地下升降式自動化立體車庫設(shè)計(jì)
地下升降式自動化立體車庫設(shè)計(jì),地下,升降,自動化,立體車庫,設(shè)計(jì)
附錄1 外文譯文
數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策
—機(jī)械論文
裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊罅Πl(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。
????數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機(jī)械運(yùn)動和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。
??? ?1?數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢
????數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對國計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個方面［1～4］。
????1．1?高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢
????效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。
????在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
????從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60?000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá)12*!000r/mm和1g。
????在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級(0.01μm)。
????在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達(dá)6?000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達(dá)到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。
????1.2?五軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展
????采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的發(fā)展。
????當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。
????在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。
????1.3?智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢。
????21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動識別負(fù)載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。
????為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國的NGC(未來的工作站/ 機(jī)器控制)、歐共體的OSACA、日本的OSEC，中國的ONC等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。
????網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機(jī)床博覽會的一個新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction?Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT?plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場，簡稱IT廣場)；德國西門子(Siemens)公司展出的開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢。
????1.4?重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立
????1.4.1?關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)規(guī)范
????如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國、歐共體和日本等國紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個新的變革時期的來臨。我國在2000年也開始進(jìn)行中國的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。
???1.4.2?關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
????數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質(zhì)特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此，國際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個制造過程，乃至各個工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。
????STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個制造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個計(jì)算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時間（約35％）和加工時間（約50％）。
????目前，歐美國家非常重視STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了STEP-NC的IMS計(jì)劃(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的有來自歐洲和日本的20個CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用戶、廠商和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國的STEP?Tools公司是全球范圍內(nèi)制造業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)交換軟件的開發(fā)者，他已經(jīng)開發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機(jī)床加工信息交換的超級模型(Super?Model)，其目標(biāo)是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過程。目前這種新的數(shù)據(jù)交換格式已經(jīng)在配備了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及歐洲OSACA-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣機(jī)上進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。
???? 2?對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì)
我國數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場競爭階段。在此階段，我國國產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五”末期，國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國內(nèi)市場占有率達(dá)50％，配國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％。
????縱觀我國數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績。
????1.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。
????2.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。
????3.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。
雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。
??? 1.技術(shù)水平上，與國外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。
?? 2.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。
?? ? 3.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。
????分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個方面。
??? 1.認(rèn)識方面。對國產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識不足；對市場的不規(guī)范、國外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。
?? 2.體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。
??? 3.機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。
??? 4.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。
????3?對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思考
????3.1?戰(zhàn)略考慮
????我國是制造大國，在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉(zhuǎn)移，即要掌握先進(jìn)制造核心技術(shù)，否則在新一輪國際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中，我國制造業(yè)將進(jìn)一步“空芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場為代價，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的國際“加工中心”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術(shù)的制造中心的地位，這樣將會嚴(yán)重影響我國現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
????我們應(yīng)站在國家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來重視數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)問題，首先從社會安全看，因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)是我國就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平，而且還可緩解我國就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會的穩(wěn)定；其次從國防安全看，西方發(fā)達(dá)國家把高精尖數(shù)控產(chǎn)品都列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物質(zhì)，對我國實(shí)現(xiàn)禁運(yùn)和限制，“東芝事件”和“考克斯報(bào)告”就是最好的例證。
????3.2?發(fā)展策略
????從我國基本國情的角度出發(fā)，以國家的戰(zhàn)略需求和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場需求為導(dǎo)向，以提高我國制造裝備業(yè)綜合競爭能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平為目標(biāo)，用系統(tǒng)的方法，選擇能夠主導(dǎo)21世紀(jì)初期我國制造裝備業(yè)發(fā)展升級的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的支撐技術(shù)、配套技術(shù)作為研究開發(fā)的內(nèi)容，實(shí)現(xiàn)制造裝備業(yè)的跨躍式發(fā)展。
????強(qiáng)調(diào)市場需求為導(dǎo)向，即以數(shù)控終端產(chǎn)品為主，以整機(jī)（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車床、銑床、高速高精高性能數(shù)控機(jī)床、典型數(shù)字化機(jī)械、重點(diǎn)行業(yè)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備等）帶動數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機(jī)、高速電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模問題。沒有規(guī)模就不會有高可靠性的產(chǎn)品；沒有規(guī)模就不會有價格低廉而富有競爭力的產(chǎn)品；當(dāng)然，沒有規(guī)模中國的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。
????在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研以及最終用戶的緊密結(jié)合，以“做得出、用得上、賣得掉”為目標(biāo)，按國家意志實(shí)施攻關(guān)，以解決國家之急需。
????在競爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)新，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究開發(fā)具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，為我國數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)、裝備制造業(yè)乃至整個制造業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
［1］?中國機(jī)床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會?行業(yè)發(fā)展部.CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場，2001(3)：18-20.
［2］?梁訓(xùn)王宣?,周延佑.機(jī)床技術(shù)發(fā)展的新動向［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場，2001(3)：21-28.
［3］?中國機(jī)床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會?數(shù)控系統(tǒng)分會.CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術(shù)與裝備市場，2001(5)：13-17.
［4］?楊學(xué)桐，李冬茹，何文立，等?距世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床技術(shù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究［M］.北京：國家機(jī)械工業(yè)局，2000
附錄2 外文原文
Numerical control technology and equipment trend of
development and countermeasure
For mechanical paper
The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.
The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on.
1 numerical control technology trend of development
Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect [1~4].
1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendency
The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions.
In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request.
Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm和1g。
In the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10μm enhanced 5μm, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 3~5 μm, enhances to 1~1.5 μm, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanometer level (0.01μm).
In the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6 000h, the servosystem value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability.
In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded.
1.2 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development
Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components processing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 1 5 axis linkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 2 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. Because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main engine structure complex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the several fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development.
Current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds) development.
Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processings and the random angle processing, causes 5 processings and 5 axis processings may realize on the identical Taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMUVoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processings and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire, may by the CNC systems or CAD/CAM which are controled deract or inderact.
1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendency
The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on.
In order to solve the traditional numerical control system closeness and the numerical control application software industrial production production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、European Economic Community OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、Japanese OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，Chinese ONC(Open Numerical Control System) and so on。The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates user's special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system architecture standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core.
The network numerical control equipment is a near two year international famous engine bed exposition new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical control engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company all has promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years. 1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment
1.4.1 about numerical control system design development standard
As mentioned above, the open style numerical control system has a better versatility, the flexibility, the compatibility, the extension, countries and so on US, European Economic Community and Japan implements the strategy development plan in abundance, and carries on the open style architecture numerical control system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) the research and the formulation, the world 3 biggest economies have carried on the nearly same science plan and the standard formulation in the short-term, has indicated a numerical control technology new transformation time oncoming. Our country also started in 2000 to conduct China's ONC numerical control system standard frame research and the formulation.
1.4.2 about numerical control standard
The numerical control standard is the manufacturing industry informationization development one tendency. The numerical control technology is born after 50 year exchanges of information all is based on the ISO6983 standard, how namely uses the G, M code to describe the (how) processing, its substantive characteristics faces the processing process, obviously, he has more and more not been able to satisfy modern numerical control technology high speed the need to develop. Therefore, on i
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