高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分 英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用 第二章 語法填空課件.ppt
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第二部分 英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用 第二章 語法填空,一、考綱解讀 語法填空題 共10小題,每小題1.5分。在一篇200詞左右的語言材料中留出10個(gè)空白,部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式,要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫空白處所需的內(nèi)容(不多于3個(gè)單詞)或所提供單詞的正確形式。本部分所需時(shí)間約為10分鐘。,二、命題特點(diǎn) 語法填空題的考查宗旨在于:考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)語法和語言知識(shí)的掌握情況,著重考查考生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力,其“突出語篇,強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用”的命題思路,不僅充分體現(xiàn)了語言測試的交際性原則,也很好地體現(xiàn)了高中英語課程改革的教學(xué)理念,與課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所提出的英語課程的性質(zhì)完全吻合。其命題規(guī)律主要體現(xiàn)在:,1從語法的句子結(jié)構(gòu)與語法形式入手。 語篇中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和常見的語法形式是命題者關(guān)注的重點(diǎn),如: 例Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished_65_(make) them, so he couldnt have done it. 解析:finish doing就是句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語法轉(zhuǎn)換的有效結(jié)合。 答案:making,2從詞匯的本義、轉(zhuǎn)義和前后綴的變化入手。 每一篇語言材料都會(huì)給出適當(dāng)?shù)奶崾驹~,且給出的提示詞多是詞匯的本義,命題者就是要求考生根據(jù)所給詞匯的本義,利用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言環(huán)境進(jìn)行詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,前后綴的變化做題。如: 例Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad.Im sure he was in the kitchen _4_(early) 解析:early的變化形式就是此類試題的命題經(jīng)典。 答案:earlier,3從語境語篇的線索以及標(biāo)志性信息詞入手。 語篇線索的關(guān)鍵體現(xiàn)即是根據(jù)上下文中一些標(biāo)志性信息詞的暗示來進(jìn)行命題,如: 例I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table_2_ I went to answer the phone. 解析:句中空缺部分的填入要根據(jù)上文的關(guān)鍵信息詞I.left them on the table_I went to answer the phone.和文章最后的關(guān)鍵信息詞when the phone rang.分析判斷。 答案:when,三、解題步驟 1通讀全文, 了解大意。 既然是利用語篇在語境中考語法, 那么, 我們在解題前要快速瀏覽短文, 了解全文大意。這一步非常重要。,2試填空格,先易后難。 讀懂短文之后,要結(jié)合短文所提供的特定的語境 (也就是上下文),從句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性去分析思考空格所缺單詞在句中作何種句子成分,從而推斷出它的詞性,然后再根據(jù)句子意義的完整性去確定填一個(gè)表示什么意義的代詞、冠詞或介詞等,最后根據(jù)句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來確定具體要填哪個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞。在解題過程中,要先易后難。,3重讀全文, 解決難題。 在大部分空格填好后,再仔細(xì)推敲難題。此時(shí)難題也就不再難了。所有空格填好后,把整篇文章從頭至尾再復(fù)讀一遍進(jìn)行核查。,四、考查話題及題型分布,1純空格題的解題技巧 純空格類試題其考查的語言項(xiàng)目主要有:行文邏輯、冠詞、連詞、介詞、關(guān)系詞等。首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定填哪類詞。然后,根據(jù)句子的意思,確定具體填什么詞。具體分析方法有:,要訣1 名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞前設(shè)空,首先考慮限定詞與介詞。 【解讀】 在純空格類試題中, 如果在名詞前設(shè)空,答案應(yīng)首先考慮限定詞與介詞。限定詞包括冠詞(a, an, the)、物主代詞(my, your, his等)、名詞所有格、不定代詞(no, some, any, one, each, every, either, neither, another, other 等)。,【例句1】What is a good education?_question is far from being answered.Once more, colleges and universities are revising their programs: they drop “fun courses” and reestablish some of the traditional subjects neglected since the 1960s.,解析:question為名詞,其前設(shè)空,答案應(yīng)首先考慮限定詞。上文已經(jīng)提及這個(gè)問題 “What is a good education?”所以下面要論述的問題應(yīng)表示特指,故用定冠詞the。 答案:The,【例句2】 His teacher took a deep drink,.thanked his student very much for the sweet water.After the student left, the teacher let_student taste the water. 解析:考查代詞。由student 單數(shù)可知前面代詞應(yīng)指一個(gè)人,由上文“After the student left”可知是另一個(gè)學(xué)生。 答案:another,【例句3】 Nick replied,“The only reason a man would sell salt 1._a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect 2._the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”,解析:考查介詞。第一空at a lower price為固定用法,意思是:以較低的價(jià)格。第二空respect for sth.意思是:對(duì)的尊重。 答案:1.at 2.for,要訣2 及物動(dòng)詞后設(shè)空,首先考慮代詞或名詞。 【解讀】 如果動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)跟賓語。因此如果在及物動(dòng)詞后設(shè)空,應(yīng)首先考慮代詞,尤其是賓格代詞,以代替上文提到的人或者事物,或結(jié)合語境填入名詞作它的賓語。,【例句1】 I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused_ 解析:及物動(dòng)詞后缺賓語,純空格考慮填入人稱代詞賓格。cause sb.sth.為固定結(jié)構(gòu),故答案為her。 答案:her,【例句2】 .although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please_ 解析:句子缺賓語。根據(jù)句意,給父親買禮物,根據(jù)常識(shí)應(yīng)是使父親高興,作賓語用代詞賓格。please him/father使他高興。 答案:him,【例句3】 When I looked into their eyes, I found they didnt care, which told me it would be useless, but when I looked into_, I saw kindness. 解析:句中l(wèi)ooked into 后缺賓語, 故填代詞; 根據(jù)前文their eyes 得知此空要填名詞性的物主代詞。 答案:yours,要訣3 平時(shí)注意積累,注意習(xí)慣搭配。 【解讀】 語法填空中的一些純空格題實(shí)際上考查的是習(xí)慣搭配。解決此類問題,考生需要注意平時(shí)積累一些常見的固定搭配和習(xí)慣用語,多閱讀地道的英語文章,培養(yǎng)語感,這樣在做題時(shí)就可以游刃有余,又快又好。,【例句】 _view of the rising popularity of 3D films, 80 percent said the growth prospect would be good in the coming 12 months, and 60 percent suggested that 3D technology would offer more business opportunities over the next three years. 解析:in view of “鑒于,考慮到 ” 為固定搭配。 答案: In,要訣4 掌握并列句和主從復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)。若兩個(gè)句子(有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu))之間,沒有句號(hào)或分號(hào),就必須要有連詞,否則句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。接著通過判定從句類型來選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。 【解讀】 (1)如果判定從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞的作用,則為定語從句。再根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么句子成分,來確定用何關(guān)系詞,若在從句中作主語或賓語,用關(guān)系代詞;若作狀語就用關(guān)系副詞。,(2)如果判定從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起名詞的作用(作主語、賓語、表語、同位語),則為名詞性從句,再根據(jù)名詞性從句的連接詞在從句中的意義和作什么句子成分,來確定用什么連接詞。 (3)如果判定從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起副詞的作用,則為狀語從句。再根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系或連詞在從句中作什么句子成分,來確定合適的連詞。,【例句1】 One day, he came up with an idea_he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. 解析:that引導(dǎo)同位語從句, 補(bǔ)充說明前面idea 的內(nèi)容。 答案:that,【例句2】 In Lanzhou I visited a factory_ everything was very simple, including its equipment and the directors office, yet the factory turned out quite good products. 解析:這是一個(gè)定語從句, 先行詞是factory, 在這里它是一個(gè)表示場所的名詞??崭裉幩枰年P(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語,所以用where。 答案:where,【例句3】 He was very tired after doing this for a whole day,_he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher. 解析:因He was very tired.是一個(gè)句子, he felt very happy.也是一個(gè)句子,這兩個(gè)句子之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號(hào)或句號(hào),一定是填連詞;根據(jù)句意和兩句之間邏輯關(guān)系,可知兩句話是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故填but。 答案: but,【例句4】 We understand this lesson best_ we receive gifts of love from children. 解析:考查時(shí)間狀語從句, 表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”,故填when。 答案:when,【例句5】 .the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to_should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. 解析:who引導(dǎo)從句作介詞as to (關(guān)于)的賓語, 同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)主語。 答案:who,【例句6】 Jane paused in front of a counter_ some attractive ties were on display. 解析:因兩句之間沒有連詞, 必定是填連詞; 后句應(yīng)該是定語從句, 要填的詞必須代替先行詞counter 同時(shí)又在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語, 故填關(guān)系副詞where。 答案:where,要訣5 若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,空格后的謂語動(dòng)詞是原形,特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí),很可能是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或倒裝的助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did等)。,【例句1】 What is acceptable in one country_ be considered extremely rude in another. 解析:句中What is acceptable in one country是主語從句,空格后的be considered是謂語;因其中的be是原形,故空格處必定是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞does(由語境可知是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語是第三人稱單數(shù));由句意及作者的語氣可知,需填表示“可能”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may。 答案:may,【例句2】 He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he_bring home a regular salary. 解析:這是一個(gè)由but連接的并列句,由前一分句的謂語動(dòng)詞had是一般過去時(shí)可知,后一分句的謂語動(dòng)詞bring也應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí);可是,bring卻用的是原形,既與語境的時(shí)態(tài)不符,也與主語he不一致,該句不是倒裝句,因此,此處必定是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的助動(dòng)詞did;由句意和作者的語氣推測,應(yīng)當(dāng)填對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的助動(dòng)詞did(的確)。 答案:did,要訣6 由特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷空格應(yīng)填的詞。 (1)由it is.that.強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)形式,判斷填it還是that。 【例句】 .and_40_was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG (味精)! 解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句,應(yīng)填it。 答案:it,(2)由倒裝句式判斷,是填構(gòu)成倒裝的條件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等,還是填do, does, did等。 【例句】 _with hard work can you expect to get pay rise. 解析:由can you expect to.可知,這是倒裝句,根據(jù)構(gòu)成倒裝的條件可知,應(yīng)填副詞only,因?yàn)椤皁nly 狀語(with hard work)”放在句首,句子要用倒裝。 答案:Only,(3)由it作形式主語或形式賓語的句式判斷,空格處是否填it。如: 【例句1】 .as_32_took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world famous artists. 解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是it takes sb.some time to do sth.句型,本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主語,空格處填形式主語it。 答案:it,【例句2】 Dating sites also make_36_easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. 解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,to avoid.是真正的賓語,easy是賓補(bǔ),空格處應(yīng)填作形式賓語的it。 答案:it,(4)so /such.that.句型。如: 【例句】 This made the goat so jealous_34_ it began plotting against (謀劃對(duì)付) the donkey. 解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是so.that.句型,應(yīng)填that。 答案:that,2有提示詞的解題技巧 有提示詞題是指“使用括號(hào)中詞語的正確形式填空”這類題,它一般只考查謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、詞類轉(zhuǎn)化等四種情況。,給出了動(dòng)詞的試題 要訣1 首先,判斷要填的動(dòng)詞是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞。然后按以下兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行思考。若句中沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞,或者雖然已有謂語動(dòng)詞,但需填的動(dòng)詞與之是并列關(guān)系時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語動(dòng)詞;若是謂語動(dòng)詞,就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)。,【例句1】 His fear of failure_(keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joy. 解析:因主語His fear of failure后沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞,需填的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為謂語動(dòng)詞;因主語與keep是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用主動(dòng)語態(tài);由從句謂語動(dòng)詞played可知,要用一般過去時(shí),故填kept。 答案:kept,【例句2】 That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation,_ (close) my book and walked away. 解析:雖然句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞declined,但由and walked可知,所填詞與declined和walked是并列關(guān)系,所以也用一般過去時(shí)closed。 答案:closed,【例句3】 In Logan, three people_ (take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. 解析:因主語three people與take是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,即三個(gè)人被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院,故用被動(dòng)語態(tài);由were treated可知,要用一般過去時(shí),故填were taken。 答案:were taken,要訣2 若句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞,又不是并列謂語時(shí),所給動(dòng)詞就是非謂語動(dòng)詞。若是非謂語動(dòng)詞就要確定用ing形式、ed形式,還是用不定式形式,確定的方法主要有: (1)作主語或賓語,通常用ing形式表示習(xí)慣或一般情況,用不定式表示具體的情況。,【例句1】 .but it is not enough only_ (memorize) rules from a grammar book. 解析:因it是形式主語,后面用不定式作真正的主語,故填to memorize。 答案:to memorize,【例句2】 _(speak) out your inner feeling wont make you feel ashamed, on the contrary. 解析:句中已有謂語wont make,所以speak應(yīng)為非謂語動(dòng)詞;謂語前面應(yīng)為主語,作主語,表示一般情況,要用動(dòng)名詞短語,故填speaking。 答案:Speaking,(2)作目的狀語或者在形容詞后作狀語,一般用不定式。如: 【例句1】 _(complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. 解析:因句中已有謂語will have to work,所以complete應(yīng)為非謂語動(dòng)詞;因“(為了)按計(jì)劃完成這項(xiàng)工程”是“我們每天不得不額外多工作兩小時(shí)”的目的,作目的狀語,用動(dòng)詞不定式,故填to complete。 答案:To complete,【例句2】Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strongwilled, are very likely_ (succeed) 解析:因在形容詞likely后作狀語,要用動(dòng)詞不定式,故填to succeed。 答案:to succeed,(3)作伴隨狀語,常用分詞,與邏輯主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過去分詞。 【例句1】 He saw the stone,_(say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.” 解析:句中已有謂語saw,所給動(dòng)詞與saw不是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)當(dāng)是非謂語動(dòng)詞;又因He與say是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填saying作伴隨狀語。 答案:saying,【例句2】 The headmaster went into the lab, _ (follow) by the foreign guests. 解析:句中已有謂語went,而follow又不是與之并列的,故為非謂語動(dòng)詞;又因the headmaster與follow是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作伴隨狀語。 答案:followed,【例句3】 There will be a meeting,_ (start) later this year to review the film. 解析:因a meeting與start是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語,補(bǔ)充說明a meeting,故填starting。 答案:starting,【例句4】 Lessons_(learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people. 解析:因句中已有謂語can help,所以learn應(yīng)為非謂語動(dòng)詞;又因lesson與learn是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,要用過去分詞短語作定語,故填learned。 答案:learned,特別提醒:有時(shí)給出的動(dòng)詞可能既不是謂語動(dòng)詞也不是非謂語動(dòng)詞,而是要求詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。如: But Jane knew from past experience that her_ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. 解析:括號(hào)中所給詞choose雖然是動(dòng)詞,但在句中作主語,且在形容詞性物主代詞后,應(yīng)當(dāng)填choose的名詞形式choice。 答案:choice,空格處的提示詞為形容詞、副詞時(shí),首先考慮比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)形式或者形容詞的副詞形式 【解讀】 在語法填空中,對(duì)形容詞、副詞的考查主要是指對(duì)形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)的考查,因此要特別注意一些形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)的不規(guī)則形式,如well/ goodbetterbest; badworseworst等。如果所給提示詞為形容詞,還要注意可能會(huì)用形容詞的副詞形式。,【例句1】 Regardless of our dreams of thinking computers, there is a much_(great) and more immediate way to get our computers to work harder. 解析:本題空格處所給提示詞為形容詞,因此考慮用形容詞的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)形式,結(jié)合下文的more可知此處應(yīng)用比較級(jí)。 答案:greater,【例句2】 Now I just select the persons name from my address book and press the “call” key.A recent study claimed that peoples memories are getting_ (bad) because they cant remember their friends phone numbers. 解析:本題空格處所給提示詞為形容詞,因此考慮用形容詞的比較級(jí)或者最高級(jí)形式,再結(jié)合語境可知,此處用比較級(jí)較妥。 答案:worse,【例句3】 The phrase “TV stoned” is used to describe a person who is_(complete) deaf and blind to everything but his favorite show on television. 解析:本題空格處所給提示詞為形容詞,且位于形容詞之前,據(jù)此推測答案應(yīng)為副詞,用來修飾形容詞,該詞的副詞形式為completely。 答案:completely,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換題 根據(jù)該詞在句子所作句子成分確定用哪種形式。 (1)表語、定語或補(bǔ)語,通常用形容詞形式。如: 【例句1】 In a_(danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to. 解析:在冠詞與名詞之間,要用形容詞,作定語,故填dangerous。 答案:dangerous,【例句2】 Teachers must try their best to make most of their students_(interest) in the subject. 解析:因所填詞在句中作賓語most of their students的補(bǔ)足語,用形容詞;表示“感興趣的”,填interested。 答案:interested,(2)作主語,或在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后作賓語,用名詞形式。 【例句1】 When Chinas ancient scientific and technological_ (achieve) are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions. 解析:在時(shí)間狀語從句中,要求填的詞作主語,Chinas ancient scientific and technological是主語的定語;作主語要用名詞,又由are可知,主語是復(fù)數(shù),故填achievements。 答案:achievements,【例句2】 These people have made great_ (contribute) to China with their work. 解析:在句中作及物動(dòng)詞have made的賓語,要用名詞形式;表示作貢獻(xiàn),其前面沒有不定冠詞時(shí),習(xí)慣上用復(fù)數(shù),故填contributions。 答案:contributions,【例句3】 With the large numbers of students, the_(operate) of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. 解析:在冠詞后,要用名詞,故填operation。 答案:operation,(3)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,或整個(gè)句子,作狀語,用副詞形式。如: 【例句1】 As I looked_(close) at this girl, I fount that. 解析:修飾動(dòng)詞looked,作狀語,用副詞,故填closely。 答案:closely,【例句2】 There must be something_ (serious) wrong with our society. 解析:要求填的詞修飾形容詞wrong,作狀語,用副詞,故填seriously。 答案:seriously,【例句3】 Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet_(main) because their busy lifestyles leave them little time. 解析:修飾because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,修飾整個(gè)句子,作狀語,用副詞,故填mainly。 答案:mainly,(4)有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,詞類不一定要變,主要是考查具有與詞根意義相反的派生詞,需根據(jù)句子意思及前后邏輯關(guān)系,在詞根前加un, im等,在詞根后加less等。如: 【例句1】 People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is_(use) 解析:作表語要用形容詞;又由句意可知,作者是表達(dá)“沒有什么知識(shí)是無用的”,故填useless。 答案:useless,【例句2】 Your mistake caused a lot of_ (necessary) work in the office. 解析:在名詞前作定語,仍用形容詞形式;但根據(jù)句意,“錯(cuò)誤引起了許多不必要的麻煩事”,故填unnecessary。 答案:unnecessary,- 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