現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)歷年真題及答案

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1、.全國(guó)2011年1月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)試題課程代碼：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic compet

2、ence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and_, which is our linguistic performance. ( )A. creation B. communicationC. comprehension D. perception2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _,respectively. ( )A. affricates B. stopsC. vela

3、rs D. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _ morphemes. ( )A. free B. boundC. derivational D. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, _and complement. (

4、 )A. modifier B. determinerC. qualifier D. specifier5. _ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referentC. Sense, reference D. Referent,

5、sense6. According to John Austins theory of speech act, a(n) _ act is the act of expressing the speakers intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowe

6、l segment_. ( )A. in word-initial B. in word-middleC. in word-final D. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as_. ( )A. a regional dialect B. a social dialectC.

7、a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, _is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area B. Brocas areaC. Wernickes area D. the angular gyrus10. The language at _ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as ne

8、gative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-word D. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not

9、allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced

10、 in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically

11、 by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity

12、or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of t

13、he brain is called 1 .20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to childrens development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket

14、s in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% 10=20% )21. ( ) “Theres a motorcycle coming is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step ont

15、o a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashesfor phonetic segments and square brackets for phonemic segments23 ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the s

16、tem and also change the part of speech of the original word24 ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function25 ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but diff

17、erent in spelling and meaning，are homophones26( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27 ( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shiftedThe wor

18、d knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“Im too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too muchShe means “I am too foolish”These are two examples of semantic broadening28 ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of

19、speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of languageSpeakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29 ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right sid

20、e of the body30( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of “the younger the better”IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing 33.morpheme34.finite ponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthe

21、sis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and

22、utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全國(guó)自考現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)參考答案全國(guó)2010年10月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)試題I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%10=20% )1. The purpo

23、se of Chomskys definition is to focus attention on the purely _ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and

24、individual sounds within that range as _.A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds3. A(n) _ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and al

25、l have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) _ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （ ）A. argument

26、 B. subject C. object D. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: Im in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of _.（ ）A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word.

27、Such a process is called _, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently _ about the word spinster. The connotations

28、reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human _. （ ）A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory organs10. In the _ stage, children begin to

29、produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （ ）A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word

30、only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has under

31、gone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that gov

32、ern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found

33、that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distingui

34、shes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopte

35、d by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learners goal is

36、f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so an

37、d then give the correct version. （ 2%10=20% ）21.（ ）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（ ）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as Engli

38、sh stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.23.（ ）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.24.（ ）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to hi

39、ghly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages va

40、ry.25.（ ）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（ ）According to Austins classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and

41、 decalrations.27.（ ）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced ks, but the word asking is pronounced skI. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, pro

42、ducing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（ ）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are

43、regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（ ）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（ ）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language

44、. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimms Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV

45、. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichs?2010年10月全國(guó)自考現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)參考答案全國(guó)201

46、0年1月自學(xué)考試現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)試題I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by man

47、y other factors over and above their linguistic _. ( )A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels i: or u:, our _, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords3. The wor

48、d “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains _. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the _ of a

49、 language, for example, in English, NP ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by _. A. Pla

50、to B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield6. According to John Austins theory of speech act, a(n) _ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that _ bore to Greek and Latin a

51、 stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（ ）A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a

52、_.( )A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the _ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. A. right B. left C. front D. bac

53、k10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except _. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: F

54、ill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% 10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is

55、 composed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft palate, or velum, e.g

56、., k in cat, g in get and in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of s to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sent

57、ences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurr

58、ed in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high va

59、riety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true

60、or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% 10=20%)21.（ ）According to Hall (1968), language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact

61、 with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of habitually used symbols.22.（ ）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pi

62、tch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.23.（ ）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（

63、）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the two levels look different.25.（ ）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to