全新版大學英語綜合教程3

B R _ main,Word Web,Warm-up Questions,Test Your Knowledge on Cloning,Listening Comprehension,Background Information,B R _ English Song _ main,Background Information,Hwang Woo-Suk,Stemagen,Cloning,Dolly,The Pope,B R _ Sales Promotion _ main,Word Web,What words or expressions will occur to you whenever we mention “cloning”? Write down as many words and phrases as possible.,B R _ Introductory Remarks,Warm-up Questions,1.What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning? 2.How can cloning technologies be used? 3.What animals have been cloned so far, and for what purpose? 4.Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? If so, give examples. 5.What are the risks of cloning? 6.Should humans be cloned?,B R _ Listen and Complete,1. The concept of “cloning” was originally a science fiction idea.,F,Cloning was not originally a sci-fi idea although sci-fi writers have enjoyed playing about with the concept. Clones have always occurred in nature.,( ),Test Your Knowledge on Cloning,2. “Clone” comes from the ancient Greek word meaning “trouble”.,F,The word “clone” comes from the ancient Greek word meaning “twig” i.e., a division from the main branch.,( ),B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 1,3. One cell could theoretically launch a thousand clones.,T,It takes a whole cell to start a clone but of course therere millions of genetically identical cells in an animal organ.,( ),4. Dolly the sheep was grown in a test-tube.,F,Although the cloning process takes place in lab conditions, the embryo has to be transferred into a surrogate mother to develop into a whole animal.,( ),B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 2,5. Cloned animals have the same personality as their “parent”.,F,Cloned animals may or may not have the same personality as their parent personality is partly determined by the environment.,( ),B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 3,6. If you cloned yourself the clone would be the same age as you are.,F,If you cloned yourself, the clone would begin like any other baby as a single-celled organism and take nine months before it was born.,( ),B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 4,Listening Comprehension,Listen to the passage about animal cloning and answer the questions.,1. When was the first animal cloned?,In 1952.,B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 5,2. How were clones created before the creation of Dolly?,They were created from embryonic cells.,3. What is the technology used in cloning the animals?,Nuclear transfer technology.,4. Can all species be cloned? Why?,No. Because some species may be more resistant to somatic cell nuclear transfer.,Scientists have been cloning animals for many years. In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells. Since Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. All these clones were created using nuclear transfer technology. Hundreds of cloned animals exist today, but the number of different species is limited. Attempts at cloning certain species have been unsuccessful. Some species,B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 6,B R _ She Works Hard for the Money 6,species may be more resistant to somatic cell nuclear transfer than others. The process of stripping the nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a donor cell is a traumatic one, and improvements in cloning technologies may be needed before many species can be cloned successfully.,Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly.,B R _ Questions and Answers 1,Cloning,Gene cloning Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning,Types of Cloning,Creation,It creates copies of genes or segments of DNA. It creates copies of whole animals. It creates embryonic stem cells.,B R _ Questions and Answers 2,B R _ Definition 1,Hwang Woo-Suk, ,a South Korean veterinarian researcher a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) infamous for fabricating a series of experiments in the field of stem cell research,B R _ Definition 2,Hwang Woo-Suk was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field of stem cell research until November 2005, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he fraudulently reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. Both papers were later editorially retracted after they were found to contain a large amount of fabricated data.,B R _ Definition 3,Stemagen, ,a corporation headed by Dr. Samuel Wood notable for cloning adult skin cells It successfully created the first 5 mature human embryos using DNA from adult skin cells.,B R _ Questions and Answers 2,B R _ Definition 4,Dolly,Addressed as:,Dolly: July 5, 1996 February 14, 2003,Remarkable for:,Cloned by:,Cloned in:,The worlds most famous sheep.,Being the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.,Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues.,Edinburgh, Scotland.,B R _ Definition 5,B R _ Definition 6,The Pope, ,the Bishop of Rome the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church head of state of Vatican City The current pope (as in 2010) is Pope Benedict XVI, elected April 19, 2005 in papal conclave.,B R _ Definition 7,G R _ main,Part Division of the Text,Further Understanding,G R _ Further Understanding,Further Understanding,For Part 2,For Part 1 True or False,For Part 3 Blank Filling,Table Completion,Multiple Choice,G R _ Part Division of the Text,Part Division of the Text,Parts,Para(s),Main Ideas,1,14,The writer relates under what circumstances the stem cell research company Stemagen was set up.,2,523,The writer gives an account of their research efforts toward the goal of creating lines of embryonic stem cells using a process known as therapeutic cloning.,G R _ Part Division of the Text,Parts,Main Ideas,The writer tells about his attitude towards criticisms against using embryos for scientific research.,3,2427,Para(s),G R _ True or False 1,True or False,1. When Hwang Woo-Suk reported his success in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning, people felt they were cheated.,2. A lot of diseases would be treated if human embryonic stem cells can really be created by cloning.,F,When Hwang Woo-Suk reported his success in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning, people felt very excited.,( ),T,( ),G R _ True or False 2,3. Dr. Wood has a profound love for his mother.,T,( ),4. Dr. Wood decided to do something for his mother when she developed diabetes.,F,Dr. Wood decided to do something for his mother at her funeral.,( ),G R _ True or False 3,5. The other founder of Stemagen, the stem research company, also lost his father to diabetes.,F,The other founder of Stemagen, the stem research company, lost his father to ALS.,( ),6. As his mother had diabetes, Dr. Wood thought it was rather ordinary to see his mother lose her eyesight and most of her ability to walk.,F,It was absolutely horrifying for Dr. Wood to see his mother lose her eyesight and most of her ability to walk.,( ),G R _ True or False 1,Table Completion,Reproductive cloning VS Therapeutic cloning,Purpose,Effects,Reproductive cloning,The majority of reproductive clones are abnormal, with very high miscarriage rates, very high stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies, death soon after birth, etc.,To create an exact copy of an animal or human that already exists or has existed,G R _ True or False 3,Purpose,Effects,Therapeutic cloning,To harvest embryonic stem cells for use in medical treatments,Therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in human beings.,G R _ Multiple Choice1,What are the researchers interested in? _,A. Cloning genes.,B. Helping the sick.,C. Creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.,D. Putting a human face on cloning.,Multiple Choice,What are the researchers interested in? _,G R _ Multiple Choice1A,A,A. Cloning genes.,B. Helping the sick.,C. Creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.,D. Putting a human face on cloning.,Multiple Choice,What are the researchers interested in? _,G R _ Multiple Choice1B,A. Cloning genes.,B. Helping the sick.,C. Creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.,D. Putting a human face on cloning.,Multiple Choice,B,What are the researchers interested in? _,G R _ Multiple Choice1C,A. Cloning genes.,B. Helping the sick.,C. Creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.,D. Putting a human face on cloning.,Multiple Choice,C,What are the researchers interested in? _,G R _ Multiple Choice1D,A. Cloning genes.,B. Helping the sick.,C. Creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.,D. Putting a human face on cloning.,Multiple Choice,D,G R _ Multiple Choice2,2. What is Dr. Wood referred to as? _,A. The man to clone Dolly.,B. The first man to clone human embryonic stem cells.,C. The first man to cure diabetes.,D. The first man to “clone himself”.,2. What is Dr. Wood referred to as? _,G R _ Multiple Choice2A,A. The man to clone Dolly.,B. The first man to clone human embryonic stem cells.,C. The first man to cure diabetes.,D. The first man to “clone himself”.,A,2. What is Dr. Wood referred to as? _,G R _ Multiple Choice2B,A. The man to clone Dolly.,B. The first man to clone human embryonic stem cells.,C. The first man to cure diabetes.,D. The first man to “clone himself”.,B,2. What is Dr. Wood referred to as? _,G R _ Multiple Choice2C,A. The man to clone Dolly.,B. The first man to clone human embryonic stem cells.,C. The first man to cure diabetes.,D. The first man to “clone himself”.,C,2. What is Dr. Wood referred to as? _,G R _ Multiple Choice2D,A. The man to clone Dolly.,B. The first man to clone human embryonic stem cells.,C. The first man to cure diabetes.,D. The first man to “clone himself”.,D,G R _ Multiple Choice3,3. What has led to the firestorm of controversy? _,A. Humanizing cloning.,B. Providing a roadmap.,C. Serving the purpose of helping the patients.,D. A woman donating an egg.,3. What has led to the firestorm of controversy? _,G R _ Multiple Choice3A,A. Humanizing cloning.,B. Providing a roadmap.,C. Serving the purpose of helping the patients.,D. A woman donating an egg.,A,3. What has led to the firestorm of controversy? _,G R _ Multiple Choice3B,A. Humanizing cloning.,B. Providing a roadmap.,C. Serving the purpose of helping the patients.,D. A woman donating an egg.,B,3. What has led to the firestorm of controversy? _,G R _ Multiple Choice3C,A. Humanizing cloning.,B. Providing a roadmap.,C. Serving the purpose of helping the patients.,D. A woman donating an egg.,C,3. What has led to the firestorm of controversy? _,G R _ Multiple Choice3D,A. Humanizing cloning.,B. Providing a roadmap.,C. Serving the purpose of helping the patients.,D. A woman donating an egg.,D,G R _ Multiple Choice4,4. Why were people skeptical about their achievement?,A. Because its impossible to clone blastocyst nowadays.,B. Because the cell had been destroyed.,C. Because some scientists cheated the public in the past.,D. Because the researchers couldnt prove the embryos were clones.,_,_,G R _ Multiple Choice4A,4. Why were people skeptical about their achievement?,A. Because its impossible to clone blastocyst nowadays.,B. Because the cell had been destroyed.,C. Because some scientists cheated the public in the past.,D. Because the researchers couldnt prove the embryos were clones.,A,G R _ Multiple Choice4B,4. Why were people skeptical about their achievement?,A. Because its impossible to clone blastocyst nowadays.,B. Because the cell had been destroyed.,C. Because some scientists cheated the public in the past.,D. Because the researchers couldnt prove the embryos were clones.,_,B,G R _ Multiple Choice4C,4. Why were people skeptical about their achievement?,A. Because its impossible to clone blastocyst nowadays.,B. Because the cell had been destroyed.,C. Because some scientists cheated the public in the past.,D. Because the researchers couldnt prove the embryos were clones.,_,C,G R _ Multiple Choice4D,4. Why were people skeptical about their achievement?,A. Because its impossible to clone blastocyst nowadays.,B. Because the cell had been destroyed.,C. Because some scientists cheated the public in the past.,D. Because the researchers couldnt prove the embryos were clones.,_,D,1. 2. 3.,To Dr. Wood, its an to be by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week. Researchers in the field and their usually have no dialogue. To give an embryo doesnt make sense to Dr. Wood.,G R _ Blank Filling,Blank Filling,honor,_,condemned,_,embryonic stem cell,_,opponents,_,all the rights of a human life,_,I was extremely close with my mother all my life. She was a brilliant educator, writer and wonderful woman. Sadly, she developed complications related to diabetes. When she lost her eyesight and most of,of her ability to walk, it was absolutely horrifying for me. She passed away from a fall seven or eight years ago. At her funeral, I swore that one day Id do something about conditions like hers.,D R _ Text 1,HUMAN CLONING: A SCIENTISTS STORY,Dr. Samuel Wood via interview,Years passed and I read about the work the South Koreans had done with stem cells. In 2004 and 2005 Hwang Woo-Suk fraudulently reported that he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. Back then it wasnt known it was a fraud, so it was very exciting to think that a long list of diseases could be treated. I founded the stem cell research company Stemagen with another gentleman whose father had died of ALS. We went out for drinks one night and we started talking about our parents. We wanted to do something that would be a legacy for them.,D R _ Text 2,For Better Or Worse?,D R _ Text 3,The moment we decided to start Stemagen, I read all there was to read about the various cloning efforts in the past. The cloned sheep Dolly in 1997 was,very interesting, but at that stage people were not focusing on the stem cell aspect of cloning; they were focusing on the reproductive possibilities of cloning.,Human reproductive cloning is just simply wrong ethically from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint, even ignoring any religious issues associated with it. The reason is that the majority of reproductive clones in other species are actually abnormal, with very high miscarriage rates, very high stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies, death soon after birth, et cetera. It would just be absolutely wrong to take a human being and put them through what may well involve significant suffering for really no good end. Even though people could take the techniques that weve developed and attempt to do it (or perhaps even be successful doing it), we hope that they would not.,D R _ Text 4,On the other hand, therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in real human beings who are going through some awful things. Im a pure scientist in some ways, and I know that many different studies or findings could be used for evil. Our job as scientists is to make the most of this technology and make it available to the greatest number of other scientists who can help us do good things with it. Theres really no effective way for an individual scientist to stop someone else from using the knowledge for something they shouldnt.,D R _ Text 5,We need to be honest about the techniques that we used. They need to be able to be replicated by other people, and so, we are providing a roadmap. I would hope that the legislation thats in place and the great public disapproval that would result from any attempt to clone a human would dissuade anyone from going down that path. What is it they say? There is no technology that hasnt been used for some evil purpose at some point. Quite honestly I do think that someone will attempt human reproductive cloning. I do think its inevitable, and its virtually impossible to legislate that away.,D R _ Text 6,I am spoken of as the first man to “clone himself.” There are different types of cloning. At the cellular level, yes, its true I am the first man to clone himself. We thought a great deal about how to deal,with the issue of whose cells we should use and whether we should let the world and the scientific community know who the first cellular clone was. In the end we decided that we wanted to put a human face on cloning.,D R _ Text 7,Claim to Fame,I didnt anticipate it would create the firestorm of controversy that its created, but Im still glad we went down that path. We received thousands of e-mails and phone calls from people who need help. I think by coming forward and putting a face to it we made it very real, and now people around the world know that cloning is here. I believe that very soon it will be used therapeutically, so I think our purpose was served. Pure Science What happens is an informed and consenting woman donates an egg and we remove her genetic material from the egg. Then we place a single skin cell inside that egg.,D R _ Text 8,What were really interested in is creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines. The procedure of taking cells from a person takes no more than a minute or two. You can take some skin cells from the arm, for example, and in one to two minutes, you can get the cells that you need to carry out this process. This process enables us to study the causes of specific diseases, such as Alzheimers Disease, ALS or Parkinsons Disease, and then research a variety of treatments for these diseases. If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplanted back into the individual, they will not be rejected by the individual.,D R _ Text 9,D R _ Text 10,Sweet Success,I always thought that when our research was successful I would just be pleased that we had accomplished this when others had not. In reality, it is transcendent,transcendent when you look through the microscope, you see what you may have looked like a long time ago, at least in part.,When I looked down and saw that cloned blastocyst, it brought tears to my eyes. I had done this for my mother, and I realized, had she only been able to live a few years longer, maybe we could have used this technology to help her. It was emotional to see that potential, which she never had a chance to experience. Theres a big misconception out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason. There was so much skepticism about this process because of the scientific fraud from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones.,D R _ Text 11,D R _ Text 12,In the process of analysis, the embryos were destroyed by necessity. In other words, to get the genetic material from inside the cells to analyze it, you have to destroy the cell. We would have loved to have been able to avoid destroying them. Now were working full-time on creating stem cell lines, and people are watching with great interest. The Pope And The President There are a variety of opponents to our work.,D R _ Text 13,We were condemned by the Vatican and mentioned in a negative light in President Bushs State of the Union address. In a sense its an honor because it shows that were doing,doing something significant. Its not every day that you get condemned by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week. Theres usually no dia