砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙?jiān)次募?/h1>
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基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)研究與應(yīng)用
摘要:根據(jù)基于事例的設(shè)計(jì)方法,提出采用工序件的特征信息和夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)特征信息來描述夾具的相似性,并建立了包括這2方面主要特征信息為基礎(chǔ)的事例索引碼,設(shè)計(jì)了事例庫的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,創(chuàng)建了層次化的事例組織方式:同時(shí),提出了基于知識(shí)引導(dǎo)的夾具事例檢索算法,以及事例的修改和采用同族事例碼進(jìn)行相似事例的存貯,形成了基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)。所開發(fā)的原型系統(tǒng)在型號(hào)工程夾具設(shè)計(jì)等項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)過程中得到了應(yīng)用,并取得了令人滿意的使用效果。
關(guān)鍵詞: 基于事例的推理 夾具設(shè)計(jì) CAD
夾具是以確定工件安全定位準(zhǔn)確為目的的裝置,并在加工過程中保持工件與刀具或機(jī)床的位置一致不變。因?yàn)閵A具的結(jié)構(gòu)依賴于產(chǎn)品的特點(diǎn)和在企業(yè)規(guī)劃中加工工序的地位,所以它的設(shè)計(jì)是制造過程中的瓶頸,制約著效率的提高。夾具設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,需要有從大量的設(shè)計(jì)論文中了解質(zhì)量知識(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),這些設(shè)計(jì)論文包括工件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、涉及加工工藝,和加工環(huán)境。當(dāng)用這些擅長繪制詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)圖的傳統(tǒng)的CAD工具(如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)時(shí),這仍然是一項(xiàng)非常耗時(shí)的工作,但是利用以往的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和資源也不能提供一些益處,而這正是提高效率的關(guān)鍵因素. 基于事例推理 (CBR) 的方法適應(yīng)以往個(gè)案解決的辦法,建立一個(gè)新問題的方法,主要有以下四步驟:檢索、利用、修改,并保留.這是一個(gè)比用專業(yè)系統(tǒng)模仿人類思維有用的使用方法,因?yàn)樘岢鲆粋€(gè)類似的情況,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人類更直觀.所以支持不同事例的設(shè)計(jì)工具已經(jīng)在諸多領(lǐng)域中發(fā)展起來,如在注射成型及設(shè)計(jì)、建筑設(shè)計(jì)、模具設(shè)計(jì)投死, 規(guī)劃過程中,還有夾具設(shè)計(jì)。孫用六個(gè)數(shù)字組成代碼參數(shù),包括工件的形狀、機(jī)械部分、軸襯,第一定位裝置,第二定位裝置和夾緊裝置. 但這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不能用于除鉆床夾具外的其他夾具類型,不能解決儲(chǔ)存需要保留的同一參數(shù)代碼的問題,這在CBR中是非常重要的。
1、事例參數(shù)和事例圖書館的建立
1.1事例參數(shù)
事例參數(shù)應(yīng)該由工件的所有的特征組成,來區(qū)別不同的夾具。使用他們能夠使操作方便。 因?yàn)榱慵男螤钍嵌喾N多樣的,在生產(chǎn)企業(yè)中制造的技術(shù)要求也不斷發(fā)展,許多特征作被用做事例參數(shù)將會(huì)使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因?yàn)榉峙浣o每個(gè)特征的比重必須減少. 另一方面,事例參數(shù)包含所有的特征是困難的。
因此,考慮到實(shí)際和快速設(shè)計(jì)的需求,事例參數(shù)要包含工件的主要特征和夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)。事例參數(shù)代碼由16位數(shù)組成:13位數(shù)是事例特征 3位數(shù)是事例識(shí)別數(shù)字。
前13位數(shù)代表13個(gè)特征。 每個(gè)數(shù)字與特征的一個(gè)屬性相一致,這可能是"*"、"?"、"1"、"2",…,"A"、"B",…,"Z",…,等其中的一個(gè)。其中,"*"是指任何一個(gè),"?"代表不確定,"0"代表沒有。
系統(tǒng)規(guī)定:夾具的類型,工件的形狀,位置模式不能是"*"和"?"。在設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)時(shí),三個(gè)項(xiàng)目的屬性信息沒有這些選擇,這就意味著必須選擇確定的屬性。
最后三位數(shù)是事例識(shí)別號(hào)碼,如果事例特征的13位數(shù)是一樣的,這三個(gè)數(shù)字就用來區(qū)別他們。
該系統(tǒng)還規(guī)定:"000"是用于修正的一個(gè)典型事例,其他事例"001"、"002"、…,這些是用于設(shè)計(jì)師查找參考事例的。如果其中一個(gè)偶爾需要改變成典型事例,首先它必須要求改成"000",前面的自動(dòng)變成參考事例。
事例索引碼的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。
1—夾具類型; 6—工件重量; 11—夾緊模型;
2—工件形狀; 7—工件剛度; 12—夾具體;
3—工件材料; 8—加工內(nèi)容; 13—其他;
4—批 量; 9—過程所有物; 14到16—事例識(shí)別碼;
5—工件比例; 10—定位模型;
圖1 事例索引碼的結(jié)構(gòu)
1.2事例庫
事例庫由許多預(yù)定義的事例組成。事例的描述是基于事例推理的最重要的問題之一。所以由索引碼復(fù)合。
1.3 事例的層次化
夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)相似被認(rèn)為是整個(gè)夾具,成分和內(nèi)容相似。所以,整個(gè)夾具事例庫,成分事例庫,夾具的成分事例庫形成相同。整個(gè)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)資料通常是由工件資料和工件加工資料組成,這就意味著夾具的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足特別功能的需求。全部夾具事例是由功能成分組成,它是用功能成分的名字和數(shù)字來進(jìn)行描述的。成分事例代表成員(成分功能和其他結(jié)構(gòu)成分,主要驅(qū)動(dòng)參數(shù),數(shù)字,和它們的約束關(guān)系)。成分事例(夾具的最低層)是功能成分和和其他成分的結(jié)構(gòu)。在現(xiàn)代夾具設(shè)計(jì)中有很多參數(shù)化準(zhǔn)件和普通非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。所以成分事例圖書館應(yīng)記錄特殊參數(shù)和保持它們的方法。
2、事例修改的策略
在基于事例的夾具設(shè)計(jì)中,最重要的是相似點(diǎn)的修改,這樣能有助于獲得最相似的事例,以及縮短適應(yīng)時(shí)間。根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的需求,事例修改的策略使最接近的事例方法和知識(shí)指導(dǎo)結(jié)合起來。首先在深度上查找,然后在寬度上;知識(shí)指導(dǎo)策略意味著在來自客觀事物根源的知識(shí)規(guī)則上查找,這就要首先查找固定類型,然后查找工件的形狀,第三查找定位方法。例如,如果事例索引碼包括夾具類型的磨削夾具,就只查找所有的磨削夾具,然后查找工件形狀的盒子,第三查找一個(gè)平面兩個(gè)銷的定位方法。如果沒有合適的,就查找深度標(biāo)點(diǎn),然后回到最上層,然后再找所有與寬度相關(guān)的事例。
修改方法:
1) 根據(jù)夾具事例庫的事例索引信息,查找有關(guān)事例庫。
2) 將事例索引碼與事例庫的每個(gè)事例碼匹配,然后計(jì)算相似尺寸的價(jià)值。
3) 整理相似尺寸的次序,最大的架子是最類似的事例。
兩個(gè)事例之間的相似點(diǎn)是基于兩個(gè)事例特征之間的相似點(diǎn)。相似點(diǎn)尺寸的計(jì)算依靠特征的類型。相似點(diǎn)的價(jià)值可以通過數(shù)字化的價(jià)值來計(jì)算,例如比較重量分別是50kg和20kg的工件。非數(shù)字化的價(jià)值也能計(jì)算,例如,現(xiàn)在前13位索引碼都是非數(shù)字化的價(jià)值。一個(gè)夾具的相似尺寸的計(jì)算公式如下:
其中S表示通用夾具的相似尺寸,n表示索引特性數(shù),表示每個(gè)特性的重量,表示事例庫中特性和相關(guān)夾具的特性的相似尺寸。同時(shí), ,數(shù)值計(jì)算如下:
其中表示第i個(gè)特征的索引特性值,表示事例庫中第j個(gè)事例的第i個(gè)特征的特性值。
所以有兩種方法選擇相似夾具。一個(gè)方法是建立數(shù)值。如果通用事例的相似尺寸值比給定的數(shù)值小,這些事例就不能選來作相似事例。事例庫最初建立的時(shí)候,只有一些事例,數(shù)值可以建小一點(diǎn)。如果有大量的相似事例,數(shù)值就應(yīng)該建的大一些。另外一個(gè)方法是只建立相似事例的數(shù)字(例如10),這是類型單里相似尺寸的最大值。
3、 事例的修改和存儲(chǔ)
3.1事例的修改
夾具設(shè)計(jì)中相似事例的修改包括以下三個(gè)階段:
1) 成分的替代
2) 保持形式不變,調(diào)整成分的特性
3) 模型重新設(shè)計(jì)
如果夾具的成分是普通的物品,它們能通過使用工具被修改,代替以及刪除,這些已經(jīng)被設(shè)計(jì)好了。
3.2事例的存儲(chǔ)
在將一個(gè)新的事例保存到事例庫之前,設(shè)計(jì)者必須考慮保存是否有價(jià)值。如果這個(gè)事例不能增加系統(tǒng)的知識(shí),就沒有必要把它保存到事例庫里。如果它有價(jià)值的話,設(shè)計(jì)者在保存之前必須分析一下,看看這個(gè)事例是否作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例或參考事例被存儲(chǔ)了。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例是一個(gè)描述同族事例主要特征的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一個(gè)同族事例是有事例庫中索引碼前13位相同而最后三位不同的那些事例組成的。一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例的最后三位通常是“000”。一個(gè)參考事例屬于同族標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例,最后三位用不同數(shù)字區(qū)分。
從被解釋的概念中,可采用以下方法:
1)如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族一致,和一個(gè)存在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例的前13位數(shù)相同,那么這個(gè)事例就不能存儲(chǔ)因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例了?;蛘咧荒茏鳛橐粋€(gè)參考事例保存(最后三位不是“000”,而且和其它的不一樣)在事例庫中。
2)如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族一致,并且被認(rèn)為代替這個(gè)事例族要比以前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例好,那么這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例就被這個(gè)新的事例代替,以前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例作為一個(gè)參考事例保存。
3)如果一個(gè)新的事例和任何一個(gè)存在的事例族不一致,一個(gè)新的事例族將會(huì)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生,并作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事例保存到事例庫中。
4夾具設(shè)計(jì)中基于事例推理的過程
根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的特性,夾具設(shè)計(jì)的基本信息,例如夾具的名字,零件,生產(chǎn)和設(shè)計(jì)者等等,必須先輸入。然后,輸入或設(shè)計(jì)工件的模型。輸入有關(guān)工件的細(xì)節(jié)信息,建立事例索引碼,然后CBR開始依靠相似尺寸查找相似事例,選出最相似的事例。如果需要的話,事例要滿足通用性設(shè)計(jì),再存儲(chǔ)到事例庫中。程序流程圖如圖2所示
圖2 基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)流程圖
5基于事例推理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)說明
這是一個(gè)工件如圖3所示。材料是45鋼,底座,形狀為塊狀,生產(chǎn)批量為中批等。需要設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)用來旋轉(zhuǎn)孔的旋轉(zhuǎn)夾具。
圖3 需要設(shè)計(jì)夾具的一個(gè)工件
(最大尺寸80mmx49mmx22mm)
工件的特征值,屬性值,事例索引碼和重量在表1中列出。
表1 工件的事例索引碼和重量
特征名稱 特性值 索引碼 重量
夾具類型 車床夾具 1 100
工件形狀 塊狀 9 90
工件材料 中碳鋼 3 70
批量 中批 2 60
工件比例 小 5 60
工件重量 輕 5 60
工件剛度 硬度強(qiáng) 1 60
加工內(nèi)容 孔 3 80
程序要求 完成加工 3 70
定位方法 三個(gè)平面 1 100
夾緊方法 不確定 ? 90
夾具體 復(fù)合 4 80
其他 沒有 0 60
通過查找和計(jì)算相似點(diǎn),最相似的事例的事例索引碼是19325513321402000,細(xì)節(jié)信息在表2中列出。
表2 最相似事例的事例索引碼
特征名稱 特性值 索引碼
夾具類型 車床夾具 1
工件形狀 塊狀 9
工件材料 中碳鋼 3
批量 中批 2
工件比例 小 5
工件重量 輕 5
工件剛度 硬度強(qiáng) 1
加工內(nèi)容 孔 3
程序要求 完成加工 3
定位方法 三個(gè)平面 1
夾緊方法 不確定 ?
夾具體 復(fù)合 4
其他 沒有 0
相似點(diǎn)的計(jì)算如下:
所以夾具的相似尺寸值是0.806,這是在事例庫中用于設(shè)計(jì)的最相似的事例,最相似的事例的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖4所示
圖4 最相似的夾具
當(dāng)成分替代,修改定位模型和夾緊模型,以及調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)尺寸之后,新的夾具被設(shè)計(jì)出來,圖形如圖6所示
圖5 需要設(shè)計(jì)的新夾具
因?yàn)樵谑吕龓熘袥]有相似夾具,新夾具被儲(chǔ)存到事例庫中。事例索引碼是19325523311402000。
6 結(jié)論
基于事例推理,作為一個(gè)問題解決的方法,是一個(gè)比模仿人類思想的專業(yè)系統(tǒng)更有效的方法,已經(jīng)在很多難獲取知識(shí)的領(lǐng)域里得到發(fā)展。基于事例推理的優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下:它和人類的思想很相似;一個(gè)事例庫通過保存新事例獲得自學(xué)能力,它比有慣例庫更快更容易,它可以更好的傳遞和解釋新的知識(shí),這和慣例庫有很大的不同?;谑吕评碇刑岢龅囊粋€(gè)夾具設(shè)計(jì)的框架已經(jīng)被實(shí)行了,使用的是支持基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的VC++,UG 電腦繪圖軟件。這個(gè)框架也已經(jīng)和普通成分庫和典型夾具庫結(jié)合起來。這個(gè)發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng),用于航空項(xiàng)目,幫助夾具設(shè)計(jì)者提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和重新使用先前的設(shè)計(jì)資源。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告表
課題名稱
砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
課題來源
教師擬訂
課題類型
AX
指導(dǎo)教師
學(xué)生姓名
專 業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 號(hào)
一、調(diào)研資料的準(zhǔn)備
根據(jù)任務(wù)書的要求,在做本課題前,查閱了與課題相關(guān)的資料有:機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械制圖、機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)、機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程手冊(cè)、砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的使用和維護(hù)、微機(jī)控制砂輪高速回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)等以及與設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的手冊(cè)。
二、設(shè)計(jì)的目的與要求
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是大學(xué)教學(xué)中最后一個(gè)實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),通過該設(shè)計(jì)過程,可以檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生所學(xué)的知識(shí),同時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生處理工程中實(shí)際問題的能力,因此意義特別重大。
擬定機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)和控制電路設(shè)計(jì),編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書不少于6000字,查閱文獻(xiàn)資料不少于12篇,其中外文資料不少于2篇,文獻(xiàn)綜述不少于3000字。
三、設(shè)計(jì)的思路與預(yù)期成果
1、設(shè)計(jì)思路
本設(shè)計(jì)通過電機(jī)控制使砂輪在其額定轉(zhuǎn)速1.5倍轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn),檢驗(yàn)砂輪是否合格,電機(jī)與砂輪間的速度傳遞通過同步齒形帶保證其傳遞效率,而電機(jī)的增速通過變頻器的控制來調(diào)節(jié)。
2、預(yù)期的成果
(1)完成文獻(xiàn)綜述一篇,不少與3000字,與專業(yè)相關(guān)的英文翻譯一篇,不少于3000字
(2)完成內(nèi)容與字?jǐn)?shù)都不少于規(guī)定量的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份
(3)繪制裝配圖,部分零件圖
(4)刻錄包含本次設(shè)計(jì)的所有內(nèi)容的光盤一張
四、任務(wù)完成的階段內(nèi)容及時(shí)間安排
1周——2周 收集設(shè)計(jì)資料并完成開題報(bào)告
3周——4周 完成英文資料翻譯并寫出文獻(xiàn)綜述
5周——6周 進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì)和部分零部件的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)
7周——10周 繪制裝配圖和部分零件圖、編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
11周 修改整理,準(zhǔn)備答辯
五、完成設(shè)計(jì)(論文)所具備的條件因素
本人已修完機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械制圖、機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)、金屬工藝學(xué)、機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)等課程,借助圖書館的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料,以及相關(guān)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)等資源。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 日期:
課題來源:(1)教師擬訂;(2)學(xué)生建議;(3)企業(yè)和社會(huì)征集;(4)科研單位提供
課題類型:(1)A—工程設(shè)計(jì)(藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì));B—技術(shù)開發(fā);C—軟件工程;D—理論研究;E—調(diào)研報(bào)告
(2)X—真實(shí)課題;Y—模擬課題;Z—虛擬課題
要求(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。
砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述
摘 要 本文介紹了大型自動(dòng)控制砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)研制,通過設(shè)計(jì)一體式砂輪卡盤及新結(jié)構(gòu)防護(hù)罩,采用交流變
頻、計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù),研制出了新一代性能優(yōu)良的大型回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī),具有自動(dòng)化程度高,操作維護(hù)簡便,數(shù)字化顯示主軸
轉(zhuǎn)速,節(jié)能等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞 自動(dòng)控制;砂輪;回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)
1 概述
砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度是衡量砂輪質(zhì)量的最重要指標(biāo)之一,直接影響到人身及設(shè)備的安全,回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)是檢測(cè)砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度的專用設(shè)備。隨著我國加入WTO 和機(jī)械行業(yè)的振興,特別是汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展,對(duì)曲軸磨等大直徑砂輪的需求迅速增長,因而生產(chǎn)大直徑砂輪廠家的數(shù)量增多,砂輪生產(chǎn)廠家和使用廠家對(duì)大型回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的市場(chǎng)需求變大。
我國目前生產(chǎn)和使用的大型回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)主要有以下幾種: (1)簡易回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī):采用人工開關(guān)直接控制電機(jī)的啟動(dòng)停止,電機(jī)和回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)主體分別固定在基礎(chǔ)上,無測(cè)速及速度控制裝置,速度變化通過更換皮帶輪來實(shí)現(xiàn),速度誤差大,安全防護(hù)措施簡單,屬于五六十年代的水平。(2)使用電磁調(diào)速電機(jī)拖動(dòng)的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī):通過控制器控制調(diào)速電機(jī)的運(yùn)行及速度,控制簡單,便于維修;利用轉(zhuǎn)速表可實(shí)現(xiàn)速度的測(cè)量及顯示。缺點(diǎn)是噪音大,不能實(shí)現(xiàn)速度的閉環(huán)控制,控制精度低;由于電磁調(diào)速電機(jī)要通過電磁離合器傳遞力矩,故同樣載荷下所需電機(jī)功率較大。( 3)采用直流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī):直流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī),這種設(shè)備噪音低,升降速平穩(wěn),控制精度高,但線路復(fù)雜,造價(jià)也偏高,維修水平要求也高。
綜上所述,從目前已生產(chǎn)出回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的情況來看還有許多需加以改進(jìn)的地方:(1)主軸系統(tǒng)需重新設(shè)計(jì)。主軸系統(tǒng)是回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的關(guān)鍵,現(xiàn)在的主軸系統(tǒng)采用分體結(jié)構(gòu),油浴潤滑,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,精度不易保證,裝配維修復(fù)雜。(2)防護(hù)罩存在著安全隱患?,F(xiàn)有的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)均采用活動(dòng)式防護(hù)罩,沉重的防護(hù)罩僅靠立柱通過螺栓固定,存在著安全隱患。(3)裝卸砂輪麻煩。由于砂輪沉重,常采用數(shù)人人工裝卸,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大且不安全;條件較好的廠家采用軟帶兜著砂輪而后行車裝卸,工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度降低了,但行車裝卸找正不易,最少仍需兩人且配合要特別好。(4)電氣控制部分有的極其簡單, 有的線路復(fù)雜,造價(jià)也偏高,維修水平要求也高,已不能適應(yīng)信息社會(huì)及行業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。本設(shè)備的推出,對(duì)提高砂輪檢測(cè)設(shè)備的水平,促進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步,具有較大的積極作用。
2 調(diào)速技術(shù)簡述
回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)由于適用的砂輪規(guī)格較多,相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)砂輪試驗(yàn)時(shí)的速度精度要求嚴(yán)格,所以要求回轉(zhuǎn)試
驗(yàn)機(jī)有很好的調(diào)速和穩(wěn)速性能,調(diào)速范圍從幾百轉(zhuǎn)/分到數(shù)千轉(zhuǎn)/分。常用的調(diào)速技術(shù)有:機(jī)械調(diào)速、液壓氣動(dòng)調(diào)速、電氣調(diào)速,下面簡要介紹各種調(diào)速技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。
⑴機(jī)械調(diào)速通過采用各種齒輪、鏈輪、蝸輪蝸桿減速器,僅能得到有限的一擋或幾檔速度, 一般用于減速傳動(dòng); 采用摩擦輪的各種機(jī)械式變速器,一般用于低速傳動(dòng),傳遞功率較小。機(jī)械調(diào)速裝置體積大,噪音大,調(diào)速范圍有限。
⑵液壓、氣動(dòng)調(diào)速通過采用節(jié)流閥或變量泵來改變供給液壓馬達(dá)的流量,可實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)速的無級(jí)調(diào)整。液壓調(diào)速在速度變化范圍寬時(shí)低速功率損失較大,調(diào)速精度不易保證,液壓調(diào)速裝置易發(fā)生跑冒滴漏,發(fā)熱量大,液壓泵噪音大。液壓調(diào)速國外只在小型高速輕負(fù)荷的回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)有所應(yīng)用,國內(nèi)尚無實(shí)例。氣動(dòng)調(diào)速機(jī)械特性很軟,不能適用于回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī),噪音同樣較大。
⑶電氣調(diào)速分交流調(diào)速和直流調(diào)速兩種方式。直流調(diào)速線路復(fù)雜,造價(jià)也偏高?,F(xiàn)主要介紹交流調(diào)速。
近十年來,隨著電力電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)面臨著一場(chǎng)歷史革命,即交流調(diào)速取代直流調(diào)速和計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制技術(shù)取代模擬控制技術(shù)已成為發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。電機(jī)交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)是當(dāng)今節(jié)電、改善設(shè)備性能以提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和改善環(huán)境、推動(dòng)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一種主要手段。變頻調(diào)速是通過改變電機(jī)電流的頻率進(jìn)而改變電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速,已從簡單的V / f控制到高性能的矢量控制、磁通控制、轉(zhuǎn)矩控制、模糊控制等新的方式; 16 位、32位高速微處理器以及信號(hào)處理器(DSP)和專用集成電路(ASIC)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,為實(shí)現(xiàn)變頻器高精度、多功能提供了硬件手段。變頻調(diào)速以其優(yōu)異的調(diào)速和起、制動(dòng)性能,高效率、高功率因數(shù)和節(jié)電效果,廣泛的適用范圍及其它許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被國內(nèi)外公認(rèn)為最有發(fā)展前途的調(diào)速方式。變頻器從模擬式、數(shù)字式、智能化、多功能向集中型發(fā)展。最近,日本安川公司提出了以變頻器、伺服裝置、控制器及通訊裝置為中心的” D&M&C”概念。
我國變頻器設(shè)計(jì)制造水平、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、可靠性、售后服務(wù)水平都有了顯著的提高,價(jià)格迅速降低,性價(jià)比明顯。變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍已有很大發(fā)展,石油、石化、機(jī)械、冶金、紡織等行業(yè)都經(jīng)過了單系統(tǒng)試用、大量使用和整套裝置系統(tǒng)使用3個(gè)發(fā)展階段。將變頻技術(shù)用于磨料磨具行業(yè)到了水到渠成的時(shí)候。
3 設(shè)計(jì)與研制
參照國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有相近的回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī),結(jié)合我們多年的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),經(jīng)過分析和論證,我們確定了下述技術(shù)方案:
⑴重新設(shè)計(jì)主軸系統(tǒng),提高其裝配精度;重新設(shè)計(jì)新結(jié)構(gòu)的防護(hù)罩,消除安全隱患;設(shè)計(jì)新結(jié)構(gòu)的砂輪卡盤,便于砂輪裝卸。
⑵采用先進(jìn)的變頻調(diào)速技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的無級(jí)調(diào)整。
⑶采用微機(jī)解決相應(yīng)的軟硬件問題,通過人機(jī)對(duì)話界面輸入砂輪有關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)參數(shù),能自動(dòng)檢查、提示;設(shè)備運(yùn)行狀態(tài)有指示燈顯示;實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)字顯示主軸的瞬間轉(zhuǎn)速;試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可按用戶的要求進(jìn)行查詢、打印。
⑷采用單片機(jī)為前置機(jī),接受微機(jī)Rs232口發(fā)出的控制指令,控制變頻器的運(yùn)行;單片機(jī)把主軸運(yùn)行狀態(tài)通過微機(jī)Rs232口在主控界面上顯示出來,從而由微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)過程的全自動(dòng)控制。根據(jù)技術(shù)方案,進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)與研制:
3. 1 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
3. 1. 1 主電機(jī)功率確定
本設(shè)備適用砂輪的直徑范圍: 300~1100mm;最高轉(zhuǎn)速6000r /min;最大負(fù)荷150kg;砂輪最大使用速度100m / s。采用變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)后根據(jù)計(jì)算和經(jīng)驗(yàn),確定主電機(jī)功率2.2kW,轉(zhuǎn)速2840 r /min。
3. 1. 2 軸承的選擇
軸承是主軸系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵件,由于軸承要承受砂輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)下不平衡所產(chǎn)生的巨大離心力,又要高速旋轉(zhuǎn),為避免因配合精度導(dǎo)致主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中溫度過高及平穩(wěn)性受影響,以往采用高精度進(jìn)口軸承,價(jià)格昂貴。為了在滿足設(shè)備性能需要的同時(shí)又降低成本和便于采購,我們考察了國內(nèi)主要的軸承生產(chǎn)廠家,我們選用了角接觸軸承7022AC /P5。為了滿足軸承的潤滑要求,降低噪聲,我們優(yōu)選了高性能的軸承潤滑脂,該潤滑脂耐160℃的溫度,可滿足高速大負(fù)荷軸承的潤滑要求,可長期使用,避免了采用油浴潤滑易于泄露污染的缺點(diǎn)。
3. 1. 3 主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)
鑒于試驗(yàn)的砂輪孔徑不同, 其孔徑從D127 ~D305mm,主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種方案可供選擇。一:主軸采用通軸結(jié)構(gòu),不同孔徑通過更換卡盤的方式來解決,主軸精度高,容易加工。二:主軸采用錐軸結(jié)構(gòu),不同孔徑的砂輪可用強(qiáng)度相匹配的芯軸,但是加工難度大,精度不易保證。經(jīng)過分析論證,我們采用了方案一進(jìn)行主軸的設(shè)計(jì)。為減小高速回轉(zhuǎn)砂輪產(chǎn)生的振動(dòng),應(yīng)保證砂輪裝卡過程中其對(duì)軸心的同軸度,我們提高了砂輪卡盤內(nèi)孔和主軸配合精度。主軸材料為40Cr,主軸加工采取通軸精磨。為避免裝卸砂輪對(duì)主軸表面的磨損及磕碰,影響其安裝精度,造成偏心力增大而引起劇烈振動(dòng),主軸表面高頻淬火提高其表面硬度。
3. 1. 4 設(shè)計(jì)新結(jié)構(gòu)的砂輪卡盤,便于砂輪裝卸。
我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)新結(jié)構(gòu)的一體式砂輪卡盤。安裝砂輪時(shí)首先將砂輪卡盤和砂輪固定在一起,然后用吊鉤鉤著卡盤,平衡吊車輕松找正,一人即可操作。既減輕了工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度且安全性提高,又保證了砂輪內(nèi)孔在裝卸中不受破壞。
3. 1. 5 設(shè)計(jì)新結(jié)構(gòu)的防護(hù)罩。
砂輪檢驗(yàn)時(shí)在回轉(zhuǎn)過程中經(jīng)常破碎,直接影響到人身及設(shè)備的安全,防護(hù)罩是提供保護(hù)的最重要部件。
現(xiàn)有的回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)均采用活動(dòng)式防護(hù)罩,沉重的防護(hù)罩僅靠立柱通過螺栓固定機(jī)座或基礎(chǔ)上,存在著安全隱患,某廠就發(fā)生過立柱斷裂情況,險(xiǎn)些傷人。防護(hù)罩本身有數(shù)百公斤重,砂輪檢驗(yàn)在回轉(zhuǎn)過程中破碎,由動(dòng)能定律知,碎片擊打防擴(kuò)罩的能量相當(dāng)高,可達(dá)數(shù)噸/米。固定防護(hù)罩的立柱呈懸臂結(jié)構(gòu),砂輪經(jīng)常破碎所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)大沖擊力使立柱發(fā)生疲勞破壞,固定螺栓易于松動(dòng),危及人身及設(shè)備的安全。同時(shí)數(shù)百公斤重的防護(hù)罩開關(guān)亦不方便。我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的防護(hù)罩牢固地焊接在機(jī)座上,從根本上保證了人身及設(shè)備的安全。防護(hù)罩采用雙層結(jié)構(gòu),內(nèi)外圈之間加減振材料,減少噪聲。防護(hù)罩上裝有輕便的安全門,砂輪裝卸打開安全門即可,操作方便。
3. 2 自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與研制
經(jīng)過分析和論證,我們認(rèn)為控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)以下功能:
( l)實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)字顯示主軸的瞬間轉(zhuǎn)速。
(2)設(shè)備運(yùn)行狀態(tài)有指示燈顯示。
(3)主軸運(yùn)行曲線調(diào)整。
(4)電氣能耗剎車。
(5)輸入?yún)?shù)自動(dòng)檢查、提示。
(6)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可按用戶的要求進(jìn)行查詢、打印。
自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)由微機(jī)和單片機(jī)聯(lián)合控制實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)備的自動(dòng)工作。此系統(tǒng)中,單片機(jī)部分作為前置機(jī),通過
串口接受微機(jī)發(fā)出的控制指令,微機(jī)通過Rs232口再把單片機(jī)傳送過來的主軸運(yùn)行狀態(tài)顯示出來在主控界面上,從而由微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)過程的全自動(dòng)控制。微機(jī)通過人機(jī)對(duì)話界面輸入砂輪的外徑、工作線
速度或檢驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)速等與砂輪有關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)參數(shù),若待檢砂輪的實(shí)驗(yàn)參數(shù)輸入錯(cuò)誤、不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可自動(dòng)檢查、提示;設(shè)備運(yùn)行狀態(tài)有指示燈顯示;實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)字顯示主軸的瞬間轉(zhuǎn)速;試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可按用戶的要求進(jìn)行查詢、打印。
人機(jī)對(duì)話界面
單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)采用價(jià)廉、抗干擾性能好的51系列單片機(jī),控制系統(tǒng)根據(jù)設(shè)定轉(zhuǎn)速值和升速時(shí)間,計(jì)算出用
于控制D /A轉(zhuǎn)換的單位時(shí)間的遞增值,D /A輸出的電壓控制變頻器的輸出頻率,從而控制主軸按設(shè)定的升速曲線將主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速從零勻速升至設(shè)定轉(zhuǎn)速。轉(zhuǎn)速升到設(shè)定轉(zhuǎn)速值,啟動(dòng)維持時(shí)間定時(shí)器,開始計(jì)時(shí),進(jìn)入維持時(shí)間。在維持轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)設(shè)定轉(zhuǎn)速與實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速的誤差,應(yīng)用PID方法調(diào)節(jié),使轉(zhuǎn)速維持在1%的誤差范圍內(nèi)。
4 設(shè)備技術(shù)指標(biāo)
設(shè)備達(dá)到的技術(shù)指標(biāo)如下:
⑴回轉(zhuǎn)砂輪最大直徑: 1100mm
⑵最高轉(zhuǎn)速4000 r /min
⑶最大負(fù)荷150kg
⑷主軸徑向跳動(dòng)0. 02mm
⑸轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)整精度≤0. 5%
⑹轉(zhuǎn)速靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定度≤0. 5%
⑺空載時(shí)最大噪音80分貝
⑻轉(zhuǎn)速變化率≤1%
⑼延時(shí)精度≤1%
⑽電機(jī)功率11kW
5 使用結(jié)果
設(shè)備經(jīng)一汽集團(tuán)大連柴油機(jī)廠、二汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)廠等用戶使用,用于曲軸磨等大直徑砂輪的試驗(yàn),普遍反映該設(shè)備具有自動(dòng)化程度高、操作簡便、數(shù)值化顯示主軸轉(zhuǎn)速準(zhǔn)確直觀、維護(hù)簡單方便、節(jié)能、便于管理,其性能優(yōu)于國內(nèi)其他同類型砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。
6 結(jié)論
通過重新設(shè)計(jì)主軸系統(tǒng),采用交流變頻、微機(jī)控制技術(shù),研制出了新一代性能優(yōu)良的大型回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī),具有操作簡單、維護(hù)簡單方便、節(jié)能降耗、試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可按用戶的要求進(jìn)行查詢打印等特點(diǎn),所研制的自動(dòng)控制大型砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī)先進(jìn)適用,該設(shè)備的研制成功提高了我國砂輪檢測(cè)設(shè)備的技術(shù)水平。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
文獻(xiàn)綜述
院(系)名稱
工學(xué)院機(jī)械系
專業(yè)名稱
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
年 03 月 10 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
文獻(xiàn)翻譯
院(系)名稱
工學(xué)院機(jī)械系
專業(yè)名稱
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
年 03 月 10 日
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
砂輪回轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
院(系)名稱
工學(xué)院機(jī)械系
專業(yè)名稱
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
年 5 月 15 日
Application and development
Of case based reasoning in fixture design
Abstract: Based on the case based designing (CBD) methodology, the fixture similarity is in two respects: the function and the structure information. Then, the computer aided fixture design system is created on case based reasoning (CBR),in which the attributes of the main features of workpiece and structure of fixture as case index code are designed for the retrieve of the similar cases, and the structure and hierarchical relation of case library are set up for store. Meanwhile, the algorithm based on the knowledge guided in the retrieve of the similar cases, the strategy of case adapt at ion and case storage in which the case ident if cat ion number is used to distinguish from similar cases are presented. The application of the system in some projects improves the design efficiency and gets a good result .
Keywords: case based reasoning ;fixture design; computer aided design(CAD)
Fixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].
1 Construction of a Case Index and Case Library
1.1 Case index
The case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.
Therefore, considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design, the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture. The case index code is made up of 16 digits: 13 digits for case features and 3 digits for case identification number.
The first 13 digits represent 13 features. Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature, which may be one of“*”, “?”, “1”, “2”,…,“A”,“B”,…, “Z”,…, etc. In which, “*” means anyone, “?” uncertain, “0” nothing.
The system rules: fixture type, workpiece shape, locating model cannot be “*”or“?”. When the system is designed, the attribute information of the three items does not have these options, which means the certain attribute must be selected.
The last three digits are the case identification number, which means the 13 digits of the case feature are the same, and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.
The system also rules: “000” is a prototype case, which is used for retrieval, and other cases are “001”,“002”,…, which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers. If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to “000”, and the former is changed to referential case automatically.
The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.
1.2 Case library
The case library consists of lots of predefined cases. Case representation is one of the most important issues in case based reasoning. So compounding with the index code,.
1.3 Hierarchical form of Case
The structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components, main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.
2 Strategy of Case Retrieval
In the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.
Retrieval algorithms:
1)According to the case index information of fixture case library, search the relevant case library;
2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library, and calculate the value of the similarity measure;
3)Sort the order of similarity measure, the biggest value, which is the most analogical case.
Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases. features. The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature. The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values, for example, compareWorkpiece with the weight of 50kg and 20kg. The value can also be calculated between non numerical values, for example, now the first 13 digits index code is all non numerical values. The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows:
where S is the similarity measure of current fixture, n is the number of the index feature, is the weight of each feature, is the similarity measure of the attribute of the i2th feature with the attributeof relative feature of the j-th case in the case library. At the same time, , the value counts as follows:
.
Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature, and is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.
So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture. One is to set the value. If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value, those cases would not be selected as analogical cases. When the case library is initially set up, and there are only a few cases, the value can be set smaller. If there are lots of analogical cases, the value should get larger. The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases (such as10), which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.
3 Case adaptation and Case Storage
3.1 Case adaptation
The modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:
1) The substitution of components and the component;
2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;
3) The redesign of the model.
If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.
3.2 Case storage
Before saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.
From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:
1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.
2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.
3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.
4 Process of CBR in Fixture Design
According to the characteristics of fixture design, the basic information of the fixture design such as the name of fixture, part, product and the designer, etc. must be input first. Then the fixture file is set up automatically, in which all components of the fixture are put together. Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed. The detailed information about the workpiece is input, the case index code is set up, and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases, relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out. If needed, the case is adapted to satisfy the current design, and restored into the case library. The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.
5 Illustrating for Fixture Design by CBR
This is a workpiece (seeFig.4). Its material is 45# steel. Its name is seat. Its shape is block, and the product batch size is middle, etc. A fixture is turning fixture that serves to turn the hole, which needs to be designed.
The value of feature, attribute, case index code and weight of the workpiece is show n in Tab.2.
Through searching, and calculating the similarity, the case index code of the most similar case is 19325513321402000, and the detailed information is show n in Tab. 3.
The similarity is calculated as follows:
So the value of similarity measure of the fixture which needs to be designed with the most analogical case in case library is 0.806, and the structure of the most analogical case is shown in Fig.5.
After having been substituted the component, modified the locating model and clamp model, and adjusted the relative dimension, the new fixture is designed, and the figure is show n in Fig.6.
As there is not the analogical fixture in the case library, the new fixture is restored in to the case library. The case index code is 19325513311402000.
6 Conclusion
CBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.
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