三年高考（2017-2019）高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)匯編 專題16 閱讀理解說(shuō)明類（含解析）

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1、三年（2017-2019）高考真題英語(yǔ)分項(xiàng)匯編 專題16 閱讀理解說(shuō)明類 一、2019年高考真題 1. 【2019·全國(guó)卷I，C】 As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, tho

2、ugh. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of

3、security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of wheth

4、er someone gets the password right. It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using t

5、he smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The t

6、eam hopes to make it to market in the near future. 28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. 29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboar

7、d possible？ A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed. 30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll. A. It'll be environme

8、nt-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon. C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing. 31. Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來(lái)越普遍，目前，向指紋掃描等這些技術(shù)仍然是昂貴的。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤(pán)，它能給e-space用戶帶來(lái)安全，而且這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也不貴。

9、28.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者們開(kāi)發(fā)智能鍵盤(pán)是為了降低e-space保護(hù)的成本。故選D。 29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The key board could offe

10、r a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的打字方式不同，使智能鍵盤(pán)能夠識(shí)別人的身份。故選C。 30.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的The team hopes to make it to m

11、arket in the near future.可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤(pán)能早日面世。故選B。 31.D 【解析】推理判斷題。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤(pán)，它能給e-space用戶帶來(lái)安全，由此可知，本文是關(guān)于科技，結(jié)合所給選項(xiàng)可知，本文可能來(lái)自于一本雜志。故選D。 2. 【2019·全國(guó)卷I，D】 During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was

12、the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. M

13、itch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and

14、work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked

15、in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.” In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We found that the least well-

16、liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us." Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the

17、neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is als

18、o responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said. 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool. 3

19、3. What is the second paragraph mainly about？ A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents. C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior 34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A. They appeared to be

20、 aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable. C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Beer C. Be the Best-You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Ag

21、gressiveness 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對(duì)別人好，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。 32.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小學(xué)時(shí)光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會(huì)地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時(shí)，是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂

22、寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的，故選C。 33.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對(duì)the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。 3

23、4.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛(ài)可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，故選B。 35.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通過(guò)閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。與選項(xiàng)A“對(duì)別人好——最終，你的收獲無(wú)窮無(wú)盡”一致，故選A。 4. 【2019·全國(guó)卷II，D】 Bacteria are an

24、 annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not

25、just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have bee

26、n studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解決方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager. “There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There alm

27、ost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product

28、.” Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, ready

29、ing a workable solution to test in space. 32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station? A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution. C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments. 33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program? A. To

30、 strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills. C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education 34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program? A. Check their product. B. Guide project d

31、esigns C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier. C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項(xiàng)目就是通過(guò)Gordon的學(xué)生找到如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一

32、技術(shù)，把空間技術(shù)與帶進(jìn)課堂，與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合，從而最終影響到大學(xué)入 的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)的關(guān)鍵原則。科學(xué)家們說(shuō);因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過(guò)了它的臨界點(diǎn)，它們很難再回來(lái)。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時(shí)適應(yīng)人類活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來(lái)，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。 46.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。

33、 47. C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的When a predator(掠食動(dòng)物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個(gè)物種是緊密相連的。故選C。 48. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control o

34、ver the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動(dòng)物對(duì)它們沒(méi)有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級(jí)食肉動(dòng)物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。 49.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown

35、 or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人類過(guò)度的活動(dòng)會(huì)將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動(dòng)極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。 50. D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pus

36、hing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動(dòng)的信號(hào)幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。 9. 【2019·江蘇卷，B】 In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly

37、，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere. Most of us，when

38、we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圓錐體)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(巖漿)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner

39、of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano tha

40、t doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere. Just at this time NASA decided to test some new

41、 high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot

42、 the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to huma

43、ns. 58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？ A. Its complicated geographical features. B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism. C. The mysterious history of the park. D. The exact location of the volcano. 59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？ A. The sha

44、pes of volcanoes. B. The impacts of volcanoes. C. The activities of volcanoes. D. The heights of volcanoes. 60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？ A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera. C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。講述了二十世紀(jì)六十年代B

45、ob Christiansen在研究黃石公園的火山歷史時(shí)，奇怪地發(fā)現(xiàn)到處看不到火山的影子，原來(lái)，這兒的火山并不是像我們大部分人想象的那種圓錐體形狀的高聳的樣子，而是一個(gè)巨大的洞，這個(gè)洞太大了以至于從地面上的任何地方都看不見(jiàn)。 58.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到處看不到火山。故選D。 59.A 【解析】主旨大意題。本段講述了兩種形狀的火山，一種是通常人們所理解的由火山巖漿堆積形成的圓錐體，還有一種極具爆發(fā)力的火山，它們會(huì)在一個(gè)

46、大裂縫中爆裂，留下一個(gè)巨大的洞，故選A。 60.C 【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the v

47、isitors’ centers.可知，美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和宇宙航行局為測(cè)試一些新的高海拔照相機(jī)而拍攝了黃石公園的照片。一位深思熟慮的官員把其中的一些照片副本轉(zhuǎn)交給了公園管理部門，認(rèn)為他們可能會(huì)將其放大以供一個(gè)游客中心展示。故可知，此處意為將照片放大，選C。 10. 【2019·浙江卷，C】 California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). T

48、he number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra

49、high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing dev

50、elopment pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleag

51、ues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculat

52、ed how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪). Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising tem

53、peratures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season. 27. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big

54、trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California. 28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? A. Ecological studies of forests. B. Banning woodcutting. C. Limiting housing development. D. Fir

55、e control measures. 29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre? A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season. C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air. 30. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone? B.

56、Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests? D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文，根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來(lái)，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹(shù)，氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。 27.A 主旨大意題。在第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明了大樹(shù)損失在各個(gè)地區(qū)的嚴(yán)重程度，沒(méi)有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。 2

57、8. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（資源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同時(shí)，使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹(shù)，它們與大樹(shù)爭(zhēng)奪資源，這對(duì)大樹(shù)產(chǎn)生了不利的影響，故選D。 29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state hav

58、e been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snowmelt, …可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是氣溫的上升，以及較早的融雪，故選C。 30.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來(lái)，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹(shù)，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個(gè)主要因素。全文圍繞“加州森林的大樹(shù)都去哪兒了”話題展開(kāi)，故選項(xiàng)A符合題意。 二、2018年高考真題 1.【2018·全國(guó)卷I，D】 We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the firs

59、t sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out ho

60、w much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for ho

61、w home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers

62、showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices ro

63、se from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhous

64、e gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what’s the solution (解決方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a table

65、t for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 32. What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. T

66、hey cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34. Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. 35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. St