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1、 NF F 31-112
French Standard December 1994
Classification Number: F 31-112
Railway rolling stock
Anti-graffiti protection
Test procedures and methods for evaluating the behaviour of the materials and graffiti removal products.
F: Matriel roulant ferroviaire – Protection vis--vis des gra
2、ffiti – Procdures d’essais et mthodes d’valuation du comportement des matriaux et des produits d’limination
E : Railway rolling stock — Protection in relation to graffiti — Tests procedures
and methods of valuation, behaviour of materials and products of expulsion
D: Schienenfahrzeuge — Graffit
3、ischutz — Prfungsverfahren und Bewertungsmethode des Werkstoffverhaltens und der Beseitigungsverbindungen
French Standard approved
by a decision of the General Director of afnor on 20 November 1994 to become effective as of 20 December 1994.
correspondence On the date of publication of thi
4、s document, no draft standards or European or International standards are known to exist on the same subject.
analysis This document describes the testing procedures and methods for evaluating the behaviour of the materials and products for removing graffit.
descriptors Technical International The
5、saurus: railway equipment, railway rolling stock, protection, stain, paint, ink, test, protective product, cleaning, effectiveness, colorimetry, colorimetric deviation
modifications
corrections
Published and distributed by the French Standardization Association (afnor), tour europe cedex 7 92049
6、 paris la dfense — tel. : (1) 42 91 55 55
Prepared by the BNCF (Railways Standardization Bureau) – 15 rue Traversire – 75571 Paris Cedex 12— tl. : (1) 40 19 15 03
Contents
Page
Foreword 3
1 Field of application 3
2 Normative References 3
3 General principle 3
4 Preparation of test spe
7、cimens 4
5 Graffito application 4
6 Graffito elimination procedure 5
7 Aggressivity test 5
8 Effectiveness test 6
9 Evaluation of aggressivity and effectiveness 8
10 “G” grading of the material 8
Appendix A (normative) Type test specimen 9
Appendix B ( informative) Presentation
8、 of colorimetric deviations 10
Foreword
This document has been prepared by an ad hoc working group of the “Comfort” standardization commission CN CF 103 .
1 Field of application
This document describes with regard to railway rolling stock:
— the test procedures;
— the laboratory methods for
9、evaluating the results,
in order to grade impermeable materials in new condition and graffiti removal products.
It does not concern textiles or throwaway products.
These materials and products may be the subject of particular standards.
2 Normative References
This document contains the provisio
10、ns of other publications in dated or undated references. These normative references are given at appropriate points of the text and in the publications listed below. With regard to dated references, any amendments or revisions to a publication will only apply to this document if incorporated into i
11、t by amendment or revision. With regard to undated references, the latest edition of the publication to which it refers shall apply.
NF T 30-053 Paints — Determining resistance to liquids.
NF X 08-012 Colours – Colorimetric characteristics of coloured samples – Measuring devices and methods..
12、
NF X 08-014 Colours – Colorimetric deviations and tolerances – Formulae for colour differences between CI LUV and CIE LAB..
3 General principle
The evaluation procedures must include the following criteria:
— material or coating;
— graffiti application product;
— graffiti removal product.
13、The behaviour of materials is evaluated on the basis of the graffiti and removal products defined by the client railway company.
The results of the graffiti removal are evaluated after several “graffiti application – removal” cycles on the basis of the following criteria:
— aggressivity (visual as
14、pect);
— effectiveness (colorimetry);
— safety labels on removal products (according to the laws in force).
4 Preparation of test specimens
4.1 Shapes and dimensions of test specimens
The test specimens will be made either of the material itself in its as delivered condition, or a coating app
15、lied to a flat, rigid substrate in accordance with the corresponding technical data sheets.
Their dimensions wil be (300 mm 1 mm x 210 mm 1mm). The thicknesses may vary from one test specimen to the other.
4.2 Test specimen preparation
After removing any stripping agents, the test specimens wil
16、l cleaned using paper towels soaked in ethanol.
4.2.1 Test specimen for aggressivity test
The test specimen may be divided into zones at least 100 mm x 210 mm in size.
4.2.2 Type test specimen for effectiveness test
After drying the specimen, it will be divided into rectangles using adhesive tap
17、e, as shown in Appendix A. Each rectangle thus formed will contain a single graffito.
An untreated zone will be kept on each test specimen to serve as a reference zone.
4.3 Test specimen storage
The test specimens will be stored for at least 24 hours under the following conditions:
— temperatur
18、e between 18C and 25C;
— relative humidity < 75%.
5 Graffito application
5.1 Graffito dimensions
The “graffito” must fill a rectangular area approximately 50 x 30 mm.
5.2 Equipment used
In the case of a “graffito” using ink, the ink pad of the marker, or a flat (dry) paintbrush around 25 mm wi
19、de shall be used.
In the case of a “graffito” using paint, the paint will be applied, after masking the area if necessary, using a spray gun or a flat (dry) paintbrush around 25 mm wide.
5.3 Application of the graffiti product
Apply the graffiti product in parallel strokes in the same directio
20、n until the required dimension is achieved; repeat in the other direction to obtain an even “graffito” with no excess ink. This graffito will required a quantity of 0.75 ml 0.05 ml.
It is applied to the test specimen horizontally under the following conditions:
— temperature between 18C and 25C;
21、
— relative humidity < 75%.
6 Graffito elimination procedure
The graffiti removal product will be applied using a flat 25 mm wide paintbrush.
Apply the removal product in overlapping strokes in alternate directions, then make it penetrate well by brushing the surface of the "graffito" with a circ
22、ulation motion for 15 secs.
Allow to take effect for 2 min 10 secs.
Take a paper towel soaked in water and wrung out by hand before use, then slide it firmly in a single movement from one edge to the other, over the entire length of the graffito. If necessary, repeat this operation once again to
23、remove any surface residue.
Take a dry paper towel and repeat the same movement to remove all traces of water.
After waiting for 5 to 10 minutes since the last operation, repeat the graffito removal procedure once more.
After the last removal operation, store the test specimens in a dark, dust-fr
24、ee place until the measurements can be taken for the effectiveness test (see article 8).
7 Aggressivity test
7.1 Test principle
The purpose of the test is to check the aggressivity of the graffit removal products on the materials.
7.2 Test method
The test is performed according to standard NF T
25、 30-053, method 2, with the following stipulations:
— the absorbant material is a common filter paper 90 mm in diameter. It is soaked with 1 ml of removal product in its as used condition, and left in contact with the material for 24 hours under a watchglass;
— the paper filter is then removed and
26、 the material rinsed using a paper towel soaked in water, then dried.
7.3 Expression of results
The material is examined immediately after drying, and after being stored for 24 hours in a dark, dust-free place, the “material/removal product” pair will be graded:
— GOOD, if after both examinati
27、ons no damage to the surface can be seen by the naked eye;
— SATISFACTORY, if one or more imperfections that appeared immediately after drying have disappeared after 24 hours;
— POOR, if the imperfection(s) remain after 24 hours.
8 Effectiveness test
8.1 Test principle
The purpose of the test
28、 is to determine the colorimetric deviations between a material from which graffiti has been removed and the same material unaffected by graffiti (reference material).
8.2 Test method
8.2.1 Test specimens
The test specimens are prepared and treated in accordance with articles 4, 5 and 6 of this d
29、ocument.
8.2.2 Operating procedure
At least three graffiti application/removal operations are performed. The colorimetric deviations are measured after each operation in order to assess any increase in effectiveness.
It is necessary to have three rectangles for a given removal product and graffit
30、i product (see type test specimen in Appendix A).
The procedure is as follows:
— apply a graffito to each rectangle;
— after 48 hours, remove the three graffiti;
— wait for 5 minutes, then repeat the removal operation;
— do not perform any further operations on the first rectangle treated with
31、one graffito application and two removal operations;
— store the test specimen for at least 24 hours under the conditions set down in paragraph 4.3;
— apply a second graffito to the other two rectangles;
— after 48 hours, remove the two graffiti;
— wait for 5 minutes, the repeat the removal oper
32、ation;
— do not perform any further operations on the second rectangle treated with two graffito applications and four removal operations;
— store the test specimen for at least 24 hours under the conditions set down in paragraph 4.3;
— apply the third graffito to the last rectangle;
— after 48
33、hours, remove the last graffito;
— after 5 minutes, perform the second removal operation on the last rectangle which corresponds to three graffito applications and six removals.
8.3 Measurement
8.3.1 Limit of measurement
The measurement of the colorimetric deviations is not applicable to surfac
34、es containing decorative patterns with no line of symmetry, or when the dimension of the motifs in the pattern are smaller than the zone necessary for the measurement. In this case, only visual inspection can be used at present.
8.3.2 Equipment
A spectrocolorimeter or colorimeter according to stan
35、dard NF X 08-012 can be used.
8.3.3 Measuring conditions
The colorimetric measurements must be taken no sooner than 24 hours after the last removal operation.
The previously calibrated device shows any colorimetric deviations (delta E) between the reference zone and the test zones.
The colorimet
36、ric deviations are measured according to standard NF X 08/014, with the following stipulations.
8.3.3.1 Spectrocolorimeter
— illuminant for observing the differences is D65;
— diameter of observation window is 22 mm;
— three measurements to be taken in each graffiti-affected zone and the average
37、 of these measurements to be recorded.
8.3.3.2 Colorimeter
— illuminant for observing the differences is D65;
— diameter of observation window is 8 mm;
— nine measurements to be taken in each graffiti-affected zone and the average of these measurements to be recorded.
8.4 Expression of results
38、
The colorimetric deviations (delta E) are expressed according to the CIE 1976 colour space (L*, a*, b*).
They can be presented in graph or chart form (see appendix B).
The result is “GOOD” when all the average deviations are < 1.
The result is “SATISFACTORY” when only one mean deviation is > 1
39、and > 2.5 and the other mean deviations are < 1.
The result is “POOR” when at least one mean deviation is > 2.5.
9 Evaluation of aggressivity and effectiveness
9.1 Agressivity
The behaviour of the “material/removal product” pair is said to be “NON AGGRESSIVE” when the result is good or satisfac
40、tory.
9.2 Effectiveness
For a given material and removal product, this evaluation is made on the basis of the results obtained on samples of graffiti products, at the end of the “graffiti application – removal” cycles.
The behaviour of the “material/removal product” pair is said to be “EFFECTIVE”
41、 when only one result is found to be “SATISFACTORY” and no results are found to be “POOR”. Otherwise, its behaviour will be deemed “INEFFECTIVE”.
10 “G” grading of the material
On the basis of the removal products recognized non aggressive and effective, “G” grading includes the health and safety
42、aspects of the removal products, in accordance with current legislation. Otherwise, the material will be deemed “UNCLEANABLE”.
On this basis, the grading system is as follows:
— G 0: material is "CLEANABLE" with water or dry;
— G 1: material is “CLEANABLE" using a removal product that is not
43、labelled with the danger symbol;
— G 2: material is “CLEANABLE” using a removal product that is labelled “Xi” irritant and/or “F” inflammable.
— G 3: material is “CLEANABLE” using a removal product that is labelled “Xn” harmful and/or “C” corrosive.
— G 4 : material is “CLEANABLE" using a r
44、emoval product that is labelled “T” toxic;
— NN: material is “UNCLEANABLE”.
This grading of the selection of graffiti products is only valid under the conditions defined by the client railway company.
Appendix A
(normative)
Type test specimen for effectiveness test
Dimensions in millimeters
45、
Material
Graffiti product
Removal product: P1
Removal product: P2
1st graffiti + 2 removal operations
1st graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations
plus
2nd graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations
1st graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations
plus
2nd graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations
3rd graffiti/1 +
46、 2 removal operations
Reference zone
Adhesive tape
Fig. A1
Appendix B
(for information)
Presentation of mean colorimetric deviations
Material designation
Graffiti product G Removal product P
Presentation in graph form
1st graffiti
2nd graffiti
3rd graffiti
2 removal operations
4 removal operations
6 removal operations
Presentation in chart form
Graffiti product
Graffito
Number of removal operations
Removal products
Delta E (mean)
Product
1st
2
0.80
G
2nd
4
1.80
3rd
6
2.80
NF F31112en鐵路車(chē)輛.對(duì)涂鴉的防護(hù)
