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1、專題十七詞義猜測專題十七詞義猜測-2-考情概覽考試說明指出:正確理解文章中單詞或短語的含義是理解文章的第一步,也是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)。但英語單詞的含義并非完全等同于詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思,其含義隨不同的語境會有所不同。能根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活變化的詞義,才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。此外,閱讀文章時,常常會遇到一些過去未見過的詞,但許多這類生詞的詞義可以通過上下文推斷出來。這種不使用詞典而通過閱讀上下文來推斷生詞含義的能力,是一個合格的讀者所必須具備的能力,因此也是閱讀理解中經(jīng)常考查的一種能力。詞義猜測題主要是測試考生根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞或新短語意義的能力。閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。事
2、實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。考生可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。-3-1.詞義猜測題常見的命題方式有以下幾種(1)The word “.” in the passage means .(2)The word “.” could be best replaced by .(3)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to the word “.”?(4)The word “.” probably refers to .(5)According to the passage,t
3、he word “.” is known as .2.詞義猜測題解題策略(1)根據(jù)定義、解釋和復(fù)述猜測詞義這種情況下,生詞往往出現(xiàn)在前面,定義或解釋跟在生詞的后面,也可由or或破折號引出,因此只要找準(zhǔn)并正確理解生詞的釋義,生詞的含義也就清楚了。釋義部分可以是單詞、短語,也可以是列舉的句子。在做這類題時,要注意生詞與復(fù)述部分往往構(gòu)成同位語,在句中多用逗號(,)、破折號()、冒號(:)、分號(;)等來連接。-4-【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,C)This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first
4、 set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley” of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and ful
5、ly driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.-5-46.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第
6、一段的最后一句可知,交通部長的提議將會明確司機的責(zé)任。根據(jù)第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知,這個提議旨在處理半自主駕駛與完全自主駕駛之間的不明確的情形,故選D項。-6-(2)根據(jù)搭配、對比關(guān)系猜測詞義分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、辨別句子成分、分清搭配關(guān)系,是判斷詞義的前提,通過搭配關(guān)系可以確定畫線名詞指代的對象是人還是物。另外,轉(zhuǎn)折詞but,讓步/條件狀語從句以及unlike,in spite of,despite,h
7、owever等一些介詞和副詞(短語)都可以構(gòu)成意義上的對比關(guān)系。-7-【典例分析】 Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor.Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and dont want to embarrass themselves.If you feel you can relate,then group training is an even
8、better option for you.Its a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision(監(jiān)管)of a fitness instructor.If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored,you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track
9、.Dont let fitness frighten you!-8-73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “”.A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前面出現(xiàn)的“becoming bored”可判斷,作者建議你參加一個活潑愉快的健身班。該詞的含義應(yīng)該與“bored”相反,故選擇A項。-9-(3)利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義如:Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or s
10、ingle-sex schools?根據(jù)詞根educational(教育的),結(jié)合前綴co-(共同,一起),我們便可以猜出co-educational意為“男女同校教育的”。根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義如:Its a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking(俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point.后綴-ise/-ize意為“使成為,使化”,結(jié)合詞根commercial(商業(yè)的),不難猜出uncommercialized意為“未被商業(yè)
11、化的”。-10-【典例分析】 (Q=Question;A=Answer)Situation Q:If someone sits right next to me in an empty movie theater, is it rude to move?A:Maybe, but nobody will fault you for it.Chances are that the close sitter doesnt realize he disturbs you, so he may miss your annoyance.You undoubtedly arent the first per
12、son hes met who needs enough room.Forgive his bad judgment,move quietly and enjoy the show.-11-Situation Q:If I use the restroom at a store, do I need to buy something?A:Consider frequency and urgency.Is this a one-time thing or an emergency?If so,you dont have to buy anything, but it would be kind
13、if you did.However,if you regularly use the restroom at this place, then you are a customer,and you should act like one.Situation Q:If someone is talking loudly on the bus,is there a nice way to ask him to keep it down?A:No.Try other means:1)Stare at him until he gets aware of it and quiets down.2)
14、Lift your finger in a silence motion (動作) and smile.3)Put on earphones and ignore him.-12-Situation Q:If I remember my friends birthday a day late, should I apologize or just wish her a happy birthday like nothing happened?A:This is the reason why the word belated was invented.“Happy belated birthda
15、y!”is short for:“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered.Forgive me and happy birthday.”Situation Q:Can I lie about seeing a text because I was too busy or lazy to respond (回復(fù)) to it?A:Dont lie.Receiving a text does not mean you need to respond to it.Why waste a perfectly good lie when the trut
16、h will serve? “Yes,” you can say if ever asked, “I saw it.” No explanation is needed as to why you dont respond.-13-The underlined word “belated” in Situation probably means .A.predictedB.returnedC.cancelledD.delayed詞義猜測題。由第四個情景對話(Q:)中的“a day late”及畫線詞belated本身中的詞根late可以推出答案為D項delayed“拖延的,遲到的”。-14-根
17、據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義如:Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的) hand positions.well-designed或許是個生詞,但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測出其含義。它由well(好,優(yōu)秀)和design(設(shè)計)兩部分組成,合在一起便是“設(shè)計精巧的”之意。We live in a techn
18、ological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor.Because of this,most people think that craft(手藝) no longer exists.根據(jù)合成詞中的mass(大量的)和produce(生產(chǎn)),我們可以推測mass-produced的意思是“大批量生產(chǎn)的,大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的”。-15-(4)根據(jù)上下文信息判斷詞義根據(jù)上下文信息猜測詞義題占此類題的絕大部分,做題時既要注意畫線詞前的信息,也要注意畫線詞后的信息,有時有參考價值的信息會延伸到上下段落中。-16-【典例分
19、析】 (2017全國卷,D)A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸餾器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U.S.Department of Agriculture,its an excellent water collector.Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary equipment w
20、ith you,since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required,though,are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic,six feet of plastic tube,and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened
21、 on your belt.-17-To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests
22、all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole.-18-33.What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.The tube.B.The still.C.The hole.D.The cup.詞義猜測題。從文章第二段的“To construct a working still.”和畫線詞后的productivity可推斷出畫線部分指的是the still。故選B項。-1
23、9-(5)根據(jù)常識判斷詞義根據(jù)常識猜測詞義時,要注意“度”,即:要在忠于原文信息的前提下,適當(dāng)借助經(jīng)驗和常識來猜測詞義,不能脫離原文中的實際進行夸大的猜測?！镜淅治觥?People arent walking any moreif they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the ca
24、r.And I wasnt in any hurry,either.I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness:motorosis.-20-It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的),for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs.At that time,we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ab
25、ility to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was lasting.When I was 45 years old I racedand beata teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by man
26、y middle-aged persons as bad for the heart.But a well-known British physician,Sir Adolphe Abrahams,pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exerciset
27、he most familiar and natural of all.-21-It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man walking can learn the trees,flowers,insects,birds and animals,the significance of seasons,the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.The
28、 car is a convenient means of transport,but we have made it our way of life.Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more;to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat.To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting f
29、or the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the minds best light.And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.-22-What is compared to “a steel river” in Paragraph 6?A.A queue of cars. B.A ray of traffic light.C.A flash of lightning.D.A stream of p
30、eople.詞義猜測題。本段主要講述的是人們過分依賴汽車。對他們來說,安全就是一條在混凝土路上呼嘯而過的“鋼鐵長河”。根據(jù)常識判斷a steel river 指的是一長列汽車。答案為A項。-23-A AB BC CLife is to be enjoyed.Theres no point in giving up something you enjoy unless you get something back thats even better.When people eat more healthfully,exercise,quit smoking,and manage stress b
31、etter,they find that they feel so much better that it reconstructs the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living.The latest studies show that when you exercise and eat right:YOUR BRAIN receives more blood flow and oxygen,so you become smarter,think more clearly,have more en
32、ergy,and need less sleep.Two studies showed that just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many new neurons(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞) to grow that it actually increased the size of peoples brains!-24-A AB BC CYOUR FACE receives more blood flow,so your skin glows more and wrinkles(皺紋) less.Yo
33、u look younger and more attractive.In contrast,an unhealthy diet,chronic emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face so you age more quickly.Smoking accelerates aging because nicotine causes your arteries(動脈) to narrow down,which decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle
34、 earlier.This is why smokers look years older than they really are.YOUR GENES change.In May,a study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showing that changing your lifestyle changes your genes.-25-A AB BC CYOUR TELOMERES(染色體端粒) get longer.Telomeres are the ends of our
35、 chromosomes(染色體) that control how long we live.As telomeres become shorter,then cells age more quickly,thus shortening your life.Besides,one of the most interesting findings in the study was that the mothers awareness of stress was more important than what was really occurring in their lives.The re
36、searchers gave the women a questionnaire and asked them to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day,and how out of control their lives felt to them.The women who were aware that they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres compared with those who
37、felt more relaxed.On the contrary,some of the women who felt relaxed despite raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.-26-A AB BC CIn other words,if you feel stressed,you are stressed;if you feel fine,you are fine.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇調(diào)查報告。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),適當(dāng)?shù)腻憻?、正確的飲食和愉悅的心情能給人帶來很多益處。比如一個人的大腦會有更多的血液流
38、動,帶來更多的氧氣,人就會思維活躍,精力更加充沛。此外,面部皺紋也會減少,看上去更年輕更漂亮。而吸煙、不恰當(dāng)?shù)娘嬍澈筒涣记榫w則會加速一個人的衰老和死亡。-27-A AB BC C1.Which of the following are good for lengthening ones life,according to the passage?eat healthy fooddrink plenty of watertake exerciseget up earlygo to sleep earlyrelease ones stressA.B.C.D.A 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句
39、“When people eat more healthfully,exercise,quit smoking,and manage stress better,they find that they feel so much better.”可知A項正確。-28-A AB BC C2.The underlined words “your skin glows” in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning to “”.A.your skin becomes white as there is plenty of sunshineB.your skin becom
40、es smooth as there is much blood in itC.your skin looks pink as you are healthyD.your skin becomes soft as you exercise enoughC解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)下文“You look younger and more attractive.”可推測出,如果一個人看上去更年輕更漂亮的話,皮膚應(yīng)該是健康的顏色,故C項正確。-29-A AB BC C3.In the authors opinion,when you exercise and eat right,you will expe
41、rience some changes EXCEPT .A.brains becoming clevererB.faces having fewer wrinklesC.arteries turning narrowerD.genes being changedC解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段第四句“Smoking accelerates aging because nicotine causes your arteries(動脈) to narrow down”可知,是吸煙這種不健康的習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致動脈血管變窄,故選C項。-30-A AB BC C4.From the last but one pa
42、ragraph we learn that .A.mothers will have more damaged telomeres if they raise a disabled childB.mothers dont know how to handle stress effectivelyC.some women were asked to fill out a questionnaire about educating childrenD.mothers positive attitudes are the key to managing their stressD解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)
43、文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句“Besides,one of the most interesting findings in the study was that the mothers awareness of stress was more important than what was really occurring in their lives.”以及后文的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知,母親們對壓力的積極態(tài)度是成功應(yīng)對壓力的關(guān)鍵,故D項正確。-31-A AB BC C5.The best title for the passage would be .A.Eat better,live betterB.Fe
44、el better,live longerC.Less stress,fewer diseasesD.Smoke more,age soonerB解析主旨大意題。文章開頭提出“Life is to be enjoyed.”,然后講述了健康的飲食、適當(dāng)?shù)腻憻捄蛯毫Φ恼_處理給人們帶來的益處,最后總結(jié)概括“In other words,if you feel stressed,you are stressed;if you feel fine,you are fine.”由此可知,文章的最佳標(biāo)題為B項,其他選項都是片面的。-32-A AB BC CWhen Haben Girma was in
45、college at Lewis&Clark,she had to solve a problem that few other students have faced.As a deaf-blind student with very limited sight and hearing,she had a hard time figuring out the food stations in her schools cafeteria.As she explained in a speech on Jan.16,2012,at the Perkins School for the Blind
46、,she came up with a plan that she would be emailed the menu each day for each station and could pick her destination accordingly,instead of just taking whatever was put on her plate.But the cafeteria sent the email only about half the time.When she wrote to the cafeteria manager to complain,he respo
47、nded,as she described in her speech,“that they were very busy,that they were doing me a big favor,and that I should stop complaining and be more appreciative.”-33-A AB BC CAt that point,Girma turned to the law:“I explained that Title of the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA) requires businesses to
48、 make reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities;if the cafeteria refused to do this,I would sue(起訴).” The manager found her during mealtime the next day and apologized,and from then on she received the menu each day.-34-A AB BC CGirmas parents and teachers taught her from an early age
49、that her life need not be limited by her disabilities and that each problem had a solution.At her local public school in Oakland,Calif.,she learned sign language and Braille.She tried rock climbing,skiing,biking and dance.Yet her parents initially hesitated when,during high school,Girma told them sh
50、e wanted to volunteer in Mali with a group building schools.“I was 15 and I was traveling outside the country without family,”she says.“And it was amazing.It really helped develop my confidence.If I can go to build a school in West Africa,I can go to law school.”Girma is right because she is now a s
51、tudent at Harvard Law School.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是記敘文。文章講述了殘疾人Haben Girma爭取自身權(quán)益并不斷提升自我的故事。-35-A AB BC C1.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Girmas teachers.B.Girmas classmates.C.Disabled students like Girma.D.The staff in the school cafeteria.D解析代詞指代題。由第二段可知,Girma要求學(xué)校自助食堂將每天每個食品站的菜單用
52、電子郵件發(fā)送給她,但是自助食堂只有一半的時間做到。Girma就此問題投訴后,自助食堂的經(jīng)理答復(fù)說食堂的工作人員很忙等。故畫線詞指代“學(xué)校自助食堂的工作人員”。-36-A AB BC C2.Girma got the menu as required soon after .A.she put forward the planB.she visited the cafeteria managerC.she declared that she would sue the cafeteriaD.she wrote to the cafeteria manager to complainC解析細(xì)節(jié)理解
53、題。由第三段可知,投訴無效后,Girma聲明食堂如果拒絕將每天每個食品站的菜單用電子郵件發(fā)送給她,她將依法起訴食堂。第二天食堂經(jīng)理就向她道歉并答應(yīng)了她的要求。-37-A AB BC C3.Being told that Girma wanted to volunteer in Mali,her parents .A.expressed different opinionsB.strongly disagreed on the ideaC.immediately showed firm supportD.permitted her to go after some hesitationD解析推理
54、判斷題。由最后一段的“Yet her parents initially hesitated.”及“.I was 15 and I was traveling outside the country without family,she says.”可推斷,Girma的父母一開始很猶豫,后來才允許她去馬里當(dāng)志愿者。-38-A AB BC C4.Through the volunteer experience in Mali,Girma .A.became more confidentB.developed an interest in lawC.realized the importance
55、of travelingD.was determined to build more schoolsA解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段末的“It really helped develop my confidence.If I can go to build a school in West Africa,I can go to law school.”可知,A項正確。-39-A AB BC C5.What can we learn from Girma?A.Never complain.B.The customer is always right.C.Actions speak louder th
56、an words.D.God helps those who help themselves.D解析推理判斷題。通讀全文可知,作為殘疾人,Girma依法維護自己的權(quán)益,不斷挑戰(zhàn)自我,不讓身體缺陷限制自己的發(fā)展,最終成為哈佛法學(xué)院的學(xué)生。故D項正確。-40-A AB BC CI once met a well-known botanist at a dinner party.I had never talked with a botanist before,and I found him very interesting.I sat there absorbed and listened whi
57、le he spoke of unusual plants and his experiments (he even told me astonishing facts about the simple potato).I had a small indoor garden of my ownand he was good enough to tell me how to solve some of my problems.As I said,we were at a dinner party.There must have been a dozen other guests,but I br
58、oke an important rule of politeness.I ignored everyone else and talked for hours to the botanist.Midnight came.I said good night to everyone and departed.The botanist then turned to our host and said many nice things about me,including that I was a “most interesting conversationalist”.-41-A AB BC CA
59、n interesting conversationalist?I had said hardly anything at all.I couldnt have said anything if I had wanted to without changing the subject,for I didnt know any more about plants than I knew about sharks.But I had done this one thing:I had listened carefully.I listened because I was really intere
60、sted.And he felt it.Naturally that pleased him.That kind of listening is one of the best ways to show respect to others,and it makes them feel great too.“Few human beings,” wrote Jack Woodford in Strangers in Love,“can resist the sweet effect of rapt attention.”I went even further than that.I was si
61、ncere in my admiration and generous in my praise.-42-A AB BC CI told him that I had been hugely entertained and instructed.I told him I wished I had his knowledge.I told him that I should love to wander the fields with him.Whats more,it was all true.And so I had him thinking of me as a good conversa
62、tionalist when,in reality,I had only been a good listener and had encouraged him to talk.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇記敘文。作者以自己的親身經(jīng)歷告訴我們傾聽的重要性和一個健談的人應(yīng)具備的品質(zhì)。-43-A AB BC C1.From Paragraph 1,we can learn that the writer .A.was deeply moved by the botanists talkB.was amazed by what he was hearingC.was not in a comfortabl
63、e situationD.behaved politely and properlyB 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的“.and I found him very interesting.I sat there absorbed and listened while he spoke of unusual plants and his experiments(he even told me astonishing facts about the simple potato).”可知,作者對于植物學(xué)家所說的感到很驚奇。-44-A AB BC C2.Which of the following do
64、es the writer describe as a rule of politeness at dinner parties?A.Avoiding discussions about politics and religion.B.Listening carefully to what another guest says.C.Arriving and leaving at the appropriate time.D.Giving attention to all those in attendance.D解析推理判斷題。由第二段中的“.but I broke an important
65、rule of politeness.I ignored everyone else and talked for hours to the botanist.”可知,作者認(rèn)為,忽略其他人,只和植物學(xué)家談話是不禮貌的。也就是說關(guān)注參加宴會的所有人是有禮貌的行為。-45-A AB BC C3.The underlined expression “rapt attention” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “”.A.full understandingB.strong interestC.great uncertaintyD.little cur
66、iosityB解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中的“I listened because I was really interested.And he felt it.Naturally that pleased him.”可知,rapt attention的意思與strong interest相近。-46-A AB BC C4.According to the writer,which of the following is an important characteristic of a good conversationalist?A.Listening attentively and encouraging the other side to continue.B.Encouraging the other side by sharing his/her own opinions.C.Promising a future meeting for more communication.D.Expressing respect by nodding his/her head.A解析推理判
天津市高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 閱讀理解 專題十七 詞義猜測課件
