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河南理工大學(xué)萬方科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文翻譯
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提升機(jī)概論
近三十年來，國(guó)外提升機(jī)機(jī)械部分都得到了飛速的發(fā)展。起初的提升機(jī)是電動(dòng)機(jī)通過減速器傳動(dòng)卷筒的系統(tǒng)，后來出現(xiàn)了直流慢速電動(dòng)機(jī)和直流電動(dòng)機(jī)懸臂安裝直接傳動(dòng)的提升機(jī)。1981年第一臺(tái)用同步機(jī)懸臂傳動(dòng)的提升機(jī)在德國(guó)Monopol礦問世，1988年由MAVGHH和西門子合作制造的機(jī)電一體的提升機(jī)(習(xí)慣稱為內(nèi)裝電機(jī)式)在德國(guó)Romberg礦誕生了，這是世界上第一臺(tái)機(jī)械和電氣融合成一體的同步電機(jī)傳動(dòng)提升機(jī)。在提升機(jī)機(jī)械和電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的同時(shí)，電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使提升機(jī)的電氣控制系統(tǒng)更是日新月異。早在上世紀(jì)七十年代，國(guó)外就將可編程控制器(PLC)應(yīng)用于提升機(jī)控制。上世紀(jì)八十年代初，計(jì)算機(jī)又被用于提升機(jī)的監(jiān)視和管理。計(jì)算機(jī)和PLC的應(yīng)用，使提升機(jī)自動(dòng)化水平、安全、可靠性都達(dá)到了一個(gè)新的高度，并提供了新的、現(xiàn)代化的管理、監(jiān)視手段。特別要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，此時(shí)期在國(guó)外一著名的提升機(jī)制造公司，如西門子、ABB、ALSTHOM都利用新的技術(shù)和裝備，開發(fā)或完善了提升機(jī)的安全保護(hù)和監(jiān)控裝置，使安全保護(hù)性能又有了新的提高。
就在國(guó)外科學(xué)技術(shù)突飛猛進(jìn)發(fā)展的時(shí)候，我國(guó)提升機(jī)電控系統(tǒng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都處于落后的狀況。直到目前為止，我國(guó)正在服務(wù)的礦井提升機(jī)電控系統(tǒng)大多數(shù)還是轉(zhuǎn)子回路串金屬電阻的交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)，設(shè)備陳舊、技術(shù)落后。國(guó)產(chǎn)提升機(jī)安全性、可靠性差，在關(guān)鍵部位—上下兩井口減速區(qū)段沒有配套的有效的速度監(jiān)視裝置，就提升機(jī)控制技術(shù)而言，依然是陳舊的，和國(guó)外相比，我們存在很大的差距。
礦井提升系統(tǒng)的類型很多，按被提升對(duì)象分:主井提升、副井提升;按井筒的提升道角度分:豎井(如圖1.1所示為豎井井架設(shè)備)和斜井;按提升容器分:箕斗提升、籠提升、礦車提升;按提升類型分:單繩纏繞式和多繩摩擦式等。我國(guó)常用的礦用提升機(jī)主要是單繩纏繞式和多繩摩擦式。我國(guó)的礦井與世界上礦業(yè)較發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家相比，開采的井型較小、礦井提升高度較淺，煤礦用提升機(jī)較多，其他礦(如金屬礦、非金屬礦)則較少。因此在20世紀(jì)60年代開始單繩纏繞式礦井提升機(jī)采用較多。
礦井提升機(jī)按不同的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有不同的分類
(1)按鋼絲繩在卷筒上的連接形式分為纏繞式提升機(jī)、摩擦式提升機(jī)[多輪的、單輪的(落地式,塔式)]
(2)按井上或井下使用分為地面式提升機(jī)、井下式提升機(jī)[電氣防爆式、液壓傳動(dòng)式、其他傳動(dòng)]
(3)按卷筒結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為絞輪、圓錐形、圓柱圓錐形、圓柱形[圓柱卷筒型、可分離圓柱卷筒型]
(4)按電氣傳動(dòng)形式分為交流式、直流式
(5)按傳動(dòng)形式分為電傳動(dòng)、液壓傳動(dòng)
(6)按提升繩的多少分為單繩式、多繩式
(7)按卷筒數(shù)分為單筒式、多筒式按卷筒的數(shù)目，分為雙卷筒和單卷筒。
雙卷筒提升機(jī)：它的兩個(gè)卷筒在與軸的連接方式上有所不同：其中一個(gè)卷筒通過楔鍵或熱裝與主軸固接在一起，稱為固定卷筒，又稱為死卷筒；另一個(gè)卷筒滑裝在主軸上，通過離合器與主軸連接，故稱之為游動(dòng)卷筒，又稱為活卷筒。采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的目的是考慮到在礦井生產(chǎn)過程中提升鋼絲繩在終端載荷作用下產(chǎn)生彈性伸長(zhǎng)，或在多水平提升中提升水平的轉(zhuǎn)換，需要兩個(gè)卷筒之間能夠相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，以調(diào)節(jié)繩長(zhǎng)，使得兩個(gè)容器分別對(duì)準(zhǔn)井口和井底水平。
單卷筒提升機(jī)： 只有一個(gè)卷筒，一般僅用作單鉤提升。國(guó)產(chǎn)單繩纏繞式提升機(jī)有JT和JK兩個(gè)系列：JT系列提升機(jī)卷筒直徑為800～1600mm,主要用于井下運(yùn)輸提升工作；JK系列提升機(jī)卷筒直徑為2～5m，主要用于地面井口提升工作。
提升機(jī)都由若干部分組成：主軸、纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)、軸承和主制動(dòng)器。這些便是基本部分。纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)有好幾種，最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)是單圓柱形滾筒及雙圓柱形滾筒。對(duì)于單圓柱形滾筒，兩根鋼絲繩功用一個(gè)滾筒纏繞面；第一根鋼絲繩自滾筒松開而相應(yīng)地漏出的滾筒面由另一根鋼絲繩纏上。對(duì)于雙圓柱形滾筒，沒根鋼絲繩都纏繞在特有的滾筒上，即在任何時(shí)刻鋼絲繩都只是纏在兩支滾筒總纏繞面的一半上。在這種情形下，一個(gè)滾筒結(jié)實(shí)地固定在主軸上，另一個(gè)則活套在主軸上，借助于離合器與主軸相連，以便在必須時(shí)可使二滾筒作相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。滾筒相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的可能行使得提升設(shè)備的操作變得容易，因?yàn)榭梢匀菀椎卣{(diào)節(jié)由于鋼絲繩彈性變形而逐漸伸長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度。此外，還可以補(bǔ)償由于對(duì)鋼絲繩做周期性的試驗(yàn)而截下的長(zhǎng)度。依次，在每個(gè)滾筒的表面除了等于提升高度的鋼絲繩長(zhǎng)度外尚需附加30米長(zhǎng)的鋼絲繩，這樣才有可能當(dāng)滾筒作相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)以使一根鋼絲繩的鉛垂長(zhǎng)度增加時(shí)并不使另一根鋼絲繩縮短。當(dāng)有雙滾筒提升機(jī)時(shí)還可能更換操作水平。當(dāng)上容器停在井口車場(chǎng)時(shí)而下容器移至新的位置。這在一個(gè)提升水平但有個(gè)承受臺(tái)時(shí)也是需要的，例如翻轉(zhuǎn)式罐籠當(dāng)提升重物及提人時(shí)容器的終端位置是不同的。當(dāng)用單滾筒或滾筒的離合器不作用時(shí)，除原定水平外，如要服務(wù)于另一水平或承受臺(tái)則僅能用一個(gè)提升容器；第二個(gè)容器不過起著平衡錘的作用，此時(shí)，提升生產(chǎn)率驟然減少一半。
提升機(jī)的第二個(gè)重要部分為把電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳到安置有纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)的主軸上的減速器。減速器結(jié)構(gòu)因其類型、用途不同而異。但無論何種類型的減速器，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)都是由軸系部件、箱體及附件三大部分組成。軸系部件包括傳動(dòng)件、軸和軸承組合，軸承組合包括軸承、軸承蓋、密封裝置以及調(diào)整墊片等。減速器箱體上用以支持和固定軸系零件，保證傳動(dòng)件的嚙合精度、良好潤(rùn)滑及密封的重要零件。箱體質(zhì)量約占減速器總質(zhì)量的50/%。因此，在箱體結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)減速器的工作性能、加工工藝、材料消耗、質(zhì)量及成本等有很大影響，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須全面考慮。為了使減速器具備較完善的性能，如注油、排油、通氣、吊運(yùn)、檢查油面高度、檢查傳動(dòng)件嚙合情況、保證加工精度和裝拆方便等，在減速器箱體上常需設(shè)置某些裝置或零件，將這些裝置和零件及箱體上相應(yīng)的局部結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)稱為減速器附屬裝置或簡(jiǎn)稱為附件。它們包括：視孔與視孔蓋、通氣器、游標(biāo)、放游螺塞、定位銷、啟蓋螺釘、吊運(yùn)裝置、油杯等。
制動(dòng)器為提升機(jī)設(shè)備第三個(gè)重要部分。制動(dòng)器直接作用于制動(dòng)輪或制動(dòng)盤上產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力矩的部分按結(jié)構(gòu)分為盤式和塊式閘等；第四部分是傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，是控制并調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)力矩的部分。按傳動(dòng)能源分為油壓、壓氣或彈簧等；第五部分為深度指示器及與其相連的控制保護(hù)裝置，其用途為給司機(jī)指出提升容器在井筒中的位置；第六部分為操作臺(tái)，電動(dòng)機(jī)及制動(dòng)器的操縱手把均勻集中在這里，有時(shí)也有離合器操縱手把；提升機(jī)最后一部分為油壓及壓氣設(shè)備前者為每一機(jī)器所必備的；并且在油壓制動(dòng)傳動(dòng)時(shí)，它需作為機(jī)器潤(rùn)滑，同時(shí)也作為制動(dòng)裝置。當(dāng)用壓氣制動(dòng)時(shí)，油壓設(shè)備所起的作用僅限于機(jī)器的潤(rùn)滑，而此時(shí)需要附加壓氣設(shè)備，而在油壓制動(dòng)時(shí)卻不需要附加壓氣設(shè)備。
礦井提升機(jī)是聯(lián)系礦井井下和地面的工作機(jī)械。用鋼絲繩帶動(dòng)容器在井筒中升降，完成運(yùn)輸任務(wù)。按工作方式分類如下：
（1） 纏繞式提升機(jī)：
纏繞式提升機(jī)的主要部件有主軸、卷筒、主軸承、調(diào)繩離合器、減速器、深度指示器和制動(dòng)器等（圖2）。雙卷筒提升機(jī)的卷筒與主軸固接者稱固定卷筒，經(jīng)調(diào)繩離合器與主軸相連者稱活動(dòng)卷筒。中國(guó)制造的卷筒直徑為 2～5m。隨著礦井深度和產(chǎn)量的加大，鋼絲繩的長(zhǎng)度和直徑相應(yīng)增加。因而卷筒的直徑和寬度也要增大，故不適用于深井提升。
1. 單繩纏繞式提升機(jī)
它是較早出現(xiàn)的一種，它工作可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，但僅適用于淺井及中等深度的礦井，且終端載荷不能太大。對(duì)于深井且終端載荷較大時(shí)，提升鋼絲繩和提升機(jī)卷筒的直徑很大，從而造成體積龐大，重力猛增，使得提升鋼絲繩和提升機(jī)在制造、運(yùn)輸和使用上都有諸多不便。因此在一定程度上限制了單繩纏繞式提升機(jī)在深井條件下的使用。根據(jù)卷筒數(shù)目可分為單卷筒和雙卷筒兩種：①單卷筒提升機(jī)，一般作單鉤提升。鋼絲繩的一端固定在卷筒上，另一端繞過天輪與提升容器相連；卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，鋼絲繩向卷筒上纏繞或放出，帶動(dòng)提升容器升降。②雙卷筒提升機(jī)，作雙鉤提升（圖1）。兩根鋼絲繩各固定在一個(gè)卷筒上,分別從卷筒上、下方引出,卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，一個(gè)提升容器上升，另一個(gè)容器下降。纏繞式提升機(jī)按卷筒的外形又分為等直徑提升機(jī)和變直徑提升機(jī)兩種。等直徑卷筒的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造容易，價(jià)格低，得到普遍應(yīng)用。深井提升時(shí)，由于兩側(cè)鋼絲繩長(zhǎng)度變化大，力矩很不平衡。早期采用變直徑提升機(jī)（圓柱圓錐形卷筒），現(xiàn)多采用尾繩平衡。
2. 多繩纏繞式提升機(jī)(布雷爾式提升機(jī))
提升機(jī)在超深井運(yùn)行中，尾繩懸垂長(zhǎng)度變化大，提升鋼絲繩承受很大交變應(yīng)力，影響鋼絲繩壽命；尾繩在井筒中還易扭轉(zhuǎn)，妨礙工作。20世紀(jì) 50年代末，英國(guó)人布雷爾（Blair）設(shè)計(jì)了一臺(tái)直徑3.2m雙繩多層纏繞式提升機(jī)(又稱布雷爾式提升機(jī))，提升高度1580～2349m，一次提升量10～20t。 多繩纏繞式提升機(jī)工作原理與單繩纏繞式相同，不同的是幾根提升鋼絲繩同時(shí)纏繞在一個(gè)分段的卷筒上，它屬于多繩多層纏繞式，主要用于深井和超深井中，其工作原理如圖所示。
（二）摩擦式提升機(jī)
1938年，瑞典的ASEA公司在拉維爾（Laver）礦安裝了一臺(tái)直徑1.96m雙繩摩擦式提升機(jī)。1947年德國(guó)G.H.H.公司在漢諾威（Hannover）礦安裝了一臺(tái)四繩摩擦式提升機(jī)。多繩摩擦式提升機(jī)具有安全性高、鋼絲繩直徑細(xì)、主導(dǎo)輪直徑小、設(shè)備重量輕、耗電少、價(jià)格便宜等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，發(fā)展很快。除用于深立井提升外，還可用于淺立井和斜井提升。鋼絲繩搭放在提升機(jī)的主導(dǎo)輪（摩擦輪）上，兩端懸掛提升容器或一端掛平衡重(錘)。運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，借主導(dǎo)輪的摩擦襯墊與鋼絲繩間的摩擦力,帶動(dòng)鋼絲繩完成容器的升降。鋼絲繩一般為2～10根。
多繩摩擦式提升機(jī)的主要部件有主軸、主導(dǎo)輪、主軸承、車槽裝置、減速器、 深度指示器、制動(dòng)裝置及導(dǎo)向輪等（圖5）。主導(dǎo)輪表面裝有帶繩槽的摩擦襯墊。襯墊應(yīng)具有較高的摩擦系數(shù)和耐磨、耐壓性能,其材質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣直接影響提升機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力、工作安全性及應(yīng)用范圍。目前使用較多的襯墊材料有聚氯乙烯或聚氨基甲酸乙酯橡膠等。由于鋼絲繩與主導(dǎo)輪襯墊間不可避免的蠕動(dòng)和滑動(dòng)，停車時(shí)深度指示器偏離零位，故應(yīng)設(shè)自動(dòng)調(diào)零裝置，在每次停車期間使指針自動(dòng)指向零位。車槽裝置用于車削繩槽，保持直徑一致，有利于每根鋼絲繩張力均勻。為了減少震動(dòng)，可采用彈簧機(jī)座減速器。
1.井塔式提升機(jī) 機(jī)房設(shè)在井塔頂層，與井塔合成一體，節(jié)省場(chǎng)地；鋼絲繩不暴露在露天，不受雨雪的侵蝕，但井塔的重量大，基建時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，造價(jià)高，并不宜用于地震區(qū)（圖3）。
2.落地式提升機(jī) 機(jī)房直接設(shè)在地面上，井架低，投資小，抗震性能好；缺點(diǎn)是鋼絲繩暴露在露天，彎曲次數(shù)多,影響鋼絲繩的工作條件及使用壽命。
總之，不同的提升機(jī)用于不同的場(chǎng)合，根據(jù)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)量，設(shè)備的配套，進(jìn)行選擇。這樣，合理的選擇才能更好的為礦業(yè)服務(wù)。
提升機(jī)和提升絞車被廣泛應(yīng)用于礦山企業(yè)中升降人員和物料，而雙滾筒提升機(jī)和提升絞車要求有一調(diào)繩裝置，在需要調(diào)節(jié)提升鋼絲繩的長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，能使活動(dòng)滾筒與主軸分離，主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，與固定滾筒產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。在正常提升時(shí)，能夠使活動(dòng)卷筒與主軸連成一體，可靠的傳遞動(dòng)力。提升機(jī)和提升絞車對(duì)調(diào)繩離合器的基本要求是：接合平穩(wěn)、分離徹底、動(dòng)作準(zhǔn)確、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、操縱省力、重量輕、強(qiáng)度大、壽命長(zhǎng)、調(diào)繩精度高。
1、常見離合器的形式及特點(diǎn)
提升機(jī)和提升絞車離合器的類型很多，按結(jié)構(gòu)不同分類，常見的型式有：支輪連接式、蝸輪蝸桿式、齒輪式等。應(yīng)用較多的是齒輪式，齒輪式又分軸向和徑向齒輪離合器。按操縱方式分，有手動(dòng)、電動(dòng)、液動(dòng)等形式。支輪連接式
支輪連接式:絞車的活動(dòng)卷筒3與固定卷筒1用螺栓2將其內(nèi)側(cè)相鄰的支輪連接起來，一同旋轉(zhuǎn)。調(diào)繩時(shí)，固定活動(dòng)卷筒，卸下兩滾筒間的連接螺栓，開動(dòng)絞車，即可調(diào)節(jié)繩長(zhǎng)。此結(jié)構(gòu)沒有增加任何機(jī)構(gòu)，最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，但調(diào)繩時(shí)操作復(fù)雜，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大。該調(diào)繩方式在JTK型提升絞車上使用較多。
蝸輪蝸桿離合器在вм、KJ型等老式提升機(jī)上使用較多，如圖2。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳動(dòng)螺桿1，使連接在活卷筒輪輻上的蝸桿2與固定在主軸上的蝸輪3嚙合，活卷筒便與主軸連接。反之，蝸桿與蝸輪分離時(shí)，活卷筒與主軸脫開。這種離合器主要缺點(diǎn)是調(diào)整費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，由于離合器結(jié)構(gòu)不對(duì)稱，造成主軸裝置旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生不平衡力矩。
蝸輪蝸桿式:上世紀(jì)80年代生產(chǎn)的JK型提升機(jī)上使用軸向齒輪離合器較多。如圖3，油缸3固定在支輪2上，內(nèi)齒輪5與活動(dòng)卷筒連成一體，齒輪4在油缸的作用下可沿主軸的軸線移動(dòng)。該離合器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、軸向尺寸小。存在的主要問題是油缸滲漏油液后,污染制動(dòng)盤,降低摩擦系數(shù)，使制動(dòng)力減小,對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)有很大的影響。
徑向齒輪式:徑向齒塊式調(diào)繩離合器對(duì)齒方便，調(diào)繩時(shí)間短，離合效率高，是目前礦井提升機(jī)上較為先進(jìn)的離合器結(jié)構(gòu)。[2如圖4。內(nèi)齒圈1與活動(dòng)卷筒的腹板連成一體，固定在軸承座上的油缸拉動(dòng)移動(dòng)輪轂3沿主軸滑動(dòng)，帶動(dòng)連桿5使齒塊體2沿固定轂4的滑槽上下滑動(dòng)，與內(nèi)齒圈分離或嚙合，如圖4中a、b位置，達(dá)到切斷或傳遞動(dòng)力的作用。由于將油缸移到卷筒外面，即使油缸漏油也不會(huì)甩到制動(dòng)盤上,提高了提升工作的安全性。
多齒塊徑向手動(dòng)離合器:徑向齒輪離合器目前廣泛使用，但由于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,加大了軸向長(zhǎng)度，增加了設(shè)備的重量,設(shè)備本身的成本較高。結(jié)合徑向齒輪離合器的特點(diǎn)，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一種把原內(nèi)齒圈做成內(nèi)齒塊，原齒塊和固定轂合為一個(gè)外齒輪轂，為主要結(jié)構(gòu)的新型多齒塊徑向手動(dòng)離合器。該離合器主要由：外齒輪轂1、內(nèi)齒塊2、拉桿機(jī)構(gòu)3等組成。內(nèi)齒塊兩端的滑槽6與活動(dòng)滾筒的腹板4連成一體，外齒輪轂與主軸采用H7/u6的大過盈配合連接?；顒?dòng)滾筒支輪5與主軸采用H8/f7的間隙配合。其工作過程為：
正常提升時(shí)，內(nèi)齒塊與外齒輪轂嚙合。如圖中a位置。動(dòng)力從主軸傳遞到外齒輪轂，再到內(nèi)齒塊上，通過兩側(cè)滑槽傳遞到活動(dòng)滾筒上。主軸帶動(dòng)滾筒一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，完成提升或下放任務(wù)。調(diào)節(jié)繩長(zhǎng)時(shí)，固定活動(dòng)滾筒后，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)內(nèi)齒塊上方的螺桿，拉動(dòng)內(nèi)齒塊沿滑槽移動(dòng)，與外齒輪轂脫開，如圖中b位置。依次把幾個(gè)內(nèi)齒塊都脫離外齒輪轂后，主軸就與活動(dòng)滾筒脫離開來，即可進(jìn)行調(diào)繩操作。
因此，最后一個(gè)方案最好，簡(jiǎn)單方便，節(jié)省材料，被廣泛使用。
Introduction of lifting machine
Come nearly thirty years, foreign elevator machinery parts has been rapid development. The first hoist is the motor through reducer drive reel system, and later appeared in DC speed motor and DC motor for direct drive hoist cantilever installation. In 1981 the first synchronous machine for the cantilever drive hoist in Germany Monopol mine comes out,1988 by MAVGHH and Siemens cooperative manufacturing integrated mechanical and electrical hoist ( used to call for the built-in motor type ) in Germany Romberg mine was born, it was the world's first mechanical and electrical fused into one of the synchronous motor drive hoist. In the elevator mechanical and electrical drive technology rapid development, electronic technology and computer technology, to make the hoist electrical control system is change rapidly. Early in the last century seventy time, abroad the programmable controller ( PLC ) is applied to elevator control. In the early eighty century, the computer was used to hoist the surveillance and management. The application of the computer and PLC, hoist automation level, safety, reliability has reached a new height, and provides a new, modern management, monitoring means. In particular to emphasize is, this time in foreign famous hoist manufacturing companies such as ABB, ALSTHOM, Siemens, using new technology and equipment, development or perfection of the hoist safety protection and monitoring device, so that the safety protection .
Make a spurt of progress in foreign science and technology development, our country hoister electric control system for a long time in the backward situation. Until now, our country is service of electric control system of mine hoist rotor loop in series most or metal resistance of AC speed regulation system, obsolete equipment, backward technology. Domestic hoisting machine safety, reliability, in key positions - two head deceleration section without supporting effective speed monitoring device, on the elevator control technology, are still the old, compared with foreign countries, we put in very big difference.
Mine hoist system of many types of objects, according to the promotion: hoisting, hoisting shaft; according to ascending tract perspective: shaft ( as shown in Figure 1.1for vertical shaft equipment ) and inclined shaft lifting container; press: skip hoisting, lifting, car lifting cage; according to lifting type : single rope winding and multi rope friction type. Widely used in China mine hoist is mainly single rope winding and multi rope friction type. China's mine and the world mining industry more developed countries, mining, mine hoisting height of well-type small shallow, mine hoist is more, other minerals ( such as metal minerals, non-metallic minerals ) is less. In the nineteen sixties started single rope winding hoist used.
Mine lifting machine according to the different classification criteria have different classification
(1) according to the steel wire rope on the drum connection form for winding hoist machine, friction hoist [ more round, a single round of ( born type, tower ) ]
(2) as well as the ground or underground with hoist, mine hoist electrical explosion-proof type, hydraulic type, other transmission ]
(3) according to the drum structure is divided into the sheave, conical, cylindrical conical, cylindrical [ cylindrical drum, separable cylindrical drum type]
(4) according to the electric drive into the form of AC, DC type
(5) according to the transmission form into electric transmission, hydraulic transmission
(6) according to the lifting ropes can be divided into single rope type, multi rope type
(7) according to the drum is divided into single cylinder type, type according to the drum number, divided into pairs of drum and drum.
Double drum hoist: its two reel in and shaft connection way is different: one of the reel through the wedge bonding or hot charging and the spindle are fixedly connected together, called the fixed drum, also known as the die roll; another reel sliding arranged on the main shaft, the clutch is connected with a main shaft, it is called a floating drum, also known as the live reel. By adopting this structure was designed in view of the mine production in the process of hoisting wire rope in the terminal load under the action of elastic elongation, or in multiple levels of ascension to elevate the level of conversion, need two reel to rotate relatively, to adjust the rope length, such that the two containers respectively aimed at the wellhead and downhole level.
Single drum winder: only one reel, generally only used as a single hook hoist. Single rope winding hoist having JT and JK two series: JT series hoist drum diameter of 800～ 1600mm, mainly used for underground transportation upgrade work; JK series hoist drum diameter of 2～ 5m, mainly used for ground wellhead lifting work.
Lifting machine consists of several components: spindle, winding mechanism, bearing and the main brake. These are the basic part. There are several winding mechanism, the most commonly used structure is a single cylindrical roller and a pair of cylindrical roller. For a single cylindrical roller, two steel ropes function a platen winding surface; the first rope from the drum and the drum and release corresponding surface by another wire wrap. For a cylindrical drum, no rope around the unique drum, that in any moment of steel wire rope is wrapped around the two roller assembly on the half winding. In this case, a cylinder firmly fixed on the main shaft, another live set on the main shaft, with the help of the clutch is linked to the spindle, in order to have can make the two roller to rotate correspondingly. Drum rotation may exercise to promote equipment easy, because they can easily adjust the rope elastic deformation and the gradual extension length. In addition, can also be compensated due to wire rope periodic test and cut lengths. In turn, each roller surface in addition to equal to the lifting height of the length of the rope is the need for additional30 meters long steel wire rope, it is possible to make relative rotation so that when the cylinder of a steel rope vertical length increase does not make the other wire rope shortening. When there is a double drum hoist may also replace the operation level. When the container yard and container parked at wellhead under moved to a new location. This in an ascending levels but have a bearing platform is needed, such as flip cage when lifting heavy objects and one container terminal location is different. When using a single roller or roller clutch is not active, in addition to original level, to serve a level or under the stage can only use a lifting container; second containers but plays the effect of balance hammer, at this time, improve productivity, suddenly cut in half.
Hoist second important parts for the rotation of the motor to the placement of a winding mechanism on a main shaft of the reducer. Speed reducer structure because of its type, use different. But no matter what type of reducer, its basic structure is composed of shaft parts, box and accessories three major components. Shaft parts including transmission parts, shaft and bearing assembly, bearing assembly includes a bearing, bearing cover, sealing device and adjusting washer. The reducer box body for supporting and fixing shaft parts, ensure the transmission of the meshing precision, good lubrication and sealing parts. Body quality about reducer assembly quality 50/%. Therefore, in the box body structure for speed reducer performance, processing technology, material consumption, cost and quality has great influence, the design must be considered comprehensively. In order to make the speed reducer with better performance, such as grease, oil drainage, ventilation, lifting, check the oil level, check the transmission element meshing, ensuring the processing precision and easy assembly and disassembly, the reducer box often need to set certain devices or parts, these parts and box device and corresponding local structure is called as the reducer attachments or accessories. They include : as the hole and as manhole covers, ventilator, cursor, on tour, a positioning pin plug, open the cover screw, lifting device, oil cup.
Brake for hoist equipment third important parts. Brake acts directly on the brake wheel or a brake disc braking torque generated as part of the structure is divided into the plate and block type brake; the fourth part is the transmission mechanism, is to control and adjust the braking torque of part. According to the driving energy into hydraulic, pneumatic or spring; the fifth part depth indicator and connected with the control and protection device, its use for drivers that enhance the container at a location in the wellbore; sixth part is the operation platform, the motor and the brake handlebar uniform set in here, sometimes clutch hand the last part; hoist hydraulic and pneumatic equipment for the former for each machine necessary; and the hydraulic brake transmission, it needs as machine lubrication, but also as the brake device. When using compressed air brake, hydraulic equipment the role only for machine lubrication, and this requires additional compressed air equipment, while in the hydraulic braking does not need additional compressed air equipment.
Mine hoist is a contact mine downhole and surface working machinery. Steel wire rope drives the container in a wellbore lifting, transportation task completion. According to the working modes are classified as follows:
Winding hoist machine main components are spindle, drum, main bearing, adjusting rope, reducer, depth indicator and brakes ( Figure 2). Double drum hoist reel spindle are fixedly connected with said fixed reel, through adjusting rope is linked to the spindle are called active reel. Chinese manufacturing reel diameter of 2～ 5m. With the mining depth and yield increase, the length of steel wire rope and the diameter of a corresponding increase in. Thus the reel diameter and width will increase, is not suitable for deep well lifting.
It is an earlier appearance of a, it is reliable, simple structure, but applies only to Asakai and medium depth of the mine, and the terminal load can not be too large. For deep well and the terminal loads are large, rope and hoist drum diameter is large, resulting in huge volume, gravity jumps, makes the wire rope hoist and hoist in the manufacturing, transportation and use are inconvenient. So to a certain extent restricts the single rope winding hoist machine under the condition of deep well use. According to the reel can be divided into the number of single drum and double drum two: ①single drum winder, generally for single hook hoist. One end of the wire rope is fixed on the reel, the other end is connected around the sheave and the lifting container; the drum to rotate, the wire rope from winding on the reel or release, drives the hoisting. The double drum hoist, as double-hook hoisting ( Figure 1). Two steel ropes are respectively fixed on a drum, separately from the drum, the drum to rotate, below the lead, a hoisting container rises, another container drop. Winding hoist machine according to the drum shape is divided into equal diameter hoister and variable diameter hoister two. Equal diameter drum has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, low price, widely used. Deep well promoted, because both sides of wire rope length changes, torque is not balanced. Early introduction of variable diameter hoister ( cylindrical conical drum), the use of tail rope.
Hoist in ultra deep well operation, tail rope drape length changes, rope under great stress, affect the service life of the rope; the tail rope in shaft is easily reversed, obstructing the work. At the end of nineteen fifties, British Breyer ( Blair ) designed a diameter of 3.2m double rope multilayer winding hoist machine ( also called Breyer hoist machine ), lifting height of1580～ 2349m, the first upgrade of10～ 20T. Multi rope winding hoist machine principle of work and the single rope winding the same, different is a rope wound while in a segmented reel, which belongs to the multi rope multilayer winding, mainly used in deep well and super deep well, its working principle as shown in the figure.
In 1938, the Swedish ASEA company in laver ( Laver ) ore has a diameter of 1.96m double rope friction hoist. In 1947 the German G.H.H. company in Hannover ( Hannover ) mine installed a four rope friction hoist. Multi rope friction hoist wire rope with high security, small diameter, the leading wheel diameter of small, light weight, low power consumption, low cost, development is very rapid. Except for deep mine shaft hoist, also can be used in shallow shaft and inclined shaft hoisting. Steel wire rope rested on the hoist capstan ( friction ), two suspension lifting container or end hanging balance weight ( hammer ). Running wheel, friction. The friction between the liner and the steel wire rope, wire rope lifting drive complete container. Wire rope is generally 2 to10.
Multi rope friction hoist main components are spindle, main guide wheel, main bearing, slot car device, reducer, depth indicator, a braking device and a guide wheel ( Figure 5). The main guide surface is provided with a rope groove of the friction pad. Liner should have a high coefficient of friction and abrasion resistance, resistance to pressure, the material directly affects the hoist capacity, work safety and application. Is the use of more cushioning material is PVC and polyurethane rubber. Because the steel wire rope and the leading wheel between the lining inevitable creeping and sliding, parking depth indicator deviates from a zero position, it should be equipped with automatic zero setting device, at each parking period so that the pointer is automatically directed to zero. Slot car device used for turning rope groove, maintain a uniform diameter, in favor of each wire rope tension uniform. In order to