NGW行星減速器的設計

NGW行星減速器的設計,NGW行星減速器的設計,ngw,行星減速器,設計 NGW行星減速器的設計摘 要本文完成了對一級行星齒輪減速器的結構設計。該減速器具有較小的傳動比，而且，它具有結構緊湊、傳動效率高、外廓尺寸小和重量輕、承載能力大、運動平穩(wěn)、抗沖擊和震動的能力較強、噪聲低的特點，適用于化工、輕工業(yè)以及機器人等領域。這些功用對于現(xiàn)代機械傳動的發(fā)展有著較重要的意義。行星齒輪傳動在我國已有了許多年的發(fā)展史，很早就有了應用。然而，自20世紀60年代以來，我國才開始對行星齒輪傳動進行了較深入、系統(tǒng)的研究和試制工作。無論是在設計理論方面，還是在試制和應用實踐方面，均取得了較大的成就,并獲得了許多的研究成果。近20多年來，尤其是我國改革開放以來，隨著我國科學技術水平的進步和發(fā)展，我國已從世界上許多工業(yè)發(fā)達國家引進了大量先進的機械設備和技術，經(jīng)過我國機械科技人員不斷積極的吸收和消化，與時俱進，開拓創(chuàng)新地努力奮進，使我國的行星傳動技術有了迅速的發(fā)展。齒輪傳動原理就是在一對互相嚙合的齒輪中，有一個齒輪作為主動輪，動力從它那里輸入，另一個齒輪作為從動輪，動力從它輸出。也有的齒輪僅作為中轉站，一邊與主動輪嚙合，另一邊與從動輪嚙合，動力從它那里通過，這種齒輪叫惰輪。在包含行星齒輪的齒輪系統(tǒng)中，情形就不同了。由于存在行星架，也就是說，可以有三條轉動軸允許動力輸入/輸出，還可以用離合器或制動器之類的手段，在需要的時候限制其中一條軸的轉動，剩下兩條軸進行傳動，這樣一來，互相嚙合的齒輪之間的關系就可以有多種組合。確定選用2Z-X(A)型的行星傳動較為合理。我們簡要介紹了課題的背景以及齒輪減速器的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢，然后比較了各種傳動結構，從而確定了傳動的基本類型。論文主體部分是對傳動機構主要構件包括太陽輪、行星輪、內齒圈及行星架的設計計算，通過所給的輸入功率、傳動比、輸入轉速以及工況系數(shù)確定齒輪減速器的大致結構之后，對其進行了整體結構的設計計算和主要零部件的強度校核計算。其中該減速器的設計與其他減速器的結構設計相比有三大特點：其一，為了使三個行星輪的載荷均勻分配，采用了齒式浮動機構，即太陽輪與高速軸通過齒式聯(lián)軸器將二者連接在一起，從而實現(xiàn)了太陽輪的浮動；其二，該減速器的箱體采用的是法蘭式箱體，上下箱體分別鑄造而成；其三，內齒圈與箱體采用分離式，通過螺栓和圓錐銷將其與上下箱體固定在一起。最后對整個設計過程進行了總結，基本上完成了對該減速器的整體結構設計。關鍵詞： 行星齒輪; 傳動機構; 結構設計; 校核計算 AbstractThis completed a single-stage planetary gear reducer design. The gear has a smaller transmission ratio,and it has a compact，high transmission efficiency outline,small size and light weight,carrying capacity,smooth motion,shock and vibration resistant and low noise characteristics,Used in chemical,light industry and robotics fields.The function of the development of modern mechanical transmission has a more important significance.Planetary gear transmission has many years of development in our country, and it has been used in many years. However,since 1960s,our country began to carry on the more thorough and systematic research and trial manufacture of planetary gear transmission.Both in the design theory or in the trial production and application practice,have made great achievements,and obtained a lot of research results.In the past 20 years especially since the reform and opening-up of our country,with the progress and development of the scientific and technological level of the country, China has from many of the worlds industrial developed countries introduced a large number of advanced machinery and equipment and technology,after our country mechanical science and technology personnel constantly active absorption and elimination, advancing with the times. pioneering and innovative efforts to forge ahead, planetary transmission technology of our country has developed rapidly.The principle of gear transmission is in a pair of meshing gears, a gear as the driving gear,power is inputted from there it, another gear as the wheel,the power output from it.Also some gears only as transfer station, and one side of the driving gear, the other side and from the meshing of wheel,power from where it through, the gear called idler.In gear system includes a planetary gear, the situation is different. Due to the presence of planet carrier.That is to say,can have three rotating shafts allow dynamic input / output,by means of the clutch or brake and the like,need time which limits an axis of rotation, the remaining two axes drive,as a result,between the gear meshing relationship to each other can have a variety of combinations.To determine the choice of 2Z-X (A) type of planetary transmission is more reasonable.First paper introduces the background and the subject of gear reducer situation and development trend,and then compared various transmission structures,which determine the basic type of transmission.Thesis is the main part of the main components of drive mechanism including the sun wheel，planet gear,ring gear and planet carrier in the design calculation，given by the input power，gear ratio,input speed and the condition factor to determine the approximate structure after the gear reducer And to carry out the design and calculation of the overall structure and main components of the strength check calculation.One of the other gear reducer design and compared the structural design of the three major characteristics: First,the three planetary gear to make the load evenly,using a gear-type floating body,the sun gear and high-speed shaft through the gear together Coupling the two together to achieve a floating sun gear;Second,the box uses a reducer flange box,upper and lower box were cast;Third，the ring gear and Box with separate,through bolts and tapered pins will be fixed together with the upper and lower box. Finally,a summary of the entire design process is basically complete the overall design of the reducer.Key words: planetary gear;driving machanism; structural design; checking calculation 目錄 前言1第一章 傳動方案的確定1 1.1 設計任務1 1.2行星機構的類型選擇 1 1.3 確定行星齒輪傳動類型 3第二章 齒輪的設計計算 5 2.1 配齒計算 5 2.1.1 確定各齒輪的齒數(shù) 5 2.1.2 初算中心距和模數(shù) 6 2.2 幾何尺寸計算 7 2.3 裝配條件驗算10 2.3.1 鄰接條件10 2.3.2 同心條件10 2.3.2 安裝條件10 2.4 齒輪強度校核12 2.4.1 a-c傳動強度校核12 2.4.1 c-b傳動強度校核16第三章 軸的設計計算21 3.1 行星軸設計21 3.2 轉軸的設計23 3.2.1 輸入軸設計23 3.2.2 輸出軸設計24結論27謝 辭28參考文獻29 緒論本課題通過對行星齒輪減速器的結構設計，初步計算出各零件的設計尺寸和裝配尺寸，并對涉及結果進行參數(shù)化分析，為行星齒輪減速器產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和性能評價實現(xiàn)行星齒輪減速器規(guī)?；a(chǎn)提供了參考和理論依據(jù)。通過本設計，要能弄懂該減速器的傳動原理，達到對所學知識的復習與鞏固，從而在以后的工作中能解決類似的問題。行星齒輪傳動的效率作為評價器傳動性能優(yōu)劣的重要指標之一，國內外有許多學者對此進行了系統(tǒng)的研究。如今，計算行星齒輪傳動效率的方法很多，國內外學者提出了許多有關行星齒輪傳動效率的計算方法，在機械設計計算中，較常用的計算方有3種：嚙合功率法、力偏移法、和傳動比法（克萊依涅斯法），其中以嚙合功率法的用途最為廣泛，此方法用來計算普通的2K2H和3K型行星齒輪的效率十分方便。行星齒輪傳動具備結構緊湊、體積小、質量小、承載大的優(yōu)點。這些都是因為在其結構上應用了多個行星輪的傳動方式，充分運用了軸齒輪之間的空間，使用了多個行星輪分擔載荷，形成功率流，并且合理的采用內嚙合傳動，使其具備了上述的很多優(yōu)點。但是，這僅僅是最理想的情況，而在實際應用中，由于加工誤差和裝配誤差的存在，使得在機械傳動過程中各行星輪上的載荷分配不均勻，造成載荷集中在一個行星輪上的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，這樣一來，行星齒輪的優(yōu)越性就得不到應有的發(fā)揮，甚至不如普通的外傳動結構。所以，為了更好的發(fā)揮行星齒輪的優(yōu)越性，均載的問題就成了一個十分重要的課題。在結構部分，開始人們只努力地提升齒輪加工的精度，使得行星齒輪的裝配和制造變得尤為困難。后來通過采取了對行星齒輪基本構件徑向不加限制的措施和其它可以自動調位的方法，就是采用各種機械式地均載機構，以達到各行星輪間載荷分布均勻的目的。其中典型的幾種均載機構有基本構件浮動的均載機構、杠桿聯(lián)動均載機構和采用彈性件的均載機構。CNC機床工藝技術的發(fā)展，帶動了了機械傳動結構的發(fā)展。在傳動系統(tǒng)設計中的PLC、液壓傳動系統(tǒng)，齒輪、帶輪、帶鏈的混合傳動，將成為變速箱設計中優(yōu)化傳動組合的方向。在傳動設計中的學術交流，將成為新型傳動產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的趨勢。隨著我們國家航空、航天、電子、機械、能源及核工業(yè)方面的快速發(fā)展和工業(yè)機器人等一系列產(chǎn)品在各工業(yè)部門的應用，我國在諧波傳動技術應用方面已取得很好的成績。同時，隨著我國高新技術及信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，對諧波傳動技術產(chǎn)品的需求會更加突出。減速器和齒輪的設計與制造技術的發(fā)展，在一定程度上標志著一個國家的工業(yè)水平，所以，開拓和發(fā)展齒輪技術和減速器在我國有廣闊的前景。論文的基本內容：（1）選擇傳動方案。傳動方案的確定包括傳動比的確定和傳動類型的確定。（2）設計計算及校核。傳動結構的設計計算，都大致包括：選擇傳動方案、傳動零件齒輪的設計計算與校核、軸的設計計算與校核、軸承的選型與壽命計算、鍵的選擇與強度計算、箱體的設計、潤滑與密封的選擇等。在對行星齒輪減速器的結構進行深入分析的基礎上，依據(jù)給定的減速器設計的主要參數(shù)，通過CAD繪圖軟件建立行星齒輪減速器各零件的二維平面圖，繪制出減速器的總裝圖對其進行分析。 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 第一章傳動方向的確定第一章 傳動方案的確定1.1 設計任務設計一個行星齒輪傳動減速器。原始條件和數(shù)據(jù)：傳動比i=11，功率p=5.5kw，輸入轉速N=1500 rpm，中等沖擊。使用壽命8年，每天工作16小時。且要求該齒輪傳動結構緊湊、外廓尺寸較小。1.2行星機構的類型選擇表1-1列出了常用行星齒輪傳動的型式及特點： 表1-1 常用行星齒輪傳動的傳動類型及其特點傳動形式簡圖性能參數(shù)特點傳動比效率最大功率/kWNGW2Z-X(A) 負號機構）=1.1313.7推薦2.890.970.99不限效率高，體積小，重量輕，結構簡單，制造方便，傳遞公路范圍大，軸向尺寸小，可用于各個工作條件，在機械傳動中應用最廣。單級傳動比范圍較小，耳機和三級傳動均廣泛應用NW（2Z-X負號機構）=150推薦721效率高，徑向尺寸比NGW型小，傳動比范圍較NGW型大，可用于各種工作條件。但雙聯(lián)行星齒輪制造、安裝較復雜，故|7時不宜采用NN（2Z-X負號機構）推薦值：=830效率較低，一般為0.70.840傳動比打，效率較低，適用于短期工作傳動。當行星架X從動時，傳動比|大于某一值后，機構將發(fā)生自鎖WW（2Z-X負號機構）=1.2數(shù)千|=1.25時，效率可達0.90.7，5以后.隨|增加徒降20傳動比范圍大，但外形尺寸及重量較大，效率很低，制造困難，一般不用與動力傳動。運動精度低也不用于分度機構。當行星架X從動時，|從某一數(shù)值起會發(fā)生自鎖。常用作差速器；其傳動比取值為=1.83，最佳值為2，此時效率可達0.9NGW（）型（3Z）小功率傳動500；推薦：=201000.80.9隨增加而下降短期工作120，長期工作10結構緊湊，體積小，傳動比范圍大，但效率低于NGW型，工藝性差，適用于中小功率功率或短期工作。若中心輪A輸出，當|大于某一數(shù)值時會發(fā)生自鎖NGWN（）型（3Z）=60500推薦：=643000.70.84隨增加而下降短期工作120，長期工作10結構更緊湊，制造，安裝比上列型傳動方便。由于采用單齒圈行星輪，需角度變?yōu)椴拍軡M足同心條件。效率較低，宜用于短期工作。傳動自鎖情況同上1.3 確定行星齒輪傳動類型根據(jù)設計要求：連續(xù)運轉、傳動比小、結構緊湊和外廓尺寸較小。根據(jù)表1-1中傳動類型的工作特點可知，2Z-X(A)型效率高，體積小，機構簡單，制造方便。適用于任何工況下的大小功率的傳動，且廣泛地應用于動力及輔助傳動中，工作制度不限。本設計選用2Z-X(A)型行星傳動較合理，其傳動簡圖如圖1-1所示。其中a為中心輪，b和c為內齒輪，x為轉臂。圖1-1 減速器設計方案（單級NGW2Z-X(A)型行星齒輪傳動）擬定的設計方案如下圖：圖2-2 減速器整體裝配圖29 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 第二章齒輪的設計計算第二章 齒輪的設計計算2.1 配齒計算 2.1.1 確定各齒輪的齒數(shù)據(jù)2Z-X(A)型行星傳動的傳動比值和按其配齒計算（見參考文獻1）公式（2-1）-公式（2-）可求得內齒輪b和行星輪c的齒數(shù)和。現(xiàn)考慮到行星齒輪傳動的外廓尺寸較小，故選擇中心輪a的齒數(shù)=17和行星輪=3。根據(jù)內齒輪 對內齒輪齒數(shù)進行圓整，同時考慮到安裝條件，取，此時實際的p值與給定的p值稍有變化，但是必須控制在其傳動比誤差的范圍內。實際傳動比為 其傳動比誤差 由于外嚙合采用角度變位的傳動，行星輪c的齒數(shù)應按如下公式計算，即 =在考慮到安裝條件為 （整數(shù)）2.1.2 初算中心距和模數(shù)1. 齒輪材料、熱處理工藝及制造工藝的選定太陽輪和行星輪材料為20GrMnTi，表面滲碳淬火處理，表面硬度為57 61HRC。試驗齒輪齒面接觸疲勞極限=1591Mpa。試驗齒輪齒根彎曲疲勞極限太陽輪=485Mpa。行星輪=4850.7Mpa=339.5Mpa (對稱載荷)。齒形為漸開線直齒。最終加工為磨齒，精度為6級。內齒圈材料為38GrMoAlA，淡化處理，表面硬度為973HV。試驗齒輪的接觸疲勞極限=1282Mpa驗齒輪的彎曲疲勞極限=370MPa齒形的終加工為插齒，精度為7級。2. 減速器的名義輸出轉速由 得 = 3. 載荷不均衡系數(shù)采用太陽輪浮動的均載機構，取。4. 齒輪模數(shù)和中心距a首先計算太陽輪分度圓直徑： 式中： 齒數(shù)比為使用系數(shù)為1.25；算式系數(shù)為768；綜合系數(shù)為2；太陽輪單個齒傳遞的轉矩。 其中 高速級行星齒輪傳動效率，取=0.985齒寬系數(shù)暫取=0.5=1450Mpa代入 =24.6模數(shù) 取 m=1.5則 =35.25取 齒寬 取 2.2 幾何尺寸計算1. 計算變位系數(shù)(1) a-c傳動嚙合角因 所以 變位系數(shù)和 =（17+30） =1.141 圖2-1 選擇變位系數(shù)線圖中心距變動系數(shù)y 齒頂降低系數(shù) 分配邊位系數(shù)：分配邊位系數(shù)：根據(jù)線圖法，通過查找線圖2-1得到邊位系數(shù) 則 (2) c-b傳動由于內嚙合的兩個齒輪采用的是高度變位齒輪，所以有從而 且 2. 幾何尺寸計算結果對于單級的2Z-X(A)型的行星齒輪傳動按公式進行幾何尺寸的計算，各齒輪副的計算結果如下表：表3-1各齒輪副的幾何尺寸的計算結果項目 計算公式a-c齒輪副b-c齒輪副分度圓直徑基圓直徑齒頂圓直徑外嚙合內嚙合齒根圓直徑外嚙合內嚙合注：齒頂高系數(shù)：太陽輪、行星輪，內齒輪；頂隙系數(shù)：內齒輪2.3 裝配條件驗算對于所設計的單級2Z-X(A)型的行星齒輪傳動應滿足如下裝配條件2.3.1 鄰接條件按公式驗算其鄰接條件，即 已知行星輪c的齒頂圓的直徑=164.513，和代入上式，則得164.513滿足鄰接條件2.3.2 同心條件按公式對于角變位有已知 ， 代入上式得 滿足同心條件2.3.2 安裝條件按公式驗證其安裝條件，即得 將 代入該式驗證得 滿足安裝條件嚙合要素的驗算1. a-c傳動端面重合度（1）頂圓齒形曲率半徑 太陽輪=29.31行星輪=42.416（2）端面嚙合長度式中“”號正號為外嚙合，負號為內嚙合；端面節(jié)圓嚙合角。直齒輪=則（3）端面重合度=1.2652. 端面重合度（1）頂圓齒形曲率半徑 行星輪由上面計算得，=42.416內齒輪 =61.597（2）端面嚙合長度 =24.05（3）端面重合度 = =1.632.4 齒輪強度校核2.4.1 a-c傳動強度校核本節(jié)僅列出相嚙合的小齒輪(太陽輪)的強度計算過程，大齒輪(行星輪)的計算方法相同，從略。1確定計算載荷名義轉矩 =376.89 Nm名義圓周力=N=8868N2應力循環(huán)次數(shù)=60=次=次=181.82= =818.18 式中 太陽輪相對于行星架的轉速() 壽命期內要求傳動的總運轉時間(h) t=10a=70400h3. 確定強度計算中的各種系數(shù)1)使用系數(shù)K取K=1. 252)動負荷系數(shù)K因z=1750和=143.03 1200MPa查得Z=1.03)速度系數(shù)Z因=3.64和=1591 MPa查得Z=0.9754)粗糙度系數(shù)Z因 1200 MPa和齒面R=1.66=9.6查得Z=1.0265)工作硬化系數(shù)因大小齒輪均為硬齒面，且齒面R=9.66，由圖5-17取=1.06)尺寸系數(shù) 查得Z=1.010許用接觸應力= =15911.01.00.9751.0261.01.0=1592MPa11接觸強度安全系數(shù)SS=1.98512確定計算許用彎曲應力時的各種系數(shù)l)試驗齒輪的應力修正系數(shù)= 2.02)壽命系數(shù)因N=，查得=0.833)相對齒根圓角敏感系數(shù)由=1.796，查得= 1.04)齒根表面狀況系數(shù)= 0.925(齒根R=6.36= 37. 8)5)尺寸系數(shù) 可按下式計算 =0.01m=1.013許用彎曲應力 = =4852.00.831.00.9251.0MPa =745 MPa14彎曲強度安全系數(shù)SS=5.21 2.4.1 c-b傳動強度校核本節(jié)僅列出相嚙合的大齒輪(內齒輪)的強度計算過程，小齒輪(行星輪)的計算方法相同，從略。齒輪強度驗算按第5章中的有關公式和圖表進行。1名義切向力 =8868N2應力循環(huán)次數(shù)NN=60 =60次=2.310次 式中 n太陽輪相對于行星架的轉速()= n-n=181.82 3確定強度計算中的各種系數(shù)1)使用系數(shù)K 取K=1. 252)動負荷系數(shù)K根據(jù) =3.76 查得（7級精度)：K=1. 0683)齒向載荷分布系數(shù)K，K由式(5-1)和(5-2) K= 1+(K-1 )KK K=1+(K-1)KK 式中 K 計算接觸強度時運轉初期(未經(jīng)跑合)的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)，查得 K= 1.187 (=0.5);K 計算接觸強度時的跑合影響系數(shù)，查得 K= 0.83(v =3.76，HB=450)；K 計算彎曲強度時運轉初期(未經(jīng)跑合)的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)，由圖5-4查得 K=1.12(=12.4) K計算彎曲強度時的跑合影響系數(shù)，由圖5-5查得K=0.95 (v =3.76，HB=450)；K與均載系數(shù)有關的系數(shù)，K=0.7K與均載系數(shù)有關的系數(shù)，K=0.85則 K= 1+(1.187-1 )0.830.7=1.149 K=1+(1.12-1)0.950.85=1.0974)齒間載荷分布系數(shù)K、K因 =178.79，精度7級，非硬齒面直齒輪由表5-9查得K=K=1.05)節(jié)點區(qū)域系數(shù)Z可查圖5-13或按下式計算 Z=2.495 式中 直齒輪= 0端面節(jié)圓嚙合角直齒輪=20端面壓力角直齒輪=206)彈性系數(shù)Z查得 Z=189.8(鋼一鋼)7)載荷作用齒頂時的齒形系數(shù)Y查得Y=2.0538)載荷作用齒頂時的應力修正系數(shù)Y查得Y=2.659)重合度系數(shù)z，Yz=0.889 =0.25+=0.25+=0.7110)螺旋角系數(shù)Z，Y可按下式計算因 =0，z= 得z=1 Y= 所以 z=1，Y=14齒數(shù)比u=2.633 5計算接觸應力的基本值= =2.495189.80.8891MPa=323.75MPa6接觸應力= =323.75=401MPa7彎曲應力的基本值= YYYY=110.497MPa8齒根彎曲應力=KKKK=110.491.251.0681.0971=161.812MPa9確定計算許用接觸應力時的各種系數(shù)l)壽命系數(shù)Z因N= 2.310，查得Z=12)潤滑系數(shù)Z因和=1282MPa查得Z=13)速度系數(shù)Z因v=3.76和=1282MPa查得Z=0.9754)粗糙度系數(shù)Z因 =1282 MPa和齒面R=6.36=9.6查得Z=1.0265)工作硬化系數(shù)取=1.06)尺寸系數(shù) 查得Z=1.010許用接觸應力= Z Z Z ZZw Z =1282110.9751.02611=1283MPa11接觸強度安全系數(shù)SS=3.2 12確定計算許用彎曲應力時的各種系數(shù)l)試驗齒輪的應力修正系數(shù)Y= 2.02)壽命系數(shù)因N=2.310，查得Y=1.03)相對齒根圓角敏感系數(shù)Y由Y= 2.65，查得Y= 1.04)齒根表面狀況系數(shù)0.925(齒根R=6.36= 37. 8)5)尺寸系數(shù)Y 可按下式計算Y=0.006m=1.03-0.0065=1.013許用彎曲應力=YYYYY =3702110.9251MPa=684.5MPa14彎曲強度安全系數(shù)SS=4.23 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 第三章軸的設計計算第三章 軸的設計計算行星齒輪減速器結構特點：行星輪軸承安裝在行星輪內，行星軸固定在行星架的行星輪軸孔中；輸出軸和行星架通過鍵聯(lián)接其支承軸承在減速器殼體內，太陽輪通過雙聯(lián)齒輪聯(lián)軸器與高速軸聯(lián)接，以實現(xiàn)太陽輪浮動。太陽輪浮動原理如圖3-1所示： 圖3-1 太陽輪浮動原理3.1 行星軸設計1. 初算軸的最小直徑在相對運動中，其中每個行星輪軸承受的穩(wěn)定載荷，當行星輪相對于行星架對稱布置時，載荷就作用于軸跨距中間。選取行星輪與行星架之間的間隙，則跨距長度為。當行星輪軸在轉臂中的配合為H7/h6時，就可以把它看成是擁有跨距為的雙支點梁。當軸比較短時，兩個軸承幾乎靠著，因此，可以確定軸是沿著整個跨度承受均布載荷（見圖3-2）。 圖3-2 行星輪軸的載荷簡圖危險截面（在跨度中間）內的彎矩 Nmm=148538Nmm行星輪軸采用40Cr鋼，調質MPa，考慮到可能的沖擊振動，取安全系數(shù);則許用彎曲應力MPa=176MPa，故行星輪軸直徑 取 其實際尺寸將在選擇軸承時最后確定。2. 選擇行星輪軸軸承在行星輪內部安裝兩個軸承，每個軸承上的徑向載荷為N=1614N 相對運動中，軸承外圈以轉速=463.64考慮行星輪軸的直徑應，及安裝在行星輪體內的軸承，其外廓的尺寸將受到限制，所以初步選用單列深溝球軸承型號為6306型，其參數(shù)為 kN kN （油?。蝗≥d荷系數(shù) ；當量動載荷 N=1937N 軸承的壽命計算 h=97377h根據(jù)設計要求，該減速器要求連續(xù)工作10年，每年按320天計算，每天按22小時計算，即h。所以設計決定選用6306型軸承，并把行星輪軸直徑增大到。校核行星輪輪緣厚度是否大于許用值： = mm 式中 行星輪模數(shù)（mm） mm=35.712=12.5mm滿足條件。由于行星輪寬度mm，因此兩個軸承之間安裝一厚度為5mm，寬度為13mm的套筒。3.2 轉軸的設計3.2.1 輸入軸設計1初算軸的最小直徑由下式 初步估算軸的最小直徑，選取軸材料為40Cr鋼，調質處理。根據(jù)表3-2查得。表3-2 軸常用幾種材料的及值軸的材料Q235-A、20Q275、35（1Cr18Ni9Ti）4540Cr、35SiMn38SiMnMo/152520352545355514912613511212610311297查表取=112，得 輸入軸的最小直徑安裝法蘭，該截面處開有鍵槽，軸頸增大5%7%。故 其實際尺寸將在選擇軸承時最后確定。2選擇輸入軸軸承(1) 軸的結構設計根據(jù)估算所得直徑，輪彀寬及安裝情況等條件，軸的結構尺寸可進行草圖設計。該軸中間一段對稱安裝一對深溝球軸承6217型，其尺寸為，可畫出輸入軸草圖（如附圖03）。軸承的壽命計算 其參數(shù)為 kN kN （油浴）；取載荷系數(shù) ；當量動載荷 N=3873N;軸承的壽命計算 h=165258h70400h故該對軸承滿足壽命要求。3.2.2 輸出軸設計1初算軸最小直徑三個行星輪均布的情況下，輪齒嚙合中作用于中心輪上的力應是相互平衡的，在輸出軸得軸端安裝膜片盤式聯(lián)軸器時，輸出軸運轉時應該只承受轉矩。輸出軸選用42CrMo的合金鋼，其許用剪切應力MPa，即求出輸出軸伸出端直徑=88.423Nmm=6114 Nmm式中 輸出軸轉矩；齒輪嚙合傳動的效率，取=0.97。2選擇輸出軸軸承因為輸出軸的軸承不承受徑向工作的載荷（只承受輸出行星架裝置的自重），所示軸承尺寸應由結構要求來確定。輸出軸端，軸頸mm。由于結構特點，輸出軸軸承須兼作行星架軸承。為了太陽輪安裝方便，使太陽輪能通過行星架輪轂中的孔，故輪轂孔的直徑應大于太陽輪的齒頂圓直徑=99.076mm。故按結構要求選用特輕系列單列深溝球軸承6030型，其尺寸為，可畫出行星架草圖（如附圖03）。軸承的壽命計算 其參數(shù)為 kN kN （油?。蝗≥d荷系數(shù) ；當量動載荷 N=5088N;軸承的壽命計算 h=1600938h70400h故該軸承滿足壽命要求。3輸出軸上鍵的選擇及強度計算平鍵連接傳遞轉矩時，其主要失效形式為工作面被壓潰。所以我們，通常只按工作面上的擠壓應力進行強度校核及計算。普通平鍵連接的強度條件則按（3-2）式計算 式中 轉矩，；軸頸，mm; 鍵與輪轂鍵槽的接觸高度，此處為鍵的高度，mm；鍵的工作長度，mm，型鍵；型鍵；型鍵，其中為鍵的長度，為鍵的寬度；許用擠壓應力，在這里鍵材料為45鋼。其許用擠壓應力值按輕微沖擊算查相關資料的=100120。由前面計算知輸入轉矩Nm， 選用型鍵，其型號為，將數(shù)值，鍵連接處的軸頸 =110mm代入式（3-6）得=39.9故該鍵滿足強度要求。 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 結 論 結論通過對行星齒輪的設計過程的熟悉，與傳統(tǒng)的減速器的設計有很大的不同，計算方式不一樣、安裝方式不一樣、要求精度不一樣等。我們所做的設計是自己獨立完成的一項機械設計任務，我們工科生作為祖國未來的的應用型人才，將來所從事的工作都是高新技術的應用及實際的操作。所以我們應該培養(yǎng)自己市場調查、收集資料、綜合應用能力，提高計算、繪圖、實驗這些環(huán)節(jié)來鍛煉自己的技術應用能力。行星輪系減速器較普通齒輪減速器具有體積小、重量輕、效率高及傳遞功率范圍大等優(yōu)點。行星齒輪減速器的類型很多，本設計主要通過對ZX-A型的進行系列設計的。計算主要參數(shù)，確定主要零件的各部位的尺寸。通過對每個零件的建模再進行組裝。通過對行星齒輪減速器的設計，基本熟悉設計的一般流程。理解行星減速器的工作原理。對于傳遞轉矩要求高的行星齒輪減速器，行星齒輪中應當安裝滑動軸承，輸入軸應盡量避免采用齒輪軸的形式。行星齒輪的安裝較為復雜。在設計中，同時由于本人能力和經(jīng)驗有限，在設計過程中難免會犯很多錯誤，也可能有許多不切實際的地方，個人覺得設計行星減速器的工藝要求很高，在裝配零件圖較為復雜。運動仿真主要困難在于行星齒輪與轉臂的運動上。我以后會做更多的關于行星齒輪減速器的研究。 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 謝 辭謝 辭兩個多月的設計已經(jīng)接近尾聲，在這過程中，使我真正的知道了學習理論知識和實踐行動的必要性。在這期間，我不斷去圖書館查找相關文獻資料，將自己的課余時間大部分泡在了圖書館，并在這過程中，不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，找陳老師幫助找出問題的解決方案，讓我充分認識到書本知識與實際工作過程中有很大的差距。本論文很好的將兩者完美結合，讓我在進入工作崗位之前有了一個很好的訓練機會。同時，我也意識到很多事情，不是一個人就能解決的，必須團隊合作，互相溝通，才能將設計完成的更加漂亮。在這里首先要感謝我的指導老師陳老師。陳老師平日里工作繁忙，但在同學們做畢業(yè)設計的每個階段都細心詢問，認真檢查，設計參數(shù)的確定，修改，中期的檢驗，以及后期的CAD畫圖等整個過程中都給予了我們耐心指導，我的設計較為復雜繁瑣，但是陳老師仍然悉心地糾正我計算和CAD中的錯誤。除了陳老師的專業(yè)水平外，他的教學嚴謹和對科學研究的精神也是我們學習的榜樣，并且積極影響我們今后的學習和工作，這些幫助和教導將使我在今后的學習和工作中奮發(fā)向上、積極進取，在學業(yè)和事業(yè)上取得更好的成績。而后更重要的，我要感謝我的學校沈陽化工大學科亞學院給了我四年深造的機會，讓我學到了為人的優(yōu)良品質和工作所需的知識技能，讓我在學識上得到提高。感謝沈陽化工大學科亞學院的老師和同學們這幾年來的對我的關心和鼓勵。老師們課堂上激情洋溢，課堂下細心輔導；同學們在學習中的認真熱情，生活上的熱心主動，所有這些都讓我的三年大學生活收獲不少，感謝大學四年來所有指導教師，你們?yōu)槲覀兇蛳聶C械專業(yè)知識的基礎，還要感謝我寢室及班級的同學，正是因為有了你們的鼓勵和幫助，讓我的畢業(yè)設計順利完成。通過這次的畢業(yè)設計，我在cad制圖、機械設計等領域，有了進一步的理解。總之，本設計為教會了我我設計的實際應用，對本人以后的工作和生活起到了良好的推動作用。衷心感謝陳老師的精心指導設計過程，特別是陳老師，她的諄諄教誨、耐心解釋每一個階段，使得我可以順利的完成此份設計。 沈陽化工大學科亞學院學士學位論文 參考文獻參考文獻1 饒振剛.行星齒輪傳動設計M.北京;化學工業(yè)出版社,2003.2 漸開線齒輪行星傳動的設計與制造編委會,漸開線齒輪行星傳動的設計與制造M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2002. 3 馬從謙,陳自修.漸開線行星齒輪傳動設計M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,1987.4 濮良貴,紀名剛.機械設計M.北京;高等教育出版社,2009.5 孫桓,陳作模,葛文杰.機械原理M.北京;高等教育出版社,2009.6 朱孝錄.齒輪傳動設計手冊M.北京;化學工業(yè)出版社,2000. 7 王昆,何小柏,汪信遠.機械設計課程設計M.北京;高等教育出版社,2009.8 徐灝,機械設計手冊第二版(第3,4卷)北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2000.9 成大先,機械設計手冊第四版M.北京;化學工業(yè)出版社,2004.10 吳宗澤,羅勝國.機械設計課程設計手冊M.北京;高等教育出版社,2006.11 胡佳秀.簡明機械零件設計實用手冊M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2007.12 孟憲源.現(xiàn)代機構手冊M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,1994.13 陳玉萍,周兆元.互換性與測量技術基礎第二版M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2008.14 黃世清,王世左.計算機輔助機械零件設計M.上海交通大學出版,1991.15 王先逵.機械制造工藝學第2版M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2006.16 文九巴.機械工程材料第2版M.北京;機械工業(yè)出版社,2009.Introduction to the common speed reducerDevice overview：Reducer is the prime mover and work machine independent closed between the transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the job needs, also used for growth in some occasions, known as the accelerator.When choosing reducer should be according to the selection of working machine conditions, technical parameters, the performance of the engine, the factors such as economy, comparing the gabarite of different types and varieties of reducer, transmission efficiency and carrying capacity, quality, price, etc., choose the most suitable speed reducer.Reducer is a relatively sophisticated machinery, the use of its purpose is to reduce rotation speed, increase torque.Structural characteristics ofReducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (gear or worm), shaft, bearing, box and its accessories. Its basic structure has three parts:1gear, shaft and bearing combinationPinion and shaft made of an organic whole, gear shaft, this structure is used in the gear shaft and the diameter of the diameter of the weather related, if the diameter of the shaft is d, the gear tooth root circle diameter for df, when df - d 6 7 mn or less, this structure should be adopted. And when df - d 6 7 mn, separated with gear and shaft for the two parts of the structure, such as low speed shaft and large gear. The gear and shaft circumferential fixed flat linkage, shaft parts shaft shoulder, shaft sleeve and bearing cover is used as the axial fixation. Two shaft adopts the deep groove ball bearings. This combination, the less used to bear radial load and axial load. When the axial load is larger, should adopt angular contact ball bearing, taper roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing and thrust bearing of composite structures. Bearing is the use of the gear rotates splashing through the thin oil, lubrication. Box medium oil pool of the lubricating oil, the rotation gear splash splash into the lid on the inner wall of the inner flow box side groove to points, through the oil flow into the bearing. Nu when oiled gear circumferential speed 2 m/s, or less grease lubricated bearings should be adopted, in order to avoid possible wash it splashing through the thin oil lubricating grease, the oil retaining ring can be used to separate it. To prevent loss of lubricating oil and dust into the trunk, between bearing end cover and outrigger shaft equipped with sealing element.2 bodyEnclosure is the important part in the reducer parts. It is the base of the transmission parts, should have sufficient strength and rigidity.Cabinet is usually made of grey cast iron, for overloading or cast steel casing impact load reducer can also be used. Monomer production reducer, in order to simplify the process, to reduce the cost, can use steel plate welded box.Gray cast iron has good casting and vibration reduction performance. To facilitate the shafting parts installation and disassembly, made along the axis line horizontal split-casing box body. On the box cover and the lower box body with a bolt connection into a whole. The connecting bolt of the bearing should be close to the bearing hole, and the bearing seat at the side of convex set, should have enough supporting material surface, in order to place the connecting bolt, and to ensure that the wrench to tighten bolts need to space. In order to ensure the body has enough stiffness, plus support rib near the bearing hole. In order to ensure the stability and reduce as much as possible on the basis of speed reducer in the mechanical processing of base plane of the area, the case base is generally not used the complete plane.3 reducer fittingsIn order to guarantee the normal work of the speed reducer, in addition to combination of gear, shaft, bearing and the structure design of box body is to give enough attention, also should be considered as reducer oil lubricating oil pool, oil discharge, check the oil level height, processing, maintenance when assembling and disassembling of the box cover and the box of accurate positioning, loading auxiliary parts and components, such as reasonable selection and design.1) inspection to check the meshing condition of transmission parts, and to infuse lubricating oil contents, should be set in the appropriate location of the box body inspection hole. Inspection hole is located in the top lid can be observed directly on the gear mesh part. Normally, inspection hole of cover plate on the box cover with screws.2) the ventilator speed reducer is working, the casing temperature, gas expansion pressure, to make overall thermal air free to discharge, to maintain pressure balance inside and outside, not make the lubricating oil or shaft extension along the points box surface seal leakage cracks and other, usually on the top of the box body installed ventilator.3) bearing cover for the fixed shaft parts of axial position and carry axial load, the bearing hole on both ends with bearing cover closed. Bearing bore of flange type and embedded two kinds. Use hex bolt fixed on the box body, bearing cover is overhang shaft hole, which is equipped with sealing device. Flange type bearing cover has the advantage of tear open outfit, easy to adjust the bearing, but compared with the embedded bearing cover, the number of parts is bigger, the size is bigger, appearance is not smooth.4) positioning pin every time in order to ensure the container cover, remained bearing hole processing accuracy, should be in before finishing the bearing hole, in the box cover and the box seats on the connecting flange of the locating pin. Placed vertically on both sides of the enclosure on the connecting flange, symmetrical body should be symmetrical arrangement, in order to avoid mistake.5) oil level indicator to check the oil in the oil pool reducer hight, often maintain oil pool with just the right amount of oil, usually in the box body is convenient for observation, the oil level is relatively stable, installing the oil level indicator.6) oil drain plug oil change, dirty oil and cleaner emissions, should be in the box seat, at the bottom of the oil pool of the lowest opening oil drain hole location, usually with a screw oil drain plug, oil drain plug and body joint face between gasket shall be leak proof.7) seal screw for strengthening qi box, usually during assembly on housing subdivision surface coated with sodium silicate or sealant, when remove often due to the cementation close is difficult to open. So often the appropriate placement of the box cover connecting flange, work out 2 screw holes, screwing in enlightening the box with a cylindrical side or flat side box screws. Gyration rev box screws can will cover on top. Small reducer also dont have rev. Cases of screw, when the lid with a screwdriver to pry out of the box cover, and the box can be the same as the size of the screw to the connecting bolt at the flange.Main loadMachine with reducer connection work load condition is more complex, has much effect on the speed reducer, is one of the important factors, selection and calculation speed reducer the load state of the work machine (motivation) is the load condition, usually divided into three categories:(1) - even load;(2) - medium impact load;(3) - strong impact load.Design programA, the original design information and data1 the type of prime mover, specifications, speed, power (or torque), the startup characteristic, short-term overload capacity, the moment of inertia, etc.2 the type of machine, specifications, use, speed, power (or torque). Working system: the constant load or changing load and variable load load diagram; Rev., braking and short-time overload torque, start frequency; Shock and vibration levels; Direction of rotation, etc.3the prime mover for machine and connection way of the reducer, shaft and if there is a radial force and axial force.4installation type (reducer and prime mover, the relative position of working machine, vertical and horizontal).5transmission ratio and its error is allowed.6the size and weight requirements.7to the degree of service life, safety and reliability requirements.8environmental temperature, dust concentration, air velocity and environmental conditions such as ph value; (if there is a circulating lubrication and cooling conditions, lubrication station) and the limitation on the vibration and noise.9to the requirements of operation and control.10 the source of material, blank, standard parts and inventory.11factory manufacturing capabilities.12on volume, cost and price requirements.13, the delivery date.The article in the first four is a prerequisite, other aspects according to conventional design, such as the design life is generally! Years. Used for important occasions, reliability should be higher.Second, select the type of gear reducer and installation typeThree, set at the beginning of each process methods and parametersSelected performance level, set at the beginning of the main parts of the gear and the material, heat treatment, finishing methods, lubrication, and lubrication oil.Fourth, determine the transmission seriesAccording to the total transmission ratio, to determine the transmission series and all levels of the transmission ratio.Five, the initial geometry parametersEarly calculate gear transmission center distance (or pitch diameter), modulus and other geometric parameters.Six, the overall design schemeDetermine the structure of the reducer, shaft size, span and the bearing model, etc.Seven, checkCheck the strength of the gear, shaft, key load, calculation of bearing life.Eight, lubrication cooling calculationTo determine the speed reducer and accessoryTen, gear carburized depth is determinedWhen necessary for tooth form and tooth to fix quantity calculation process data.Eleven, drawing construction drawingIn the design should implement national and industry related standards.Using the classification1 reducer in use can be divided into two categories, general reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two characteristics of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer.2general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical stepless variable speed machine, and so on.1) cylindrical gear reducerSingle stage level 2, level 2, level 2 above. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type.2) cone gear reducerUsed for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection.3) worm gear reducerIs mainly used for transmission ratio 10 occasions, I drive more compact structure. Its defect is low efficiency. Wide application of Archimedes worm gear reducer.4) gear - worm reducerIf gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact;If worm transmission at high speed, high efficiency.5) planetary gear reducerWith a range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power is 12 w 50000 kw, small volume and weight3common types of reducer1) the main characteristics of worm gear and worm reducer is a reverse self-locking function, can have a large reduction ratio, the input shaft and output shaft is not in the same axis, is not in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.2) harmonic reducer harmonic drive is to use the elastic deformation of flexible components controlled to transfer movement and power, small size, high precision, but the disadvantage is that soft wheel life is limited, dont impact resistance, rigidity compared with metal parts. Input speed cannot be too high.3) planetary gear reducer, its advantage is more compact in structure, return clearance is small, high precision, long service life, rated output torque can do a lot of. But the price a little expensive. Reducer: in short, generally after the machine power in design and manufacture, the rated power will not change, at this time, the greater the speed, the smaller is the torque (or torque); Speed is smaller, the greater the torque.The transmission ratio distribution principle1 to make the bearing capacity of transmission at all levels are equal;2 make all levels of transmission gear oil immersion depth is roughly similar in;3minimize the reducer for the shape of the size or weight, etcModel selectionAs far as possible choose close to ideal reduction ratio:Reduction ratio = / servo motor speed reducer output shaft speedTorque calculation:For the life of the reducer, torque calculation is very important, and should pay attention to the maximum torque value of the acceleration (TP), which is superMaximum load torque of reducer.Apply power is usually the servo on market model for power, the applicability of the speed reducer is very high, can remain above 1.2 coefficient of work, but in use can also with their own needs to decide:There are two main points:A. choose servo motor output maximum diameter of axle diameter of axle is not greater than form.B. If the computed torque, rotational speed can meet the normal operation, but in the net output servo have insufficient phenomenon, we can in the motor drive, do current limit control, or on the mechanical shaft torque protection, it is very necessary.Installation methodThe correct installation, use and maintenance of the reducer, it is an important link in ensure the normal operation of machinery and equipment. When you install reducer, therefore, please be sure to use related matters in strict accordance with the following installation, assembly and use seriously.The first step is to install before confirm the motor and reducer are intact, and strict inspection of motor and reducer connected each part size matches, here is the positioning convex table of the machine, input shaft and gear reducer groove size and tolerance, etc.The second step is to unscrew the gear reducer dustproof holes on flange lateral screw, adjust the clamping ring dustproof holes and side holes to make it align with each other, and insert the socket head screw. After taking the motor shaft key.The third step is to connect the motor and the reducer nature. Connection must be to ensure the output gear reducer input shaft and motor shaft concentricity is consistent, and the outer flange is parallel. Such as concentricity is inconsistent, can lead to broken motor shaft or reducer gear wear and tear.Check the maintenanceDifferent lubricant mixed ban each other. Oil level screw, oil drain plug and the location of the ventilator is determined by the installation position. Their relative position refer to the installation drawing to determine that speed reducer.One, the oil level checkCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Remove the oil level screw check filled with oil.Install the oil level screw.Second, the check of oilCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Open the oil plug, pick up sample.Check the oil viscosity index- if oil significantly turbidity, it is recommended that the replacement as soon as possible.To bring oil level screw speed reducer- check the oil level, whether qualified- the installation of oil level screw3the oil replacementAfter cooling oil viscosity increases with difficulty, reducer should be under the running temperature oil change.Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooled down no burning danger!Note: when an oil change speed reducer should still keep warm.Under the oil drain screw one by oil pan.Open the oil level screw, ventilator and oil drain plug.All the oil out.Install drain plug.Injection with brand new oil.Oil shall conform to the installation location.Check the oil level in the oil level screw.Tighten the oil level screw and ventilator.Failure to solveSpeed reducer leakage oil cause analysis and solutionAnalysis of the causes1the pressure inside the tankIn closed reducer, each pair of gears meshing friction will emit heat, according to the Boyle trails by specific law, as the lengthen of running time, the deceleration box temperature gradually raised, and the reduction volume inside the case, so the pressure increase, in the case of lubricating oil splash, sprinkle on the inner wall of the deceleration box. Because the permeability of oil is strong, the overall pressure, which a seal is lax and the oil bleeding out from where.2the structure of the speed reducer design is not reasonable cause oil leakageSuch as design of reducer without ventilation hood, pressure reducer can not be achieved, in the pressure more and more high, oil leakage occurs.3amount to muchReducer in the process of operation, oil pool was badly agitation, lubricating oil splash around in the machine, if the amount is overmuch, make a lot of the place such as lubricating oil accumulation in the shaft seal, joint surface and lead to leakage.4improper maintenance technologyIn equipment maintenance, due to the combined surface dirt removal is not complete, or sealant improper selection, seal, not timely replacement of seals, etc way can also cause oil leakage.Treatment schemeGovernance using polymer composite materials to repair speed reducer leakage oil, polymer composite materials based on polymer, metal or ceramic powder, fiber and other materials for, under the action of curing agent, curing catalyst of composite materials. All kinds of material in performance from each other each other, to produce synergistic effect, the comprehensive performance is better than the original ingredients of composite materials. Have extremely strong sticky relay, mechanical properties, and chemical corrosion resistance and other performance, and therefore is widely used in metal equipment, mechanical wear, scratches, pits, cracks, leakage, repair such as casting sand holes, and chemistry of chemical storage tank, reaction tank, pipe anti-corrosion protection and restoration. For reducer static seal leakage point can use the ka wah polymer composite materials and technology field leakage of governance, without disassembly, polymer composite materials in the leakage of external governance, save time and effort, the effect is immediate, the product has excellent adhesion, oil resistance, and 350% of the tensile strength, overcome the impact of reducer vibration, well solved for many years for the enterprise is unable to solve the problem. If reducer running in static seal leak, the oil level of emergency repairing adhesive available surface engineering technologies NianDu, so as to achieve the aim of eliminate oil leakage.Development trend1high level and high performance. Widely used cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching, grinding, carrying capacity increased by more than 4 times, small volume, light weight, low noise, high efficiency and high reliability.2modular combination design. Basic parameters using priority number, size, parts versatility and interchangeability, series of easy to expand and newer, conducive to tissue mass production and reduce cost.3style diversification, variant design. To get rid of the traditional single base installation, added a hollow shaft mounted, floating bearing base, motor and reducer one-piece, different types, such as multiple mounting surface for expanding the