【溫馨提示】壓縮包內(nèi)含CAD圖有下方大圖片預覽，下拉即可直觀呈現(xiàn)眼前查看、盡收眼底縱觀。打包內(nèi)容里dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，可編輯，無水印，高清圖，壓縮包內(nèi)文檔可直接點開預覽，需要原稿請自助充值下載，所見才能所得，請見壓縮包內(nèi)的文件及下方預覽，請細心查看有疑問可以咨詢QQ：11970985或197216396
本科生畢業(yè)設計 (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標 題
Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design
譯 文 標 題
論藥品包裝機械的概念設計
作者所在系別
機械工程系
作者所在專業(yè)
機械設計制造及其自動化
作者所在班級
作 者 姓 名
作 者 學 號
指導教師姓名
指導教師職稱
完 成 時 間
譯文標題
論藥品包裝機械的概念設計
原文標題
Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design
作 者
BRIAN HUGH WARNER
譯 名
布萊恩·休·沃納
國 籍
美國
原文出處
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT& CONTROL
動力系統(tǒng)，測量與控制雜志
論藥品包裝機械的概念設計
近年來，由于我國經(jīng)濟形勢的持續(xù)高漲和國家對制藥行業(yè)強制性推行GMP(藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量規(guī)范)認證制度，藥品包裝機械取得了長足的進步。新產(chǎn)品日益增多，技術水平有了很大的改進。但與國際水平相比還存在著很大的差距，近60%的產(chǎn)品達不到發(fā)達國家上世紀80年代的水平，先進大型的設備主要依賴進口。我國藥品包裝機械的低技術水平在很大程度上是由我國企業(yè)設計人員低水平設計引起的。
一、我國藥品包裝機械現(xiàn)狀分析
我國藥品包裝機械與國際先進水平相比尚有較大的差距.國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械設計上主要存在以下幾點不足：
1) 機械性能落后，國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多精度低、速度慢、平穩(wěn)性差。包裝機械運轉(zhuǎn)過程包含大量復雜的間歇式運動，主要由凸輪、連桿來實現(xiàn)。然而許多設計人員不會根據(jù)工作循環(huán)圖和精度要求獨立設計計算凸輪連桿機構的運動學和動力學參數(shù)，只是簡單的把國外樣機的凸輪連桿零件拆卸下來進行逐點測繪，造成執(zhí)行機構誤差很大。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多運行速度較低，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率一般為100～300個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機的裝盒速度50～200盒/min，而國際上先進的鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率能夠達到600個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機的裝盒速度能夠達到600~ 800盒/min。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械不僅運行速度慢，而且還伴有較大的噪音。
2) 控制水平落后。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多控制水平低、自動性差、故障率高。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械(主要指盒裝和灌裝機械)大多采用PLC作現(xiàn)場控制，而國外先進的藥品包裝機械大多由計算機系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)監(jiān)控，控制水平相對落后。大多數(shù)國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械自動性較差。一是普遍采用單機生產(chǎn)模式，全自動生產(chǎn)線少。二是做不到全自動運轉(zhuǎn)，需要人工加料，手動裝箱。如一些紙盒包裝機中，藥板、說明書紙頁、紙盒都需要手動加料，且需專人隨時注意說明書、藥板、紙盒是否已經(jīng)用完，以免造成機器空轉(zhuǎn)或造成缺說明書、藥板、藥盒現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。另外，國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械故障率較高?？刂圃骷?如繼電器、電磁閥、接觸器、斷路器等)等經(jīng)常容易損壞，死機故障也時有發(fā)生。
3)功能單一、可擴展性差。藥品包裝機械是針對特定的包裝形式設計的。一般在規(guī)定的規(guī)格范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)。而我國許多藥品包裝機械在設計時考慮不充分，沒有為進一步的改造留出足夠的空間，致使設計的機械只能適應于幾種簡單的模板，不適應包裝材料或模板尺寸的變化，即使適應生產(chǎn)的包裝成品質(zhì)量也不佳。
4）綜合考慮不足，資源沒有充分利用。我國藥品包裝機械設計存在著混亂現(xiàn)象，許多機械設計人員對電機拖動同步技術、伺服傳動技術不了解，可用簡單的電器設備解決的問題卻用復雜的機械裝置來實現(xiàn)，有的雖然采用了同步電機等裝置來控制機構運行，但選取不當。這些情況不僅造成了資源的極大浪費，而且使設計的機械的性能低下。
5)造型死板。我國的藥品包裝機械設計時很少考慮機械的造型，很多廠家生產(chǎn)的機械造型不美觀，甚至沒有造型，給人感覺僵硬、死板、沒有活力。一些藥盒包裝機中，螺釘螺母都安裝在機器的外面板上，而一些潤滑用的油杯和油嘴也隨處可見，加油時容易使機器到處沾滿油污，給人印象粗糙，不美觀。
二、藥品包裝機械概念設計的內(nèi)容
人們經(jīng)過多年的研究，將概念設計定義為：“在確定了任務后，通過抽象化擬定功能結構，尋求適當?shù)淖饔迷砑捌浣M合等，確定出基本求解途徑，得出求解方案。這一部分設計工作叫做概念設計”概念設計指明確設計目的和現(xiàn)有條件后，設計者搜索多方面的知識，分析提煉后生成框架式的廣泛意義上的解。藥品包裝機械的概念設計要求根據(jù)產(chǎn)品生命周期各個階段，進行產(chǎn)品功能創(chuàng)造、功能分解以及功能和子功能的結構設計，進行滿足功能和結構要求的工作原理求解和進行實現(xiàn)功能結構的工作原理載體方案的構思和系統(tǒng)化設計概念設計的過程是一個求解實現(xiàn)功能的、滿足各種技術和經(jīng)濟指標的、可能存在的各種方案并最終確定綜合最優(yōu)方案的過程。概念設計的作用主要體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品設計的早期階段?？傇O計師根據(jù)產(chǎn)品功能的需求而萌發(fā)出來的原始構思和沖動形成產(chǎn)品的主體框架，及它應包括的各主要模塊和組件，以完成整體布局和外型初步設計。然后進行評估和優(yōu)化，確定整體設計方案。再由各部分設計人員把總設計師的設計思想落實到具體設計中去，實現(xiàn)細節(jié)設計。實施藥品包裝機械的概念設計首先要求設計人員加強對藥品包裝的認識，深化理解藥品包裝的內(nèi)涵，引進現(xiàn)代包裝理念，積極與國際接軌?，F(xiàn)代包裝不僅是保障產(chǎn)品的安全，使產(chǎn)品運輸方便，而且起著宣傳、環(huán)保、防偽、美觀等多方面的作用。藥品包裝機械設計人員應密切關注包裝系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展.深入研究包裝工藝，熟悉包裝材料的發(fā)展和其對機械產(chǎn)品的要求。只有這樣才能設計出滿足用戶要求的高水平機械產(chǎn)品。藥品包裝機械的概念設計的內(nèi)容主要有：
1)明確設計任務，做好可行性分析。設計者在進行設計工作初始階段時應充分考慮產(chǎn)品的可行性。一方面是市場的考慮，包括產(chǎn)品銷售、產(chǎn)品原料、制造費用的考慮；另一方面是產(chǎn)品加工的考慮，包括現(xiàn)有加工能力、加工工藝、加工性能及周邊配套行業(yè)的考慮。周邊配套環(huán)境的考慮主要指當?shù)仄髽I(yè)加工能力、加工水平、熱處理工藝及基礎設施的建設等。
2)功能設計。我國大多數(shù)藥品包裝機械是對國外同類機型的仿制。但由于我國存在的特殊國情，須對產(chǎn)品進行適當?shù)母脑?，以滿足我國的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。設計的機械除需要滿足盒裝、灌裝功能外，我們還須考慮包裝機械的附加功能，如包裝盒中應加入量杯、藥勺等工具，以方便用戶使用。在機種的開發(fā)方面可以設計較為先進的機械，如無菌包裝機械、保鮮包裝機械等。還可以開發(fā)藥品包裝前處理成套設備和后處理配套設備。
3)功能分解。藥品包裝機械屬于機電一體化產(chǎn)品，設計時應全面考慮各功能。一般而言，藥品包裝機械功能大致可分為機構運動、監(jiān)測傳感、信息處理及控制功能3大部分。機構運動功能按不同機種又可細分，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機可分為成型、熱封、壓痕、沖裁4大功能，而紙盒包裝機械可分為折紙、下紙、藥板推送、紙盒打開、紙盒傳輸、折舌、插舌、壓平和打批號等功能。在設計過程中還要考慮機械潤滑、機械安全運行、包裝衛(wèi)生等功能。這要求設計人員充分考慮檢測技術，光、機、電一體化技術、計算機技術.氣動技術、物流技術之間的交叉聯(lián)系。
4)機構設計。為實現(xiàn)預定的功能，我們需要使用不同的機構。這一過程中需綜合考慮整機的各個部分，使設計的產(chǎn)品在滿足使用要求的同時，結構簡單、實用。藥品包裝機械機構設計時，應選擇和組合適當?shù)臋C構運動原理，充分考慮實現(xiàn)特定運動所需機構，如凸輪機構，連桿機構，凸輪連桿機構。同時還應運用分離傳動技術，綜合考慮傳動軸(如花鍵軸和階梯軸等)和傳動系統(tǒng)的設計問題。設計過程中應盡量減少不確定性因素造成的影響，使機構運行平穩(wěn)。設計時還應對機械進行動力學分析，以提升機械運行速度和平穩(wěn)性。另外還應考慮包裝機械的多樣、可調(diào)、容錯、可擴展、平穩(wěn)性以及美觀化，追求機械輕巧但穩(wěn)定。設計過程可參考各類包裝機械設計的長處，同時借鑒別的機械(如塑料機械、印刷機械)的優(yōu)點。除進行機構設計外.還應考慮各功能另外的實現(xiàn)途徑，如真空、電器控制等，以期最優(yōu)組合該產(chǎn)品。
5)系統(tǒng)控制方案的設計。藥品包裝機械中一個很重要的部分就是對各機構實時檢測補償，以保證設備運行順暢?，F(xiàn)在很多機械產(chǎn)品選用了大量的光電開關作為檢測元件，有的機械上還裝備有諸如微機檢測泡罩系統(tǒng)之類的系統(tǒng)。這都需要精心設計和整個控制系統(tǒng)連為一體。
三、結語
將概念設計的思想融入藥品包裝機械的設計可以減少設計失誤，縮短設計周期，加快產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)，使設計的產(chǎn)品更合理、更具有親和力、更適合人機工程。同時它也是降低成本和提高企業(yè)競爭力的主要手段。為了改善藥品包裝機械設計落后、缺乏競爭力的被動局面，以適應“后GMP時代”帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，設計人員必須重視產(chǎn)品概念設計，深化理解概念設計的重要性。
Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design
In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent.
One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses
Our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence
1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover packer's for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 ~ 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise.
2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction.
3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice.
4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low.
5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful.
Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content
People long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structure's design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a function's , satisfies the various technology and various there existing in economic target's , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly:
1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc.
2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front.
3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection.
4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time. Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a product's turn.
5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole.
Three, concluding remarks
The thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that "queen GMP times" brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual design's.
指 導 教 師 評 語
外文翻譯成績：
指導教師簽字：
年 月 日
— 13 —