòng)詞不定式He turned his head around to look at her.他轉(zhuǎn)過頭去看她?，F(xiàn)在分詞Leaving the office, I met him.離開辦公室時(shí)，我遇見了他。過去分詞Seen from here，the school is very beautiful.從這兒看，學(xué)校非常漂亮。從句Once you begin, you must continue一旦開始，你就得繼續(xù)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)7賓語補(bǔ)足語功能與位置由充當(dāng)例句簡稱賓補(bǔ)，是對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明的成分，位置一般在賓語之后名詞Her father named her Li Yan.她的父親給她取名李燕。形容詞They painted their room orange.她們把房間漆成了橙色。副詞Let the fresh air in.讓新鮮的空氣進(jìn)來。介詞短語He found everything in good order.他發(fā)現(xiàn)一切井然有序。動(dòng)詞不定式I saw him go into the shop.我看到他走進(jìn)了商店。（省去to的不定式）We asked him to e，but he refused.我我們叫他來，可是他拒絕了?，F(xiàn)在分詞She noticed Tom teaching them patiently.她注意到湯姆正在耐心地教他們。過去分詞I need to have my car repaired.我需要把我的汽車修理一下。從句We will make our city what your city is now. 我們要把我們的城市變成你們城市目前的樣子。知識(shí)點(diǎn)8同位語功能與位置由.充當(dāng)例句對(duì)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，且與之前的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等的地位，位置常在名詞或代詞之后名詞The young man, my brother, works in a supermarket.這個(gè)年輕人是我的哥哥，他在一家超市工作。名詞短語They, some railway workers, are busy working.他們是一些鐵路工人，他們正忙于工作。數(shù)詞Do you three want to begin at once?你們?nèi)齻€(gè)想馬上就開始嗎?代詞We each have different needs.我們每個(gè)人都有不同的需求。從句He doesnt know the news that I will go abroad.他不知道我要出國的消息?？键c(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1考查句子主語1.(濟(jì)寧中考)-Is that car Mrs. Blacks?-No, _ is a white one.A. she B. her C. hers D. his【解析】選C，答語缺少主語，名詞性物主代詞在句中作主語。故選C,2.(蘇州中考)This work needs close teamwork._ will be achieved unless we work well together. A. Nothing B.Anything C. Something D. Everything【解析】選A, 第二句句意為:“除非我們一起好好工作，否則將一事無成。所填詞作句子的主語，且表示 否定含義，故用Nothing。故選Ao考點(diǎn)2 考查句子謂語3.(幸感中考)My brother_ to move the heavy box, but I didnt give up.A. reminded B. refused C. agreed D. considered【解析】選B。后半句指自己沒有放棄，故前半句中應(yīng)是表示拒絕。remind使想起; refuse拒絕; agree同意；consider考慮。故選B,4.(東營中考)一Are you going to Brazil to watch xx FIFA World Cup(xx年世界杯足球賽) this summer?一Im not sure. It _ time.A. depends on B. cares about C. agrees to D. finds out【解析】選A, 答語表示不能確定，同時(shí)表示由時(shí)間決定。depend on意為“依靠，依賴，由決定”，符合句意?？键c(diǎn)3考查句子表語5.(龍東中考)-Excuse me, Mr Li, where is the Fishing Island?-Let me show you on the map. Its _the east of China.A. in B. on C. to【解析】選A。釣魚島是屬于中國的一部分，故要用in.6.(寧渡中考-Mum，I want to buy an iPhone 5s 30 for a change.-Well, I think there is no_ . Its almost the same as an iPhone 4s.A. reason B.need C. answer D.way【解析】選擇B，由答語后半句可知，媽媽認(rèn)為iPhone 5s與iPhone 4 差不多，沒有必要買，故用no need.考點(diǎn)4考查句子賓語7.(嘉興中考)Im looking for a bank，but I cant find_.A. it B.one C. this【解析】選B.。one是代詞,指代前面提到的同類事物。此處指的是任意一家銀行。故選B,8.(xx菏澤)-Which of the two pairs of shoes will you take?-Ill take_. They are too small for me.A.both B. all C. either D. neither【解析】 選D。答語后半句表示兩雙鞋都太小了，故都不買，“兩者都不”要用neither考點(diǎn)5考查句子定語9.(涼山中考) When you move somewhere new，the first thing for you is to find a place_A. to live B. living in C. to live in 【解析】選C，句中用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語修飾名詞，構(gòu)成不定式的動(dòng)詞和所修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，可先排除B；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，需要在動(dòng)詞后加上相應(yīng)的介詞。故選C.10.(濰坊中考)-What can I do for you ?- I hope I have a nice house _ a nice garden.A. of B. with C. from D. about【解析】選 B。with a big garden，在句中作定講。故選B,考點(diǎn)6考查句子狀語11.(天津中考)Cambridge is a small city_ the east of England. A. between B. with C. in D. under【解析】選C, 劍橋市屬于英國, 故用in, in the east of指“在東邊”。故選C考點(diǎn)7考查句子賓語補(bǔ)足語12.(安順中考) I saw some boy students _basketball when I passed the playground. A. played B. plays C. playing D. to play【解析】選C, 此處指當(dāng)我經(jīng)過的時(shí)候看到的事情，是當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。故選C