基于CATIA的汽車(chē)兩軸式五檔變速箱設(shè)計(jì)-帶答辯PPT【三維CATIA建?!俊竞?6張CAD圖紙】
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附錄1距1894年,一個(gè)法國(guó)工程師給一輛汽車(chē)裝上世界上第一個(gè)變速器至今,汽車(chē)變速器已經(jīng)經(jīng)過(guò)了一百多年的發(fā)展。變速器為汽車(chē)重要的組成部分,是承擔(dān)放大發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭矩,配合引擎功扭特性,實(shí)現(xiàn)理想動(dòng)力傳遞,從而適應(yīng)各種路況實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車(chē)行駛的主要裝置。使用最早的是手動(dòng)變速器。后來(lái)為了方便駕駛,在領(lǐng)個(gè)相鄰齒輪間裝上了同步器,依靠同步器的作用,我們換擋就不需要去判斷車(chē)速了。目前手動(dòng)變速器依然在汽車(chē)界應(yīng)用非常廣泛,自動(dòng)變速器是個(gè)趨勢(shì),但手動(dòng)變速器確是駕駛樂(lè)趣的極大體現(xiàn)者。傳統(tǒng)的變速器利用不同的齒輪搭配實(shí)現(xiàn)了換擋変扭的目的,而齒輪搭配的變換就只有靠腳踩離合手拉擋桿來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),這就是所謂的手動(dòng)變速器。為實(shí)現(xiàn)輕松換擋,取消離合腳踏和手動(dòng)掛擋的AT(AutomaticTransmission)變速器出現(xiàn)了,它主要利用液力變扭器配合傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械齒輪箱實(shí)現(xiàn)換擋功能。其實(shí)早在1948年的通用的奧茲莫比爾汽車(chē)上就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了如今自動(dòng)變速器的雛形,不過(guò)那時(shí)的自動(dòng)變速器僅僅是加了液力耦合器的手動(dòng)變速器而已。因?yàn)锳T使用得較早,所以英文定名就叫“自動(dòng)變速器”。然而,AT并不等同于自動(dòng)變速器。只要能實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換擋變速的便可叫自動(dòng)變速器,要達(dá)到此目的其實(shí)途徑很多:除AT外,還包括了無(wú)級(jí)變速器等其它形式。但以前的命名也無(wú)法推翻,所以我們姑且這樣認(rèn)為:自動(dòng)變速器(AT)包括:液力變速(AT),電控變速(ECT),無(wú)極變速(CVT).1908年,福特T型車(chē)最早采用一種兩個(gè)速比的自動(dòng)變速器。其構(gòu)造是采用多組齒輪,并且分成中央齒輪和周邊齒輪,最外邊則是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)輪,隨著中央齒輪從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)引入的扭矩不同,齒輪組相機(jī)行事,從而得到高低不一的轉(zhuǎn)速,包括倒車(chē)檔的反向旋轉(zhuǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)輪式自動(dòng)變速器存在一個(gè)缺點(diǎn),即起步加速時(shí)令人有一種車(chē)輪打滑的感覺(jué),于是駕車(chē)人會(huì)猛加油門(mén),但車(chē)速又并不隨即增高。目前已有一些廠家,如日產(chǎn)和菲亞特,求助于電子裝置來(lái)設(shè)法消除這一缺點(diǎn),日產(chǎn)Primera的6速變速器與菲亞特Punto的7速變速器便是這番努力的結(jié)果。駕車(chē)者根本無(wú)需扳動(dòng)手柄,便可以輕松自如地改變車(chē)速。雖然自動(dòng)變速器不斷地演變進(jìn)步,但始終有缺點(diǎn),即車(chē)速的反應(yīng)與踏板的動(dòng)作之間總有一定的差距,駕駛中缺乏直覺(jué)的印象。1969年出現(xiàn)的電子控制系統(tǒng)及1982年出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字技術(shù)對(duì)此作了改進(jìn)。隨著發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃油噴射與點(diǎn)火裝置的不斷完善,自動(dòng)變速器也有新的花樣,如設(shè)置了“運(yùn)動(dòng)式或“雪地行駛”等不同的操控方式,有的在儀表盤(pán)上設(shè)有一個(gè)印有S字母的按鈕,可以在加速時(shí)變得格外迅捷;或者印有雪花圖案代表雪地行駛的按鈕,可避免在起步時(shí)打滑。更有甚者,新一代“隨機(jī)應(yīng)變式”變速器還可以順應(yīng)駕車(chē)者不同的習(xí)慣、相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)、使駕駛變得更加得心應(yīng)手。將自動(dòng)變速器智能化,并且普及到大眾化的汽車(chē)上,這是法國(guó)人的功勞。1997年標(biāo)致206與雷諾Clio率先采用了最先進(jìn)的電腦控制技術(shù)及被稱(chēng)為“fuzzylogie”的原理,即“模糊邏輯”。這樣的汽車(chē)可以依據(jù)駕車(chē)者的性情、路面的狀況、車(chē)身的負(fù)荷乃至周邊環(huán)境等多種因素,在9種程式中挑選最適合的功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化駕駛,以充分發(fā)揮車(chē)輛的性能,降低油耗,確保安全。如今無(wú)級(jí)變速器即CVT(ContinuouslyVariableTransmission)也已大量使用,無(wú)級(jí)變速器在變速系統(tǒng)中不使用齒輪,提供平穩(wěn)和“無(wú)級(jí)的”速比轉(zhuǎn)換的變速系統(tǒng),同時(shí)具有重量輕、體積小、零件少的特點(diǎn),是公認(rèn)的理想的汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)裝置。相比較AT,CVT無(wú)極變速器主要是在傳動(dòng)方式上有所不同。后者是采用傳動(dòng)鋼帶和工作直徑可變的主、從動(dòng)輪相配合來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)比的連續(xù)改變。然而,傳統(tǒng)CVT在技術(shù)上存在著的弱點(diǎn),如傳動(dòng)帶容易損壞,無(wú)法承受較大的載荷等等,使得該變速器一直以來(lái)多應(yīng)用在小排量、低功率的汽車(chē)上。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,能源危機(jī)引發(fā)全球性的節(jié)約能源和環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)的提高,在總結(jié)第一代的CVT的經(jīng)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上,人們開(kāi)發(fā)出了性能更佳,轉(zhuǎn)矩容量更大的CVT。但目前在要求打扭矩的車(chē)型上無(wú)級(jí)變速器依然無(wú)法擔(dān)當(dāng)重任。與無(wú)級(jí)變速器共同發(fā)展的電控自動(dòng)變速器又迎來(lái)了DSG(雙離合器自動(dòng)變速器)的普及,如今大眾汽車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始將以前只應(yīng)用于超級(jí)跑車(chē)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用到了普通家用轎車(chē)上來(lái)了。DSG技術(shù)使得自動(dòng)變速器換擋更加迅捷,動(dòng)力損失更小,因此更加節(jié)油。自動(dòng)變速器的發(fā)展使汽車(chē)好像有了人的智慧,甚至比人更善于思索。它根據(jù)外界路面的變化,經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算,代替人作出準(zhǔn)確聰明的決斷。附錄2From 1894, a French engineer to a car fitted with the worlds first transmission date, transmission has been car a hundred years of development. Important for the automotive transmission component of the commitment to enlarge the engine torque, torsional characteristics of reactive power with the engine, to achieve the desired power transmission, and thus adapt to various road conditions to achieve the main devices driving. The first is the use of manual transmission. Later, for the convenience of motorists, in the collar between adjacent gear fitted with a synchronizer, the synchronizer rely on, and we do not need to shift to judge the speed. Manual transmission is still present in the automotive industry a wide range of applications, automatic transmission is a trend, but the manual transmission is great fun, embodied persons. The traditional gear transmission with the use of different shift achieved the purpose of twisting, but with the change of gear by foot only hand-off to achieve, and this is the so-called manual transmission. Easily shift to achieve the abolition of clutch pedal and manual the AT (AutomaticTransmission) transmission occurred, it is the main browser using hydraulic Torque traditional mechanical gearbox with the shift function to achieve. In fact, as early as the 1948 Oldsmobile car GM has already emerged on the automatic transmission is now taking shape, but then the automatic transmission is only the addition of hydraulic coupler manual transmission only. AT used because earlier, so the English name is called automatic transmission. However, AT is not the same as in the automatic transmission. As long as we can to achieve the automatic transmission shift automatic transmission can be called, it is necessary to achieve this in fact means a lot: In addition to AT, but also includes other forms of CVT. However, before the overthrow of the name can not, so let us not think so: automatic transmission (AT) including: hydraulic transmission (AT), Electronically Controlled Transmission (ECT), non-polar transmission (CVT).1908 Ford Model T the first use of a two-speed ratio automatic transmission. Constructed using multiple sets of gear, and gear into the central and peripheral gear, the outside is a runner, with the introduction of the central gear of the torque from the engine is different from camera gear groups so as to be different levels of speed, including Reverse rotation reversing file. Runner-type automatic transmission, there is a drawback, that is, when people start to accelerate there is a feeling of spin the wheels, so drivers will be meng refueling door, but does not immediately increase the speed again. At present, some manufacturers such as Nissan and Fiat, have recourse to some electronic device to try to eliminate this shortcoming, Nissan Primera and the 6-speed transmission Fiat Punto 7-speed gearbox is the result of this effort. Drivers pulled no need to handle, they can easily change the speed.Although the automatic transmission continue to evolve and progress, but there will always be a drawback, that is, the response speed of action and between the pedal there will always be a gap, driving in the impression of a lack of intuition. Appeared in 1969 and the electronic control systems appeared in 1982, which was to improve digital technology. With the engine fuel injection and ignition devices continued to be refined, automatic transmission is also new tricks, such as set up a campaign-style or snow road , such as the manipulation of different ways, some in the instrument panel has a bearing S letter button, you can become extremely rapid acceleration; or snowflake patterns are printed on the button on behalf of the snow moving to avoid slipping in the start. Even worse, a new generation of adaptable style Transmission can also adapt to motorists different habits, the corresponding reaction, so that drivers will become more user-friendly. the intelligent automatic transmission, and spread to the vehicle mass, which is a credit to the French. in 1997 with the Renault Clio Peugeot 206 took the lead in the most advanced computer-controlled technology and is known as fuzzylogie the principle that fuzzy logic. This car can drive based on the temperament, road conditions, vehicle load and the surrounding environment and other factors, in the nine kinds of programs select the most suitable function, the realization of intelligent driving, in order to give full play to the vehicle performance and reduce fuel consumption and ensure safety. now that is, continuously variable transmission CVT (ContinuouslyVariableTransmission) also have been widely used, continuously variable transmission system in the non-use of gears, to provide smooth and no class conversion ratio of the transmission system at the same time light weight, small size, the characteristics of small parts, is recognized as the ideal vehicle transmission. compared to AT, CVT transmission wuji primarily in the drive way there different. The latter is the use of drive belts and the work of the main variable diameter driven wheel to transfer power line in order to achieve the continuous transmission ratio change. However, the traditional CVT technical weaknesses exist, such as the transmission belt easily damaged, can not afford a larger load, etc., makes the transmission has been used in more than a small displacement, low-power vehicles. As technology advances, the energy crisis triggered a global energy conservation and environmental protection awareness, at the conclusion of the first generation of CVT based on the experience, people develop a better performance, greater torque capacity CVT. However, playing in the torque requirements on the CVT model is still unable to take on heavy responsibilities. Continuously Variable Transmission and the common development of electronically controlled automatic transmission also ushered in DSG (dual clutch automatic transmission) the popularity of Volkswagen has now started to apply only to the super sports car before the technology is applied to the ordinary family car has been up. DSG automatic transmission shifting technology enables faster, less power loss, so more fuel-efficient. The development of automatic transmission car seems to have wisdom, and even more good than people think. It changes according to the road outside, after the calculation, instead of smart people to make an accurate decision. 變速箱應(yīng)用及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)摘 要汽車(chē)變速箱的主要功能是滿足汽車(chē)在前進(jìn)的過(guò)程中對(duì)速度的不同要求。除此之外,變速箱還可以用于汽車(chē)的倒退,在重要的時(shí)候還應(yīng)存在動(dòng)力的輸出這項(xiàng)功能。 變速箱按輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩給設(shè)計(jì)系列分級(jí),不同的車(chē)型選擇不同的變速箱,也可以根據(jù)汽車(chē)制造性能的具體要求自行進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)制造。還可以根據(jù)性能要求類(lèi)似的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型在實(shí)際檢測(cè)中產(chǎn)生的隨機(jī)載荷,利用數(shù)學(xué)總結(jié)中統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法制成載荷譜,以便進(jìn)行變速箱的使用壽命的計(jì)算。這種設(shè)計(jì)方案是在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)當(dāng)中比較常用的可靠方案,如果在選擇設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)時(shí)使用優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的方法進(jìn)行輔助選擇 ,那么將會(huì)產(chǎn)生事半功倍的效果,即設(shè)計(jì)出用最簡(jiǎn)單最小尺就能滿足所有設(shè)計(jì)要求的變速箱。當(dāng)然設(shè)計(jì)方式并不唯一,有時(shí)還可以使用其他的分析方法,如有限元來(lái)分析。 根據(jù)變速箱的傳動(dòng)方式不同一般可分為兩種:三軸式變速箱和兩軸式變速箱。三軸式變速箱適用的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力在后輪上;二軸式變速箱一般適用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力也在前輪上的小型汽車(chē)上。本文是關(guān)于兩軸五檔變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。關(guān)鍵詞:齒輪;強(qiáng)度校核;檔數(shù);軸;傳動(dòng)比AbstractThe main function of the automobile gearbox is to meet the different requirements of speed in the process of moving forward.In addition, the gearbox can also be used to retrograde the car, and it should have the power to output this function when it is important. The gearbox is graded according to the output torque, and different gearboxes are selected for different models, and it can be designed and manufactured according to the specific requirements of automobile manufacturing performance. Can also according to the performance requirements of similar vehicle type in the actual detection of random load, the method of using mathematical statistical analysis in the summary made load spectrum, so that the service life of the gearbox is calculated. Are frequently used in production of this kind of design scheme is reliable solution, if use when choosing design parameters optimization design method for auxiliary selection, then will produce the effect of get twice the result with half the effort, which designed with the simplest minimum scale can meet all the design requirements of transmission. Of course, the design method is not unique, sometimes other analytical methods can be used, such as finite element analysis.According to the transmission mode of the gearbox, there are two types of transmission: three-axis gearbox and two-axle gearbox. The three-axis gearbox is suitable for the engine in the front drive on the rear wheel; The two-axis gearbox is generally suitable for the engine in the front drive and on the front wheel of the small car. This article is about the design of the two-axis five-speed gearbox.Keywords: Gear; Strength check;Block; Axis; Transmission ratio課題背景汽車(chē)是現(xiàn)代人生活中至關(guān)重要的代步工具,很多城市的限號(hào)政策就是因?yàn)樗郊臆?chē)過(guò)多,交通擁堵,而且汽車(chē)尾氣污染環(huán)境。但是人們對(duì)于汽車(chē)的需求依然很大。而變速箱可以說(shuō)是相當(dāng)于汽車(chē)的“心臟”。目前很多國(guó)家的設(shè)計(jì)師都在致力于汽車(chē)變速箱的設(shè)計(jì),當(dāng)然我們國(guó)家也不例外,所以對(duì)汽車(chē)變速箱的研究與設(shè)計(jì)是社會(huì)發(fā)展中不可或缺的一部分。汽車(chē)變速箱的主要功能是滿足汽車(chē)在前進(jìn)的過(guò)程中對(duì)速度的不同要求。除此之外,變速箱還可以用于汽車(chē)的倒退,在重要的時(shí)候還應(yīng)存在動(dòng)力的輸出這項(xiàng)功能。相關(guān)理論 綠色汽車(chē)、節(jié)能減排已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今汽車(chē)工業(yè)發(fā)展的主旋律,未來(lái)新能源汽車(chē)的應(yīng)用與車(chē)輛的“智能化”結(jié)合,也是汽車(chē)工業(yè)發(fā)展的方向。變速箱發(fā)展的總體趨勢(shì)主要體現(xiàn)在以下6個(gè)方面:產(chǎn)品系列化;結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊化、輕量化、多檔化;高度集成化;更加智能化;信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)化;節(jié)能環(huán)?;?。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家車(chē)輛變速箱發(fā)展情況和需求各有特點(diǎn),手動(dòng)與自動(dòng)并存,不同地域需求比例不同。日本和北美市場(chǎng)自動(dòng)變速和北美市場(chǎng)自動(dòng)變速箱的普及率較高。北美市場(chǎng)由AT自動(dòng)變速箱的技術(shù)實(shí)力較強(qiáng),產(chǎn)生能力較大,隨著多檔位AT變速器的開(kāi)發(fā),其性能完全可以與CVT變速器抗衡,同時(shí)其傳遞扭矩的能力還要好于CVT變速器。因此,在北美的汽車(chē)廠家,為了利用現(xiàn)有AT變速器的生產(chǎn)資源,其仍在大力發(fā)展AT變速器,而在CVT變速器的開(kāi)發(fā)投入工作較少,在MT、AMT變速器的投入就更少了;日本自動(dòng)變速器市場(chǎng)仍然是傳統(tǒng)的AT自動(dòng)變速器占主導(dǎo)地位。但是,受燃油供給的限制,其加大了開(kāi)發(fā)CVT自動(dòng)變速器的力度,已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出能夠傳遞350N.m的CVT變速器;在開(kāi)發(fā)CVT自動(dòng)變速器的同時(shí),日本公司也在研究多檔位AT變速器,以延續(xù)現(xiàn)有變速器生產(chǎn)線的壽命。AMT變速器在日本發(fā)展較緩慢,沒(méi)有投入太多的研發(fā)力量。研究目的和意義歐洲市場(chǎng)受駕乘習(xí)慣與汽車(chē)燃油供給的影響自動(dòng)變速器普及率不高,手動(dòng)機(jī)械式變速器仍占據(jù)變速器的主導(dǎo)地位。引領(lǐng)手動(dòng)變速器開(kāi)發(fā)的也是歐洲的整車(chē)廠和變速器公司,比如大眾,格特拉克等。就乘用車(chē)的手動(dòng)變速器而言,在過(guò)去的20年里面主要從5速向6速方向發(fā)展。由于機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì)、工藝已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟,在要有突破性的發(fā)展空間已經(jīng)非常小了,因?yàn)檎?chē)開(kāi)發(fā)的需要,降低排放,耗油是目前發(fā)展方向,所以更多的廠商也將當(dāng)前的目標(biāo)瞄準(zhǔn)了DCT。在手動(dòng)變速器方面,一方面是系統(tǒng)集成性,安裝性還有發(fā)展空間,另外就是新的材料、工藝,比如沖壓零件,注塑零件替代產(chǎn)品的加工工藝。在國(guó)內(nèi),仍然以手動(dòng)變速器為主,自動(dòng)變速器比例很低,并且主要來(lái)自進(jìn)口。中國(guó)乘用車(chē)用手動(dòng)檔變速器生產(chǎn)企業(yè)分為兩類(lèi),一類(lèi)是像一汽、東風(fēng)、上汽等整車(chē)生產(chǎn)集團(tuán),集團(tuán)內(nèi)自產(chǎn)變速器為其整車(chē)配套;另外一類(lèi)是獨(dú)立的變速器生產(chǎn)企業(yè),專(zhuān)門(mén)為各整車(chē)廠配套。其中以一汽集團(tuán)作為代表,一汽集團(tuán)除了主要研究手動(dòng)變速器以外,更以6AT和7DCT作為開(kāi)發(fā)重點(diǎn)。其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)為:a.以手動(dòng)變速器開(kāi)發(fā)為基礎(chǔ),以自動(dòng)變速器開(kāi)發(fā)為重點(diǎn)。b.重點(diǎn)提升制造能力和水平。c.重點(diǎn)發(fā)展DCT、AMT,適時(shí)發(fā)展AT。d.產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)系列化適用面更廣。目前雖然我國(guó)手動(dòng)變速器技術(shù)發(fā)展已日益成熟,但相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家水平仍然存在一定的差距,因此對(duì)于手動(dòng)變速器的研究仍然十分重要。結(jié)論變速箱按輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩給設(shè)計(jì)系列分級(jí),不同的車(chē)型選擇不同的變速箱,也可以根據(jù)汽車(chē)制造性能的具體要求自行進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)制造。還可以根據(jù)性能要求類(lèi)似的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型在實(shí)際檢測(cè)中產(chǎn)生的隨機(jī)載荷,利用數(shù)學(xué)總結(jié)中統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法制成載荷譜,以便進(jìn)行變速箱的使用壽命的計(jì)算。這種設(shè)計(jì)方案是在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)當(dāng)中比較常用的可靠方案,如果在選擇設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)時(shí)使用優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的方法進(jìn)行輔助選擇 ,那么將會(huì)產(chǎn)生事半功倍的效果,即設(shè)計(jì)出用最簡(jiǎn)單最小尺就能滿足所有設(shè)計(jì)要求的變速箱。當(dāng)然設(shè)計(jì)方式并不唯一,有時(shí)還可以使用其他的分析方法,如有限元來(lái)分析。 根據(jù)變速箱的傳動(dòng)方式不同一般可分為兩種:三軸式變速箱和兩軸式變速箱。三軸式變速箱適用的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力在后輪上;二軸式變速箱一般適用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力也在前輪上的小型汽車(chē)上。本文是關(guān)于兩軸五檔變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。參考文獻(xiàn)1程乃士.減速器和變速器設(shè)計(jì)與選用手冊(cè)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.2王望予.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì).第4版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社M,2006.3關(guān)文達(dá).汽車(chē)構(gòu)造.第2版.北京:清華大學(xué)出版社M,2009.4張文春.汽車(chē)?yán)碚?第2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社M,2010.5胡如夫.汽車(chē)機(jī)械基礎(chǔ).浙江:浙江大學(xué)出版社M,2006.6張毅.離合器及機(jī)械變速器.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社M,20057關(guān)文達(dá),謝越.實(shí)施汽車(chē)離合器和手動(dòng)變速器維修.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社M,2010.8 Somiotti A,Pilone G L,ViottoF,et al.A Novel seamless 2-Speed Transmission System for Electric Vehicles:Principles and Simulation Results J.Sae International Journal of Engines,2011,4(2):2671-2685.9 Huang W,Wang Y,Feng K.Developmemt of a Two-Speed Automatic Transmission for Pure Electric VehicleJ.Journal of Auromotive Safety & Energy.2011,2(1):72-76.10Somiotti A,Holdstock T,Pilone G L,et al.Analysis and simulation of the gearshift methodology for a novel two-speed transmission system for electric powertrains with a central motor 4基于基于CATIACATIA的汽車(chē)兩軸式五檔變速箱設(shè)計(jì)的汽車(chē)兩軸式五檔變速箱設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名:XXX指導(dǎo)老師:XXX主要結(jié)構(gòu)離合器離合器同步器同步器齒輪齒輪減速器和差速器減速器和差速器離合器離合器功能:功能:換檔時(shí),通過(guò)離合器主、從動(dòng)部分的迅速分離來(lái)切斷動(dòng)力的傳遞,使汽車(chē)平穩(wěn)換檔。同步器同步器組成組成:鎖環(huán)、滑塊、彈簧圈、嚙合套座、嚙合套功能:功能:利用被結(jié)合件的慣性防止同步前掛檔。撥叉功能:功能:撥動(dòng)同步器齒環(huán),以實(shí)現(xiàn)各檔齒輪的分離與嚙合。各各檔齒輪檔齒輪組成:輸入軸、輸出軸、五個(gè)前進(jìn)檔和一個(gè)倒檔。主減速器和差速器主減速器和差速器功能:功能:主減速器的作用是增加扭矩降低速度;差速器的作用是轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí),分配給兩個(gè)車(chē)輪不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。 基于CATIA的汽車(chē)兩軸式五檔變速箱設(shè)計(jì)摘 要 汽車(chē)變速箱的主要功能是滿足汽車(chē)在前進(jìn)的過(guò)程中對(duì)速度的不同要求。除此之外,變速箱還可以用于汽車(chē)的倒退,在重要的時(shí)候還應(yīng)存在動(dòng)力的輸出這項(xiàng)功能。 變速箱按輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩給設(shè)計(jì)系列分級(jí),不同的車(chē)型選擇不同的變速箱,也可以根據(jù)汽車(chē)制造性能的具體要求自行進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)制造。還可以根據(jù)性能要求類(lèi)似的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型在實(shí)際檢測(cè)中產(chǎn)生的隨機(jī)載荷,利用數(shù)學(xué)總結(jié)中統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法制成載荷譜,以便進(jìn)行變速箱的使用壽命的計(jì)算。這種設(shè)計(jì)方案是在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)當(dāng)中比較常用的可靠方案,如果在選擇設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)時(shí)使用優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的方法進(jìn)行輔助選擇 ,那么將會(huì)產(chǎn)生事半功倍的效果,即設(shè)計(jì)出用最簡(jiǎn)單最小尺就能滿足所有設(shè)計(jì)要求的變速箱。當(dāng)然設(shè)計(jì)方式并不唯一,有時(shí)還可以使用其他的分析方法,如有限元來(lái)分析。 根據(jù)變速箱的傳動(dòng)方式不同一般可分為兩種:三軸式變速箱和兩軸式變速箱。三軸式變速箱適用的汽車(chē)類(lèi)型為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力在后輪上;二軸式變速箱一般適用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在前驅(qū)動(dòng)力也在前輪上的小型汽車(chē)上。本文是關(guān)于兩軸五檔變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。 關(guān)鍵詞:齒輪;強(qiáng)度校核;檔數(shù);軸;傳動(dòng)比AbstractThe main function of the automobile gearbox is to meet the different requirements of speed in the process of moving forward.In addition, the gearbox can also be used to retrograde the car, and it should have the power to output this function when it is important. The gearbox is graded according to the output torque, and different gearboxes are selected for different models, and it can be designed and manufactured according to the specific requirements of automobile manufacturing performance. Can also according to the performance requirements of similar vehicle type in the actual detection of random load, the method of using mathematical statistical analysis in the summary made load spectrum, so that the service life of the gearbox is calculated. Are frequently used in production of this kind of design scheme is reliable solution, if use when choosing design parameters optimization design method for auxiliary selection, then will produce the effect of get twice the result with half the effort, which designed with the simplest minimum scale can meet all the design requirements of transmission. Of course, the design method is not unique, sometimes other analytical methods can be used, such as finite element analysis.According to the transmission mode of the gearbox, there are two types of transmission: three-axis gearbox and two-axle gearbox. The three-axis gearbox is suitable for the engine in the front drive on the rear wheel; The two-axis gearbox is generally suitable for the engine in the front drive and on the front wheel of the small car. This article is about the design of the two-axis five-speed gearbox. Keywords: Gear; Strength check;Block; Axis; Transmission ratio目 錄引 言1第1章 緒論21.1.1變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)要求21.2變速箱的結(jié)構(gòu)形式21.2.1三軸式變速21.2.2二軸式的變速箱2第2章 變速箱的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置32.1 變速器的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)32.1.1變速箱的齒輪32.2變速箱的機(jī)構(gòu)布置方案32.2.1變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)32.2.2倒擋結(jié)構(gòu)布置42.2.3操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置方案4本章小結(jié)4第3章 變速箱的主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)53.1變速箱的主要參數(shù)53.1.1變速箱的傳動(dòng)比范圍、檔位53.1.2確定變速箱的各檔傳動(dòng)比53.1.3 確定變速箱的中心距A63.1.4 確定變速箱齒輪的參數(shù)73.1.5計(jì)算各檔齒輪的參數(shù)73.2 變速箱齒輪的強(qiáng)度校核123.3.1齒輪損壞的原因及形式123.3.2變速箱齒輪彎曲應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度計(jì)算133.3.3變速箱齒輪接觸應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度計(jì)算143.3.4齒輪材料的選擇及熱處理173.4變數(shù)箱軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核183.4.1軸的尺寸計(jì)算183.4.2軸的剛度校核183.4.3軸的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算22本章小結(jié)25第4章 減速器與差速器的設(shè)計(jì)264.1 減速器的設(shè)計(jì)264.1.1主減速齒輪計(jì)算載荷的確定264.1.3主減速器基本參數(shù)的選擇274.1.4主減速器螺旋錐齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算284.2差速器的設(shè)計(jì)304.2.1差速器齒輪的基本參數(shù)選擇304.2.2差速器齒輪的幾何尺寸計(jì)算與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算31本章小結(jié)33第5章 同步器和離合器的設(shè)計(jì)345.1同步器的設(shè)計(jì)345.1.1慣性式同步器345.1.2同步器的工作原理345.1.3鎖環(huán)式同步器主要尺寸的確定355.1.4同步環(huán)主要尺寸的確定355.3離合器的設(shè)計(jì)365.3.1離合器的主要參數(shù)計(jì)算365.3.2彈簧片的選擇和布置365.3.3減振器的設(shè)計(jì)385.3.4從動(dòng)盤(pán)和壓盤(pán)的設(shè)計(jì)38本章小結(jié)39總 結(jié)40致 謝41參考文獻(xiàn)42引 言汽車(chē)是現(xiàn)代人生活中至關(guān)重要的代步工具,很多城市的限號(hào)政策就是因?yàn)樗郊臆?chē)過(guò)多,交通擁堵,而且汽車(chē)尾氣污染環(huán)境。但是人們對(duì)于汽車(chē)的需求依然很大。而變速箱可以說(shuō)是相當(dāng)于汽車(chē)的“心臟”。目前很多國(guó)家的設(shè)計(jì)師都在致力于汽車(chē)變速箱的設(shè)計(jì),當(dāng)然我們國(guó)家也不例外,所以對(duì)汽車(chē)變速箱的研究與設(shè)計(jì)是社會(huì)發(fā)展中不可或缺的一部分。汽車(chē)變速箱的主要功能是滿足汽車(chē)在前進(jìn)的過(guò)程中對(duì)速度的不同要求。除此之外,變速箱還可以用于汽車(chē)的倒退,在重要的時(shí)候還應(yīng)存在動(dòng)力的輸出這項(xiàng)功能。第1章 緒論1.1.1變速箱的設(shè)計(jì)要求 為保證變速箱具有良好的工作性能,對(duì)變速箱應(yīng)提出了相應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求。為了使汽車(chē)能夠達(dá)到不同的動(dòng)力和行駛速度,不同檔位要使用不同的傳動(dòng)比來(lái)達(dá)到不同的速度;在不需要行駛時(shí),要有空檔,斷開(kāi)動(dòng)力的傳動(dòng);使用效率盡量提高,使用壽命盡量延長(zhǎng);安全可靠,方便操作,制造成本低也是關(guān)鍵。1.2變速箱的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 汽車(chē)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系的變速箱,有三軸式和兩軸式之分,三軸式用于前置后驅(qū)動(dòng)的各類(lèi)汽車(chē);二軸式用在驅(qū)動(dòng)力在前并驅(qū)動(dòng)前輪的小轎車(chē)上。1.2.1三軸式變速 三軸式變速箱有三根軸組成:第一軸也叫輸入軸,第二軸也叫中間軸,第三軸也叫輸出軸。輸入軸是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)將動(dòng)力輸入到變速箱的橋梁,也是離合器控制變速箱的開(kāi)關(guān)。中間軸作為動(dòng)力的中轉(zhuǎn)站,工作時(shí)和輸入軸、輸出軸上的齒輪都進(jìn)行嚙合。三軸式變速箱的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,當(dāng)輸入軸與輸出軸上的齒輪直接嚙合時(shí),變速箱的傳動(dòng)效率很高而且噪音低,而且有中間軸可以在中心距小的情況下也能達(dá)到大的傳動(dòng)比。但是三軸式變速箱的不足是其他檔位工作時(shí)不如上述情況傳動(dòng)效率高。1.2.2二軸式的變速箱 兩軸式顧名思義只包括兩根軸,即:輸入軸、輸出軸。變速箱工作時(shí)兩根軸上的齒輪直接嚙合。沒(méi)有中間軸損失動(dòng)力,其傳動(dòng)效率更高。而且結(jié)構(gòu)也更簡(jiǎn)單,產(chǎn)生的噪音小。這樣的變速箱更適用于小型汽車(chē)上。是本文主要研究的方向。第2章 變速箱的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置2.1 變速器的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)2.1.1變速箱的齒輪變速箱中通常采用斜齒輪,因?yàn)樾饼X輪傳動(dòng)起來(lái)更加平穩(wěn),產(chǎn)生的噪音低。在齒輪的兩側(cè)再配以同步器或嚙合套換檔,使其工作起來(lái)更加平穩(wěn),效率更高。2.2變速箱的機(jī)構(gòu)布置方案2.2.1變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 大體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2-1所示。圖2-1 變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)式示意圖2.2.2倒擋結(jié)構(gòu)布置圖2-2 倒檔的布置方式 倒檔的布置方式大致分為圖2-2所示的幾種類(lèi)型。圖2-2f所示的布置方案滿足所有齒輪副都是常嚙合齒輪的要求,故選圖2-2f所示的布置方式。2.2.3操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置方案圖2-3 操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置方案本章小結(jié) 本章主要詳細(xì)的介紹了變速箱的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)以及其操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的布置方案,對(duì)各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明。如:軸要采用軸側(cè)定心的矩形花鍵軸等,下面將對(duì)各個(gè)零件進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的計(jì)算。第3章 變速箱的主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)3.1變速箱的主要參數(shù)本次變速箱的基本設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)如表3-1所示。表3-1 主要參數(shù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最大功率115Kw車(chē)輪型號(hào)215/60R15發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩189N.m最大功率時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速6300r/min最大轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)矩4300r/min最高車(chē)速200km/h總質(zhì)量1430kg整備質(zhì)量2500kg3.1.1變速箱的傳動(dòng)比范圍、檔位根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)的介紹,微型、輕型以及各類(lèi)轎車(chē)一般采用35個(gè)前進(jìn)檔。本文主要設(shè)計(jì)小轎車(chē)使用的變速箱,所以選用5檔式。3.1.2確定變速箱的各檔傳動(dòng)比 (1)根據(jù)汽車(chē)需要克服的爬坡阻力以及汽車(chē)需要克服的摩擦力來(lái)確定變速箱一檔的傳動(dòng)比,可按照公式(3.1)進(jìn)行計(jì)算:Temaxig1i0Trrmgfcosmax+sinmax=mgmax (3.1)式中:m汽車(chē)的總質(zhì)量; g重力加速度; f滾動(dòng)阻力系數(shù),一般范圍是f=0.0180.020,故取f=0.019; rr車(chē)輪的半徑; Temax發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩; i0主減速比,乘用車(chē)取3.54,故取4; T傳動(dòng)效率,轎車(chē)可取0.90.92,故取T=0.9; max最大爬坡度,i=tan max=0.34,故坡度角max=20; ig1變速箱一檔傳動(dòng)比。 將上述數(shù)據(jù)代入式子(3.1)中,求得:ig13.469 (2)根據(jù)式子(3.2)可計(jì)算附著條件有: Temaxig1i0TrrG2 (3.2) 式中:G2一般乘用車(chē)滿載的時(shí)候后軸占總重量的55%65%,取G2=60%mg; 取值范圍是=0.50.6,取=0.6。 將上述數(shù)據(jù)代入式子(3.2)中,求得:ig13.474 求得:3.469ig13.483,故取ig1=3.47。 (3)校核一檔傳動(dòng)比:ig1應(yīng)滿足汽車(chē)最低穩(wěn)定車(chē)速amax要求,則有ig1=0.377rrnemaxamaxi0=0.3770.2688003.474=5.82km/h10km/h所以amaxamax,滿足要求。(4)確定其他檔位傳動(dòng)比初選五檔傳動(dòng)比i5=0.77,根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)中的公式(3.3)可計(jì)算各檔傳動(dòng)比: q=n-1ig1ign (3.3)q=4ig1ig5=43.470.77=1.457i2=i1q=3.471.457=2.38i3=i2q=2.381.457=1.63i4=i3q=1.631.457=1.12 4檔和5檔為常用檔,其檔位間公比應(yīng)小一些,取q=1.4,求得:i5=i4q=1.121.4=0.803.1.3 確定變速箱的中心距A 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)中的公式(3.4)可計(jì)算中心距: A=K3Temaxig1g (3.4) 式中:K中心距系數(shù),轎車(chē)取K=8.99.3; Temax發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩(Nm); ig1變速箱一檔傳動(dòng)比; g變速箱的傳動(dòng)效率,取g=0.96。 將上述數(shù)據(jù)代入式子(3.3)中,取得:A=(76.2879.71)mm 轎車(chē)變速箱的中心距的取值范圍一般是6080mm,故A=80mm。3.1.4 確定變速箱齒輪的參數(shù)1.齒輪模數(shù)變速箱齒輪的法向模數(shù)由表3-1給出的范圍按國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T13571987規(guī)定選取。表3-2 汽車(chē)變速箱的法向模數(shù)mn(mm)車(chē)型微型、普通級(jí)轎車(chē)中級(jí)貨車(chē)中型貨車(chē)重型車(chē)mn2.252.752.753.003.504.504.506.00變速箱中各個(gè)齒輪采用同一個(gè)法向模數(shù),根據(jù)表3-1所給的數(shù)據(jù),選?。簃n=2.5mm。2.變速箱齒輪的齒形、變速箱齒輪的壓力角和變速箱齒輪的螺旋角根據(jù)減速器和變速器設(shè)計(jì)與選用手冊(cè)選取變速箱的上述參數(shù):國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了壓力角的大小為20。不適宜大于30,會(huì)影響齒輪的性能,故取=28。3.齒寬b 可按公式計(jì)算:b=KcmnKC齒寬系數(shù),斜齒輪一般取KC=7.08.6,直齒輪一般取KC=4.47.0,取Kc=7;mn齒輪的法向模數(shù)。4.齒頂高系數(shù) 一般汽車(chē)變速箱所采用的齒頂高系數(shù)為f0=1.0。3.1.5計(jì)算各檔齒輪的參數(shù)1、一檔齒輪的參數(shù)已知一檔采用斜齒輪和一檔傳動(dòng)比,所以計(jì)算一檔的齒數(shù)和為:Z=2Acosmn=280cos302.557 齒數(shù)和取整為55,修正后得=28.96 可得方程組:Z1+Z2=ZZ2Z1=i1 求得:Z1=14Z2=43 修正中心距:A=Zmn2cos=572.52cos28.9680mm 斜齒輪端面模數(shù):mt=mncos=2.5cos28.96=2.8mm 嚙合角:cos=mt(Z1+Z2)2Acos=0.904,=25 一檔齒輪參數(shù)如下表3.1所示:表3.1 一檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角tant=tanncos=0.420,t=22.782分度圓直徑d1=Z1mt=39.2mmd2=Z2mt=120.4mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a1=ha*mn=2.5mmha2=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f1=1.25mn=3.125mmhf2=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da1=d1+2ha1=44.2mmda2=d2+2ha2=125.4mm6齒根圓直徑df1=d1-2hf1=32.95mmdf2=d2-2hf2=114.15mm7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)Zv1=z1(cos)319Zv2=z2(cos)3638齒寬b1=Kcmn=17.5mmb2=Kcmn=17.5mm2二檔齒輪的參數(shù)已知三檔采用斜齒輪,且螺旋角31,由i3=Z6Z5得:Z=2Acosmn 為了抵消或減少軸上的軸向力,還必須滿足以下條件:tantan2=Z6Z5=i3 采用試湊法,計(jì)算出螺旋角2=12.3 聯(lián)立方程組:Z3+Z4=ZZ4Z3=i2 求得:Z3=18Z4=45 修正中心距:A=Zmn2cos=632.52cos12.380mm 斜齒輪端面模數(shù):mt=mncos=2.5cos12.3=2.60mm 嚙合角:cos=mt(Z3+Z4)2Acos=0.962,=15.84 二檔齒輪參數(shù)如下表3.2所示:表3.2 二檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角tant=tanncos=0.38,t=20.082分度圓直徑d3=Z3mt=46.8mmd4=Z4mt=117mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a3=ha*mn=2.5mmha4=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f3=1.25mn=3.125mmhf4=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da3=d3+2ha3=51.8mmda4=d4+2ha4=122mm6齒根圓直徑df3=d3-2hf3=40.55mmdf4=d4-2hf4=110.75mm7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)Zv3=z3(cos)319Zv4=z4(cos)3498齒寬b3=Kcmn=17.5mmb4=Kcmn=17.5mm3三檔齒輪的參數(shù)已知三檔采用斜齒輪,且螺旋角31,由i3=Z6Z5得:Z=2Acosmn 為了抵消或減少軸上的軸向力,還必須滿足以下條件:tantan3=Z6Z5=i3 采用試湊法,計(jì)算出螺旋角2=17.5 聯(lián)立方程組:Z5+Z6=ZZ6Z5=i3 求得:Z5=23Z6=38 修正中心距:A=Zmn2cos=612.52cos17.580mm 斜齒輪端面模數(shù):mt=mncos=2.5cos17.5=2.60mm 嚙合角:cos=mt(Z5+Z6)2Acos=0.9314,=21.33 三檔齒輪參數(shù)如下表3.3所示:表3.3 三檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角tant=tanncos=0.378,t=20.752分度圓直徑d5=Z5mt59.8mmd6=Z6mt=98.8mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a5=ha*mn=2.5mmha6=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f5=1.25mn=3.125mmhf6=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da5=d5+2ha5=64.8mmda6=d6+2ha6=103.8mm6齒根圓直徑df5=d5-2hf5=53.55mmdf6=d6-2hf6=92.55mm7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)Zv5=z5(cos)327Zv6=z6(cos)3448齒寬b5=Kcmn=17.5mmb6=Kcmn=17.5mm4四檔齒輪的參數(shù)已知四檔采用斜齒輪,且螺旋角41,由i4=Z8Z7得:Z=2Acosmn 為了抵消或減少軸上的軸向力,還必須滿足以下條件:tantan2=Z8Z7=i4 采用試湊法,計(jì)算出螺旋角2=22 聯(lián)立方程組:Z7+Z8=ZZ8Z7=i4 求得:Z7=27Z8=32 修正中心距:A=Zmn2cos=592.52cos12.380mm 斜齒輪端面模數(shù):mt=mncos=2.5cos22=2.70mm 嚙合角:cos=mt(Z3+Z4)2Acos=0.866,=30 二檔齒輪參數(shù)如下表3.2所示:表3.4 四檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角tant=tanncos=0.3956,t=21.582分度圓直徑d7=Z7mt=72.9mmd8=Z8mt=86.4mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a7=ha*mn=2.5mmha8=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f7=1.25mn=3.125mmhf8=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da7=d7+2ha7=77.9mmda8=d8+2ha8=91.4mm6齒根圓直徑df7=d7-2hf7=66.65mmdf8=d8-2hf8=80.15mm7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)Zv7=z7(cos)334Zv8=z8(cos)3418齒寬b7=Kcmn=17.5mmb8=Kcmn=17.5mm5二檔齒輪的參數(shù)已知五檔采用斜齒輪,且螺旋角51,由i5=Z10Z9得:Z=2Acosmn 為了抵消或減少軸上的軸向力,還必須滿足以下條件:tantan5=Z10Z9=i5 采用試湊法,計(jì)算出螺旋角2=36 聯(lián)立方程組:Z9+Z10=ZZ10Z9=i5 求得:Z9=29Z10=24 修正中心距:A=Zmn2cos=532.52cos3680mm 斜齒輪端面模數(shù):mt=mncos=2.5cos36=3.0mm 嚙合角:cos=mt(Z9+Z10)2Acos=0.9356,=20.678 四檔齒輪參數(shù)如下表3.2所示:表3.5 五檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角tant=tanncos=0.43,t=23.42分度圓直徑d9=Z9mt=87mmd10=Z10mt=72mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a9=ha*mn=2.5mmha10=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f9=1.25mn=3.125mmhf10=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da9=d9+2ha9=92mmda10=d10+2ha10=77mm6齒根圓直徑df9=d9-2hf9=80.75mmdf10=d10-2hf10=65.75mm7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)Zv9=z9(cos)355Zv10=z10(cos)3468齒寬b9=Kcmn=17.5mmb10=Kcmn=17.5mm6.計(jì)算倒檔齒輪的參數(shù) 倒檔齒輪12的齒數(shù)Z12=2123,初選Z12=22,模數(shù)為2.5mm,代入計(jì)算得:A=12mnZ1+Z12=122.512+22=42.5mm 避免干涉,齒輪間隙為0.5mm,則有:da12+da112=A-0.5da11=2A-da1-1=242.5-38.6-1=45.4mmd11=da11-2ha=40.4mmZ11=d11mn=40.42.516 修正后得:d11=40mm,da1=45mm 校核:A=da12+da112+0.5=452+38.62+0.5=42.342.5,滿足要求。 所以倒檔軸與輸入軸之間的中心距為A=42.3mm。表3.6 倒檔齒輪參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1齒數(shù)Z11=16Z12=222分度圓直徑d11=Z11mn=40mmd12=Z12mt=55mm3齒頂高h(yuǎn)a11=ha*mn=2.5mmha12=ha*mn=2.5mm4齒根高h(yuǎn)f11=1.25mn=3.125mmhf12=1.25mn=3.125mm5齒頂圓直徑da11=d11+2ha11=45mmda12=d12+2ha12=60mm6齒根圓直徑df11=d11-2hf11=33.75mmdf12=d12-2hf12=48.75mm7基圓直徑db11=d11cos=37.59mmdb12=d12cos=51.68mm8齒寬b11=Kcmn=17.5mmb12=Kcmn=17.5mm3.2 變速箱齒輪的強(qiáng)度校核3.3.1齒輪損壞的原因及形式 齒輪在工作的過(guò)程中,當(dāng)齒輪在很大的載荷作用下,由于齒輪根部的彎曲應(yīng)力以及過(guò)渡圓角的應(yīng)力集中,齒輪就會(huì)因此斷裂。在汽車(chē)變速箱中齒輪很少會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種因?yàn)閺?qiáng)度不夠而造成的一次性斷裂。常見(jiàn)的斷裂一般是因?yàn)辇X輪在載荷的重復(fù)作用下過(guò)度疲勞,從而產(chǎn)生疲勞裂縫,裂縫在應(yīng)力作用下越來(lái)越大且越來(lái)越深,從而造成齒輪折斷。尤其是變速箱中的低檔小齒輪很容易在這種載荷大、齒數(shù)少的情況下發(fā)生疲勞斷裂。 高檔齒輪齒面因?yàn)榻佑|應(yīng)力的作用,會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的尖角型的小裂縫。由于齒面互相的擠壓,使裂縫里灌進(jìn)大量的潤(rùn)滑油,從而油壓增大,裂縫在油壓的作用下變大直到從齒面上脫落。從而使齒面上產(chǎn)生大量的小坑,這就是齒面點(diǎn)蝕。由于齒面上有大量的裂縫脫落,齒輪相比原來(lái)產(chǎn)生誤差,誤差導(dǎo)致了動(dòng)載荷,動(dòng)載荷過(guò)大時(shí)可能會(huì)造成齒輪斷裂。 由于部分齒輪工作時(shí)載荷大且運(yùn)行速度快,齒輪局部溫度會(huì)升高,壓力會(huì)增大,導(dǎo)致接觸面產(chǎn)生粘連的情況。在粘連的齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的過(guò)程中,粘連面就會(huì)產(chǎn)生拉傷,這就是所謂的齒面膠合。3.3.2變速箱齒輪彎曲應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 1.可按下式對(duì)變速箱直齒輪進(jìn)行彎曲應(yīng)力的計(jì)算: =FtKKfbPty=400850N/mm2 (3.5) 式中:Ft圓周力,F(xiàn)t=2Tjd(N); Tj計(jì)算載荷(Nmm) Ka應(yīng)力集中系數(shù),直齒輪取1.65,斜齒輪取1.5; Kf攆擦力影響系數(shù),主動(dòng)齒輪取1.1,從動(dòng)齒輪取0.9; b齒輪實(shí)際接觸的寬度,斜齒輪用bcos代替(mm); Pt端面周節(jié),Pt=m; y齒形系數(shù),查表可得; 倒檔主動(dòng)齒輪1,查表得y=0.165,代入式子(3.5)中得,=686.33Mpa; 倒檔傳動(dòng)齒輪12,查表得y=0.173,代入式子(3.5)中得,=394.56Mpa; 倒檔主動(dòng)齒輪11,查表得y=0.182,代入式子(3.5)中得,=261.19Mpa; 根據(jù)上述數(shù)據(jù)可知倒檔齒輪彎曲應(yīng)力滿足要求。 2.可按下式對(duì)變速箱斜齒輪進(jìn)行彎曲應(yīng)力計(jì)算: =FtKbPmyK=180350N/mm2(轎車(chē))100250N/mm2(貨車(chē)) (3.6) 式中:Pm法面周節(jié),Pbn=mn; k重合度影響系數(shù),k=2。 一檔斜齒輪1,查表得y=0.154,代入式子(3.6)中得,=346.3Mpa;一檔斜齒輪2,查表得y=0164,代入式子(3.6)中得,=107.0Mpa;二檔斜齒輪3,查表得y=0.157,代入式子(3.6)中得,=158.3Mpa;二檔斜齒輪4,查表得y=0.160,代入式子(3.6)中得,=337.0Mpa;三檔斜齒輪5,查表得y=0.130,代入式子(3.6)中得,=306.3Mpa;三檔斜齒輪6,查表得y=0.147,代入式子(3.6)中得,=163.7Mpa;四檔斜齒輪7,查表得y=0.137,代入式子(3.6)中得,=234.6Mpa;四檔斜齒輪8,查表得y=0.141,代入式子(3.6)中得,=346.3Mpa;五檔斜齒輪9,查表得y=0.139,代入式子(3.6)中得,=196.6Mpa;五檔斜齒輪10,查表得y=0.137,代入式子(3.6)中得,=242.9Mpa;根據(jù)上述數(shù)據(jù)可知所以各檔齒輪彎曲應(yīng)力滿足要求。3.3.3變速箱齒輪接觸應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度計(jì)算齒面接觸應(yīng)力可按下式計(jì)算: j=ZEZHZZKAKVKHKHFtd1bu+1uj=19002000Mpa (3.7)式中:ZE彈性系數(shù)(N/mm2)12,取ZE=189.8; ZH節(jié)點(diǎn)區(qū)域系數(shù),ZH=2cosbcost(cost)2sint; t端面分度圓的壓力角;t=tan-1(tanncos); 分度圓螺旋角; b基圓螺旋角,b=tan-1(tancost); t端面嚙合角; Z螺旋角系數(shù);Z=cos Z重合度系數(shù), 直齒輪 Z=4-3 斜齒輪 當(dāng)1時(shí) Z=1當(dāng)1時(shí) Z=4-31-+ 端面重合度; 縱向重合度; Ft端面分度圓的切向力(N),F(xiàn)t=2Tjd; Tj計(jì)算載荷(Nmm),由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩和要計(jì)算的齒輪間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換得到的; d齒輪分度圓的直徑(mm); d1主動(dòng)齒輪的分度圓直徑(mm); b齒寬(mm) u被動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù)比上主動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù); KA使用系數(shù),轎車(chē)的各檔齒輪一般取平均值0.65; Kv動(dòng)載系數(shù),KV=N(CV1BP+CV2Bf+CV3+Bk+1) ,查表3-4 ; N臨界轉(zhuǎn)速比,N=n1nE1; n1主動(dòng)齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min); nE1主動(dòng)齒輪的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速,nE1=30000Z1Crmred; Z1主動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù); Cr齒輪嚙合的剛度(N/mmm), Cr=0.75+0.25c; cc=1q(N/mmm); q單位齒寬的柔度(mmm/N) q=0.04723+0.15551zn1+0.25791zn2-0.00635x1-0.00193x2-0.11654x1zn1- 0.24188x2zn2+0.00529x12+0.00182x22 zn1、zn2主動(dòng)齒輪和被動(dòng)齒輪的當(dāng)量齒數(shù); x1、x2主動(dòng)齒輪和被動(dòng)齒輪的變位系數(shù); mred誘導(dǎo)質(zhì)量,mred=8(dm1db1)2(dm12Q); dm1主動(dòng)齒輪的平均直徑(mm),dm1=12(da1+df1); db1主動(dòng)齒輪的分度圓直徑(mm); da1主動(dòng)齒輪的齒頂圓直徑(mm); df1主動(dòng)齒輪的齒根圓直徑(mm); Q=1(1+1u2),假設(shè)計(jì)算的齒輪是實(shí)心的; 鋼材的密度(kg/mm3)表3-4 總重合度系數(shù)代號(hào)12CV10.320.32CV20.340.57-0.3CV30.230.096-1.56 KH齒向載荷分布系數(shù); 當(dāng)2wmFycr1時(shí) KH=2Fycrwm 當(dāng)2wmFycr1時(shí) KH=1+0.5Fycrwm; wm單位齒寬的平均載荷,wm=FtKAKVb Fy跑和后的嚙合齒向的誤差, Fy=0.85(wmfsho+F) F齒向公差; 補(bǔ)償系數(shù),一般情況下為1; fsho1N/mm作用下產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)變形 fsho=(31+5)10-3 直齒輪 fsho=(36+5)10-3 斜齒輪 主動(dòng)齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的系數(shù),=1+klsd12(bd1)2; l軸承的跨巨(mm); s小輪齒寬的中點(diǎn)到軸承跨距中點(diǎn)間的距離(mm); d1主動(dòng)齒輪分度圓的直徑(mm); K結(jié)構(gòu)系數(shù),一般取0.4; KH當(dāng)2時(shí) KH=20.9+0.4crfpb-yabFtH 當(dāng)2時(shí) KH=0.9+0.42(-1)crfpb-yabFtH 當(dāng)KHZ2時(shí),則取KH=Z2; 端面重合度; ya齒廓跑和量,ya=0.072fpb; fpb基節(jié)的極限偏差,一般情況下按照大齒輪的計(jì)算。 將上述參數(shù)及查表數(shù)據(jù)代入式子(3.7)中,得: 一檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=807.64Mpaj;二檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=746.37Mpaj;三檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=801.70Mpaj;四檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=723.27Mpaj;五檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=743.73Mpaj;倒檔齒輪上的接觸應(yīng)力:j=1034.68Mpa16時(shí),取=0.134。4.1.3主減速器基本參數(shù)的選擇1主、從動(dòng)斜齒輪齒數(shù)和根據(jù)選擇主、從動(dòng)斜齒輪齒數(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮如下因素選取=12。2.從動(dòng)斜齒輪大端分度圓直徑和端面模數(shù)根據(jù)公式(4.4)計(jì)算分度圓直徑 : (4.4)式中:一般取13.016.0;取值為2382;由式(4.4)得: =(13.016.0)=(168.09199.27);初選=197,則齒輪端面模數(shù)=/=197/48=4.1=484.1=197.05由于計(jì)算出來(lái)的中心距與原來(lái)的中心距不一樣,總變位是0.89斜齒端面模數(shù);主減速器齒輪參數(shù)如表4.1所示。表4.1主減速器齒輪基本參數(shù)序號(hào)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)算公式1端面壓力角2分度圓直徑3齒頂高4齒根高5齒頂圓直徑6齒根圓直徑7當(dāng)量齒數(shù)8齒寬4.1.4主減速器螺旋錐齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算斜齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算:(1)主減速器齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算單位齒長(zhǎng)上的圓周力 (4.5)按發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩計(jì)算時(shí): =846893N/mm (4.6) 式中:為一檔傳動(dòng)比,取=3.5按最大附著力矩計(jì)算時(shí):=5378 (4.7)滿足要求。根據(jù)公式(4.8)計(jì)算輪齒的彎曲強(qiáng)度: (4.8)式中:超載系數(shù)1.0;尺寸系數(shù)=0.586;載荷分配系數(shù),取=1;質(zhì)量系數(shù),一般取1;J計(jì)算彎曲應(yīng)力用的綜合系數(shù)作用下: 從動(dòng)齒輪上的應(yīng)力=446.48MPa700MPa;作用下: 從動(dòng)齒輪上的應(yīng)力=198.37MPa210.9MPa;當(dāng)計(jì)算主動(dòng)齒輪時(shí),/Z與從動(dòng)相當(dāng),而,故,齒輪的強(qiáng)度合格。(2)根據(jù)公式(4.9)計(jì)算輪齒的接觸強(qiáng)度: (4.9)式中:鋼制齒輪取232.6;=1,=1,=1,=1;相嚙合齒輪的齒數(shù)求綜合系數(shù)J的齒輪齒數(shù)圖4-1 彎曲計(jì)算用綜合系數(shù)J1取值為1;J計(jì)算應(yīng)力的綜合系數(shù)。=1750Mpa=1750MPa =2745.473MPa=2800MPa根據(jù)上述數(shù)據(jù)可知強(qiáng)度滿足要求。大齒輪齒數(shù)小齒輪齒數(shù)圖4-2接觸強(qiáng)度計(jì)算綜合系數(shù)J14.2差速器的設(shè)計(jì)4.2.1差速器齒輪的基本參數(shù)選擇(1)乘用車(chē)一般使用2個(gè)行星齒輪。(2)行星齒輪球面半徑(mm)可以根據(jù)公式(4.10)確進(jìn)行計(jì)算: =36.2(mm) (4.10) 圓整取=36mm式中:行星齒輪球面半徑系數(shù),2.522.99=(0.980.99)=35.2436.62mm 取35mm (3)齒數(shù)的選擇:行星齒輪齒數(shù)與模數(shù)成反比。 z半軸的取值范圍是1425。z半軸z行星的取值范圍是1.52。所以取z行星=14,z半軸=20。(4.11)為齒數(shù)選擇驗(yàn)證公式,其含義是左、右兩半軸齒輪的齒數(shù)之和除以行星齒輪的數(shù)目所得的商為整數(shù),代入計(jì)算得: = =20 (4.11) 滿足條件。(4)先初步求出行星齒輪和半軸齒輪的節(jié)錐角: 再根據(jù)公式(4.12)可以計(jì)算出齒輪的模數(shù):=2.95 (4.12) 取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模數(shù)3;式中:在前面已初步確定。根據(jù)公式(4.13)可以計(jì)算出節(jié)圓直徑d為: (4.13)(5)按目前的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇壓力角為,齒高系數(shù)為0.8,最少齒數(shù)可減至10。 (6)根據(jù)下列公式計(jì)算行星齒輪安裝孔直徑及其深度L:=54.8(mm)=11mm4.2.2差速器齒輪的幾何尺寸計(jì)算與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算表4.2為汽車(chē)差速器的齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程和主要參數(shù):表4.2 汽車(chē)差速器齒輪的幾何尺寸計(jì)算表序號(hào)項(xiàng) 目計(jì) 算 公 式 及 結(jié) 果1行星齒輪齒數(shù)2半軸齒輪齒數(shù)3模數(shù)4齒面寬=11.25mm,取F=11m5齒工作高=1.6m=4.7mm6齒全高h(yuǎn)=1.788m+0.051=5.323mm7壓力角8軸交角9節(jié)圓直徑10節(jié)錐角11節(jié)錐距A=34.6mm12周節(jié)t=3.1416m=9.27mm13齒頂高14齒根高15徑向間隙16齒根角17面錐角18根錐角19外圓直徑20節(jié)錐頂點(diǎn)至齒輪外緣距離21理論弧齒厚
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