汽車轉向橋的設計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅動的載貨汽車轉向橋】

汽車轉向橋的設計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅動的載貨汽車轉向橋】,JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅動的載貨汽車轉向橋,汽車轉向橋的設計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅動的載貨汽車轉向橋】,汽車,轉向,設計,jy1061a,采用,采取,采納,前置,后輪,驅動,載貨 汽車轉向橋設計說明書學 院：專 業(yè)：學生姓名: 學 號: 設計題目：汽車轉向橋的設計指 導 教 師: 任務書要求：（1）了解汽車轉向橋的結構，功能（2）進行汽車轉向橋的受力分析（3）總體方案設計（4）畫出轉向節(jié)的零件圖（5）畫出轉向橋的總裝圖一、 概述 轉向橋是利用轉向節(jié)使車輪偏轉一定的角度以實現(xiàn)汽車的轉向，同時還承受和傳遞汽車與車架及車架之間的垂直載荷、 縱向力和側向力以及這些力形成的力矩。轉向橋通常位于汽車的前部，因此也常稱為前橋。 各類汽車的轉向橋結構基本相同，主要有前軸（梁）、轉向節(jié)、主銷和輪轂(1)前軸：由中碳鋼鍛造，采用抗彎性較好的工字形斷面。為了提高抗扭強度，接近兩端略呈方形。前軸中部下凹使發(fā)動機的位置得以降低，進而降低汽車質心，擴展駕駛員視野，減小傳動軸與變速器輸出軸之間的夾角。下凹部分的兩端制有帶通孔的加寬平面，用以安裝鋼板彈簧。前軸兩端向上翹起，各有一個呈拳形的加粗部分，并制有通孔。 (2)主銷：即插入前軸的主銷孔內。為防止主銷在孔內轉動，用帶有螺紋的楔形銷將其固定。 (3)轉向節(jié)：轉向節(jié)上的兩耳制有銷孔，銷孔套裝在主銷伸出的兩端頭，使轉向節(jié)連同前輪可以繞主銷偏轉，實現(xiàn)汽車轉向。為了限制前輪最大偏轉角，在前軸兩端還制有最大轉向角限位凸塊(或安裝限位螺釘)。 轉向節(jié)的兩個銷孔，要求有較高的同心度，以保證主銷的安裝精度和轉向靈活。為了減少磨損，在銷孔內壓入青銅或尼龍襯套。襯套上開有潤滑油槽，由安裝在轉向節(jié)上的油嘴注入潤滑脂潤滑。為使轉向靈活輕便，還在轉向節(jié)下耳的上方與前軸之間裝有推力軸承11；在轉向節(jié)上耳與前軸之間，裝有調整墊片8，用以調整軸向間隙。 左轉向節(jié)的上耳裝有與轉向節(jié)臂9制成一體的凸緣，在下耳上裝有與轉向節(jié)下臂制成一體的凸緣。兩凸緣上均制有一矩形鍵與左轉向節(jié)上、下耳處的鍵槽相配合，轉向節(jié)即通過矩形鍵及帶有鍵形套的雙頭螺栓與轉向節(jié)上下臂連接。 (4)輪轂：輪轂通過內外兩個滾錐軸承套裝在轉向節(jié)軸頸上。軸承的松緊度可以由調整螺母調整，調好后的輪轂應能正、反方向自由轉動而無明顯的擺動。然后用鎖緊墊圈鎖緊。在鎖緊墊圈外端還裝有止推墊圈和鎖緊螺母，擰緊后應把止推墊圈彎曲包住鎖緊螺母或用開口銷鎖住，以防自行松動。 輪轂外端裝有沖壓的金屬端蓋，防止泥水或塵土浸入。輪轂內側裝有油封 (有的油封裝在轉向節(jié)軸頸的根部)，有的還裝有擋油盤。一旦油封失效，則外面的擋油盤仍可防止?jié)櫥M入制動器內。本文設計的是JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅動的載貨汽車轉向橋，因此該轉向橋為從動橋。從動橋的功用：從動橋也稱非驅動橋，又稱從動車軸。它通過懸架與車架（或承載式車身）相聯(lián)，兩端安裝從動車輪，用以承受和傳遞車輪與車架之間的力（垂直力、縱向力、橫向力）和力矩。并保證轉向輪作正確的轉向運動1、設計要求：（1）保證有足夠的強度：以保證可靠的承受車輪與車架之間的作用力。（2）保證有足夠的剛度：以使車輪定位參數(shù)不變。（3）保證轉向輪有正確的定位角度：以使轉向輪運動穩(wěn)定，操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的磨損。（4）轉向橋的質量應盡可能?。阂詼p少非簧上質量，提高汽車行駛平順性。通過對CJ1061A型前橋的設計，可以加深我們的設計思想，即：（1） 處理好設計的先進性和生產的可能性之間的關系；（2） 協(xié)調好產品的繼承性和產品的“三化”之間的關系。2、結構參數(shù)選擇JY1061A型汽車總布置整車參數(shù)見表1：表1汽車總質量Ga（N）前軸軸載質量G1（N）汽車質心至前軸中民線距離L1（mm）汽車質心至后軸中心線距離L2(mm)軸距L（mm）汽車質心高度hg(mm)前鋼板彈簧座中心距B(mm)58359207272133117533081060780主銷中心距B(mm)前輪距B1(mm)車輪滾動半徑rr(mm)主銷內傾角主銷后傾角前輪外傾角a前輪前束（mm）1415158448082.5122.1、轉向橋結構形式 本前橋采用非斷開式轉向橋2.2、選擇前橋結構型式及參數(shù)（1）前軸結構形式：工字形斷面加叉形轉向節(jié)主銷固定在前軸兩端的拳部里。（2）轉向節(jié)結構型式：整體鍛造式。（3）主銷結構型式:圓柱實心主銷。（4）轉向節(jié)止推軸承結構形式：止推滾柱軸承。（5）主銷軸承結構形式：滾針軸承（6）輪轂軸承結構形式：單列向心球軸承2.3、前輪定位角本型前輪定位角選擇見 表1二、轉向橋強度計算1、前軸強度計算1.1、前軸受力簡圖如圖1所示：圖1 汽車向左側滑時前軸受力圖1.2、前軸載荷計算）緊急制動工 汽車緊急制動時，縱向力制動力達到最大值，因質量重新分配，而使前軸上的垂直載荷增大，對后輪接地點取矩得取路面附著糸數(shù)=0.7制動時前軸軸載千質量重新分配分配糸數(shù)m1=1.63垂直反作用力：Z1l= Z1r=16891.6N橫向反作用力：X1l=X1r= =11824.1N）側滑 汽車側滑時，因橫向力的作用，汽車前橋左右車輪上的垂直載荷發(fā)生轉移。（1）確定側向滑移附著糸數(shù)： 在側滑的臨界狀態(tài)，橫向反作用力等于離心力F離，并達到最大值F離=,Ymax=G1,為保證不橫向翻車，須使V滑V翻，則有：，所以，得到=0.747，取=0.65（2）對車輪接地點取矩垂直反作用力：Z=19360.5NZ=1346.5N橫向反作用力Y1l=12584.3NY1r=875.2N）越過不平路面汽國越過不平路面時，因路面不平引起垂直動載荷，至使垂直反作用力達到最大值取動載荷糸數(shù)=2.5N載荷計算結果列表，如下表2： 表2 單位 N緊急制動Z116891.6X111824.1側滑Z1l19360.5Z1r1346.5Y1l12584.3Y1r875.2越過不平路面Z125883.751.3、彎矩及扭矩計算選擇下述四個部位計版式其斷面的彎矩、扭矩-斷面位于鋼板彈簧座內側，屬于前軸中部最弱部位。此斷面內彎矩最大（鋼板彈簧座可視為梁的固定端），故兩鋼板彈簧之間這段梁可不考慮受扭）-斷面位于鋼板彈簧座外側附近，此斷面內就彎矩最大，而扭矩最小-斷面處的彎矩，扭矩均較大-斷面位于梁端，此斷面內扭矩最大，而彎矩最小各斷面示意圖如圖1各斷面的計算參數(shù)如下表3表3 參數(shù)車型L1L2L3L4h1h2h3h4JY1061402316167138129125340各斷面彎扭矩計算如下）緊急制動垂直面內彎矩 M=Z1li水平面內彎矩 M=Xli上式中Li對應與-、-、-、-斷面分別帶入L1、L2、L3、L4鋼板彈簧外側扭矩 Mn=X上式中hi對應與-、-、-、-斷面分別帶入h1、h2、h3、0。）側滑 左側各斷面垂直面內彎矩 =Z1l-Y1l(rr-hi) 上式中Li,hi帶入值與緊急制動時一致）越過不平路面垂直面內彎矩 M=Z1Li式中Li帶入與上面計算中一致彎扭矩計算結果如下表4表4 單位 N 結果工況-緊急制動67904235337746282089723310414753288373641619746251631726Mn4150259419755652735495675568側滑33658321650492-2379394-3368715越不平路10405268817926543225863571958(4)斷面糸數(shù)計算A工字形斷面前軸a) 斷面簡圖本汽車前軸簡化為換算斷面形狀后如圖3所示 圖3 前軸簡化圖b)計算斷面糸數(shù)i)-斷面如圖3所示垂直面內抗彎斷面糸數(shù)=37003.48N.mm水平面內抗彎斷面糸數(shù)）- 斷面 換算斷面簡圖如圖4圖4 IIII斷面計算簡圖 垂直面內抗彎斷面系數(shù) -斷面為上，下翼緣不等長的工字形斷面。計算其垂直面內抗彎斷面系數(shù)的關系是確定出形心軸坐標。形心軸Xc-Xc的坐標： =30.796 該斷面對形心軸的慣性矩：上翼面的抗彎斷面系數(shù)：下翼面的抗彎斷面系數(shù)：水平面內抗彎斷面系數(shù)： 抗扭斷面系數(shù)由經驗公式得iii) -斷面 III-III斷面計算簡圖如圖5如圖5 III-III斷面計算簡圖1）垂直面內，水平面內的抗彎斷面系數(shù)：2）抗扭斷面系數(shù)：iv) -斷面1）垂直面內，水平面內抗彎斷面系數(shù)：2）抗扭斷面系數(shù)：v) 各斷面尺寸參數(shù)見表5：表5 單位：JY1061-B7292B1605012.512.5b72584343601612.512.5t1242h364315H61685252vi)斷面系數(shù)計算結果列表見表6 表6 單位： -W37003.4834347.21418913.5219378.7W2174427822.9711402.216024.762935.5717173.51220910.34（5）應力計算a)計算公式i)汽車緊急制動時垂直面內彎曲應力 水平面內彎曲應力 合成應力 扭轉應力：在矩形長邊中點上的扭轉應力 在矩形短邊中點上的扭轉應力 工字形斷面中所產生的最大應力和最大扭轉應力是作用在梁斷面上的不同點處。對于上翼面長邊中點，其相當應力： ii)汽車側滑時垂直面彎曲應力 iii)汽車越過不平路面時垂直面彎曲應力 b) 應力值計算結果列表： 表7 單位： -緊急制動183.508155.406149.147120.289218.602134.293173.179101.82666.696307.075271.424402.110300.300357.270496.140側 滑90.96040.053-125.804-173.836越不平路281.197 238.135228.545184.324（6）JY1061 前軸材料的許用應力 材料：30Cr 調質硬度 ： HB241281 ：800937 許用應力： 2、轉向節(jié)強度計算 作用力、按表1-1取值 2.1、截面系數(shù)計算 取輪轂內軸承根部處指軸為計算斷面 2.2、彎矩計算 A緊急制動時 B側滑時 C超越不平路面時 計算用參數(shù)JY1061 ， ， 2.3、應力計算 A）緊急制動時B）側滑時C）超越不平路面時 彎矩、應力計算結果列表見表8 表8 功況M緊急制動825303.22155.8側滑-5658732.69-63285超越不平路51817557.9512.4、轉向節(jié)的材料、許用應力及強度校核 材料 JY1061 40Gr 許用應力 查YB6-71： 3、主銷強度計算 3.1、主銷作用力計算簡圖如圖6 如圖6 主銷作用力計算簡圖主銷受力計算參數(shù)見表9 表9參數(shù)車行abceflnDhHJY10616770204973601654803037403.2、計算載荷 計算時，忽略主銷傾角的影響，并假定力的作用點位于主銷襯套中點。 A）、按表1取值 B）汽車緊急制動時 力在主銷的支承反力和。 主銷受到和u的作用，力u由下式求得： 力在主銷的兩個支承上反作用力和 力u在主銷的兩個支承上反作用力和 由制動力矩的作用，在主銷的兩個支撐上產生反作用力和 作用在主銷下端的 合力（圖14） C)汽車側滑時左主銷上支承的 反作用力 左主銷下支承的 反作用力 右主銷上支承的 反作用力 右主銷下支承的 反作用力 D）汽車越過不平路面時 動載荷在主銷上、下支承上產生的作用反力和。 3.3、彎矩計算 在緊急制動和側滑時，主銷下支承的反作用力為最大，在越過不平路面時，因主銷下端的作用力臂大于上端，所以只需要計算主銷下支承處的彎矩（圖15）A) 汽車緊急制動時 =1816786.99N.mmB) 汽車側滑時 =1248525.04N.mmC) 汽車越過不平路面時 =2650.72N.mm（5）抗彎斷面系數(shù)、剪切面積和主銷襯套擠壓面積的計算 A)主銷抗彎斷面系數(shù) =2650.72mm3B)主銷剪切面積 =706.86mm2D) 主銷襯套擠壓面積=1200mm2 D:主銷外徑，d：主銷內徑3.4應力計算 分別計算個工況下的彎曲應力、剪切應力、擠壓應力見表10。表10彎曲應力剪切應力擠壓應力緊急制動時側滑時越過不平路面時公式編號676869載荷、彎矩、應力計算結果列表見表11：88表11 主銷受力單位：N M單位： 其余量單位： 主銷受力M緊急制動49102.271216783.99685.7469.540.920側滑2460238676越過不平路面5980.21591267.77223.0622.6113.323.5、主銷材料及許用應力JY1061:許用應力 按力作靜載荷計算時，參考文獻：1、汽車設計 劉惟信 2001.7 清華大學出版社2、汽車車橋設計 劉惟信 2004.4 清華大學出版社3、CA1080,NJ130,BJ130前橋總成圖，零件圖。4、汽車設計郭學訊，鄧亞東 2005.8 人民交通出版社5、汽車設計吉林工業(yè)大學出版社 王望予 2004.5 機械工業(yè)出版社6、汽車構造吉林大學汽車工程系 陳家瑞 2006.5 人民交通出版社18附錄1 英文原文Hyundai Motor on the steering control of the request is lightweight, safe, reliable, and should have sufficient life. In order to meet these requirements, the design of the steering gear should have a reasonable transmission ratio characteristics, the correct gap eating together, a higher transmission efficiency, sufficient rigidity and strength. If the steering gear in the design is reasonable, then the product is good and bad parts of the key issues of manufacturing and assembly. How to control the quality of the product? The key problem is that a reasonable detection methods, the key to strictly control the passing rate of time, such products will be able to guarantee the quality of parts and components. First of all, the quality of shifting ASSY, should control the assembly and to ensure that turning the steering shaft torque and rotational axis and the transmission gap between components. Followed by testing the performance of steering gear, steering gear must also be adopted by all types of test-bed to verify the established angle transmission ratio, transmission efficiency, rotational torque, rigid. In addition to examination other than the above-mentioned steering performance, but also in the pilot stage of its life nuclear reliability and life expectancy that is static torsion test: a thin red hammer, hit test, fatigue life test. To determine whether the quality of the product in hand national standards. Noise from the steering angle repair cream, which is also a test method to detect and can learn from the J class machinery manufacturing industry in Chinain the past only means to recognize the importance of detection, and the lack oflack of testing and testing of the poor law awareness. So have some of the parts is a qualified products l materials, and assembly of products from the pilot test proved to be defective, or: The test can verify the quality of products and design for the steering gear (1) the accuracy of parts of the foot only, finish second, two-phase - the location of the elite Measuring the content of L steering shaft loaded journal bearings Department feet inch accuracy and smoothness, anti-worm or worm-inch accuracy, smoothness and surface hardness and magnetic for testing; steering vertical axis arm journal dimensional accuracy and smoothness, the worm wheel roller bearing of the journal center hole distance, wheel bearing and the journalhole angle from the Chinese side, the block size, finish and degree of asymmetry; circulating ball tooth-type radial fan, big-law length, journal hardness, the magnetic; browser to Min Xuan cochlear aperture wheel size precision, smoothness, tooth surface roughness, intermediate thick teeth, tooth, tooth degree of asymmetry; ball rolling circle diameter, smooth, cylindrical roller Roaddegree of accuracy and bias, raceway adjacent pitch error, cumulative error section of grass lines and sub-rack section from Rolling Road Center, rack section Road center line and the roll of injustice: line degrees; carburizing layer thickness, hardness; magnetic flaw detection; shift steering shaft shell aperture, roughness, different degree of heart; shift towards vertical axis aperture arm flying finish, different degree of heart; chaos and steering shaft steering arm hole down the center distance, steering shaft-hole axes and steering arm hole down the center line of the non-verticality (2) parts of cleanliness. Detection of the site is turning - browser shell surface and the surface parts. Detection method is to use cleaning fluid to clean parts, and then the cleaning fluid with impurities, and vacuum membrane leaching; further 120 weeks of petrol industrial solvents the membrane will be washed with impurities. To be volatile after the membrane cleaning fluid, together with the impurities from weighing, with the magnet cellophane packets are sorted in the iron impurities, said the weight of a scrap-iron. The iron filings and then 40 times on the microscope with a disability in most dogs measured particle size (length X width). (3) assembly of the leakage. Does not allow any leakage of the phenomenon of steering. Because of internal lubricants in the steering gear is used to turn parts lubricated friction pair, and if as a result of damage caused by leaking seals, lubrication will be affected, resulting in increased friction and wear parts and reduce the life span of steering gear; transmission efficiency at the same time will lower. The use of conventional vibration and temperature +40 C under the conditions of inspection, the shell and shell cap shaft oil seal joints as well as whether the spill, and water to observe whether there are leakages. (4) after a good tune steering assembly should check the technical requirements flexible and comfortable when turning the steering wheel, there is no axial gap I turn the steering wheel of the total value of the number required to turn around a few cars in line with the original request. Steering gear shift, also known as machine, machine direction, which is steering the most important parts. Its role is to: increase the spread to turn steering wheel and transmission mechanism to change the direction of power transfer. Hydraulic Steering Hydraulic steering vehicles are widely used in marine hydraulic steering and rudder. Drivers can be used through its ability to manipulate smaller shift power to achieve greater control and performance of safe, reliable, flexible manipulation, light. The manipulation of steering is hydraulic, that is in the steering column and steering wheel there is no mechanical connection between the steering gear is between the fuel tank and steering hydraulic pipes or hoses link. When turning the steering wheel, steering wheel rotation in accordance with the relative proportion of transport fuel, the fuel tank directly into the corresponding control side, while the other side of the oil back to tank. BZZ steering is a switch-type full-hydraulic steering valve with the following characteristics: the elimination of mechanical linkage device, the host can reduce costs, provide a reliable, lightweight structures, manipulation of a flexible lightweight, safe, reliable, and can be very small continuous torque stepless control of rotation, provided to the control loop, as well as a wide range of host size choice, able to shift and a variety of pumps and hydraulic supply system. Steering by the structure can be divided into many types. History, there have been many forms of steering, there is currently more commonly used rack and pinion, worm means crank pins, recycling the ball - rack fan gear type, recycling the ball crank pins means, such as worm-type wheel. The second, fourth, respectively, is the first, the third form of the deformation, and the worm wheel is even more rare type. If the form in accordance with assistance, but also can be divided into mechanical (no help), and power-style (with help) two types of power steering which can be divided into pressure and motivation, hydraulic-power, electric power-type, electro-hydraulic power types of blocks. 1) It is a rack and pinion of steering one of the most common. The basic structure is a pair of mutually meshing rack and pinion. Pinion steering drive shaft rotates, rack linear motion would be done. In some cases, directly driven by the rack cross-bar, you can make of steering wheel shift. So, this is one of the most simple steering. Its advantage is simple structure, low-cost, steering sensitivity, small size, can be directly cross-link. In widely used vehicle. It is a worm for the active parts, crank pin for the steering gear follower. Worm has a trapezoidal thread, referring to a finger-shaped pin with tapered bearings in the crank bearings, the crank shaft and the shift into one arm. Shifted through steering wheel rotating worm, helical worm embedded in the cone-shaped slot means the marketing side of the rotation, the side rocker shaft to do around the shifted arc movement, thereby stimulating and steering crank arm swing down and then turning to make shift transmission wheel deflection. This steering is usually used to turn power on a larger truck. Circulating ball-type: This device is turned by the gear mechanism from the steering wheel to slow down the rotation of power, so that the rotation of steering wheel movement into rotary movement of the turbine worm, ball screw and nut holding the ball engagement, which Ball screw linear motion into rotary movement, with the fan-shaped nut meshing gears, linear motion into rotary movement again to shake the rod arm, link arm moving again so that even the bar and cross bar to do a straight-line movement to change the wheels direction. This is a classical institutions, most modern cars no longer have to use, but the way was the latest by the application of power steering device. It is equivalent to the principle use of nuts and bolts in the rotation process of relative movement, and in between the thread and thread the ball into the folder to reduce the resistance, all the ball, both connected in a closed loop of the spiral curve rolling ball club is named after the cycle. Hydraulic rack and pinion steering gear is relative to the case of rack and pinion steering gear machinery, mainly to increase the steering pump, steering oiler, steering pipeline, steering valve, steering components, such as fuel tanks, with a view to improve the pilot hand, the purpose of increasing power steering of the steering device. After 10 years of internal development, has become a mature R & D and manufacturing technology manufacturers have Yubei Koyo Steering Gear Co., Ltd. and other enterprises. 1 With the rapid development of automobile industry, as well as for comfort, safety and continuous improvement in performance, steering systems are also changing with the advance of technology. For the time being, electric power steering system is turning the forefront of the industry research projects, in accordance with its distribution of the form of string can be divided into power, gear Power, power rack, power bar, the form of electro-hydraulic power. Ago in some sci-fi movies of the unmanned aircraft can occur, such as unmanned aerial vehicle is now a reality, steering systems are moving in the direction of the development of more advanced, such as research and development from Japan JTEKT advanced by the steer-by-wire systems. 2 中文翻譯現(xiàn)代汽車對轉向器的要求是操縱輕便，安全、可靠，并應具有足夠的使用壽命。為了滿足上述要求，在轉向器設計上應具有合理的傳動比特性，正確的嚙合間隙，較高的傳動效率，足夠的剛性和強度。如果轉向器在設計上是合理的，那么決定產品好壞的關鍵問題就是零部件的制造和裝配。如何控制產品的質量?關鍵問題在于合理的檢測方法，嚴格控制關鍵項次的合格率，這樣就能保證產品零部件的質量。首先轉向器總成的質量，應在裝配時控制并保證轉向軸的轉向力矩和轉動軸與被傳動部件之間的問隙。其次檢測轉向器的性能，還必須通過各類轉向器試驗臺來驗證力的角傳動比、傳動效率、轉動力矩、剛性。除考核上述轉向器性能指標以外，還應在，試驗臺上校核它的可靠性和壽命即靜扭試驗：薄錘沖、擊試驗、疲勞壽命試驗?？梢源_定產品的質量是否符合國家標準。從轉向囂修理的角度來講，這些檢測和試驗方法也是可以借鑒的，我國班機械制造行業(yè)中，過去僅僅認識到檢測手段的重要性，而缺乏對試驗和試驗方法的認識。所以造成一些產品的零件是合格品，而裝配出來的產品通過檢驗或者試驗證明是次品：通過試驗可以驗證產品的好壞，并可以為轉向器的設計 (1)零件的尺才精度、光潔度、相位置精度檢測內容：轉向器軸裝軸承處的軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿或蝸桿的反寸精度、光潔度和表面硬度與磁為探傷；轉向器垂臂軸軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿滾輪式的滾輪軸承孔到軸頸中心的距離，滾輪軸承孔與軸頸中必夾角，開擋尺寸，光潔度和不對稱度；循環(huán)球式的扇齒徑向跳動，大端公法線長度，軸頸硬度，磁力探傷；轉閩器蝸軒滾輪的孔徑尺寸精度，光潔度，齒面光潔度，中間齒齒厚，齒形，齒形不對稱度；循環(huán)球式滾道直徑、光潔度，滾道圓柱準確度及偏差、滾道相鄰節(jié)距誤差、節(jié)草累積誤差子齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心距，齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心的不平：行度；滲碳層厚度、硬度；磁力探傷；轉向器殼轉向軸孔徑，光潔度、不同心度；轉向軸轉向垂臂孔徑飛光潔度、不同心度；轉向軸亂與轉向垂臂孔中心距，轉向軸孔與轉向垂臂軸孔中心線的不垂直度 (2)零件的清潔度。檢測部位是轉向器殼內表面及零件表面。檢測方法是將零件用清洗液清洗，然后將帶有雜質的清洗液，用濾膜進行真空抽濾；再用120號工業(yè)溶劑汽油將帶有雜質的濾膜洗凈。待清洗液揮發(fā)后將濾膜連同雜質起稱重，用包有玻璃紙的磁鐵分揀雜質中的鐵屑，稱得鐵屑重量。了然后將鐵屑放在40倍以士的顯微鏡上測出最犬顆粒尺寸(長X寬)。 (3)總成的滲漏。轉向器不允許有滲漏現(xiàn)象。因為在轉向器內部的潤滑油是用來潤滑轉向部件摩擦副的，如果由于密封件損壞造成滲漏，就會影響潤滑，從而導致摩擦零件加劇磨損，降低轉向器的壽命；同時傳動效率也會降低。利用常規(guī)震動和+40C加溫條件下檢查，殼體和殼蓋接合面處以及轉軸油封處是否漏油，同時浸水，觀察有否滲水現(xiàn)象。 (4)轉向器調好后應檢查總成的技術要求時方向盤轉動靈活自如，沒有軸向間隙I方向盤的總轉數(shù)符合規(guī)定值，向左右的轉數(shù)也符合原車要求。轉向器又名轉向機、方向機，它是轉向系中最重要的部件。它的作用是：增大轉向盤傳到轉向傳動機構的力和改變力的傳遞方向。全液壓轉向器 全液壓轉向器廣泛應用于車輛轉向和船舶液壓舵。駕駛人員通過它可以用較小的操縱力實現(xiàn)較大的轉向力控制，并且在性能上安全、可靠、操縱上靈活、輕便。轉向器的操縱是全液壓式，也就是說在轉向柱和轉向輪之間沒有機械連接，在轉向器與轉向油缸之間是液壓管或軟管鏈接。當轉動方向盤，轉向器根據(jù)方向盤轉動比例輸送相對的油量，該油量直接流到操縱缸相應一側，同時另一側的油量回到油箱。BZZ轉向器是一種轉閥式全液壓轉向器，具有以下特點：消除機械式聯(lián)動裝置，可以降低主機成本，提供可靠輕便的結構，操縱靈活輕便，安全可靠，可以很小的力矩進行連續(xù)無級控制轉動，提供給控制回路以及主機尺寸廣泛的選擇面，能和多種轉向油泵及液壓供應系統(tǒng)連接。 轉向器按結構形式可分為多種類型。歷史上曾出現(xiàn)過許多種形式的轉向器，目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿滾輪式等。其中第二、第四種分別是第一、第三種的變形形式，而蝸桿滾輪式則更少見。如果按照助力形式，又可以分為機械式（無助力），和動力式（有助力）兩種，其中動力轉向器又可以分為氣壓動力式、液壓動力式、電動助力式、電液助力式等種類。 1）齒輪齒條式它是一種最常見的轉向器。其基本結構是一對相互嚙合的小齒輪和齒條。轉向軸帶動小齒輪旋轉時，齒條便做直線運動。有時，靠齒條來直接帶動橫拉桿，就可使轉向輪轉向。所以，這是一種最簡單的轉向器。它的優(yōu)點是結構簡單，成本低廉，轉向靈敏，體積小，可以直接帶動橫拉桿。在汽車上得到廣泛應用。它是以蝸桿為主動件，曲柄銷為從動件的轉向器。蝸桿具有梯形螺紋，手指狀的錐形指銷用軸承支承在曲柄上，曲柄與轉向搖臂軸制成一體。轉向時，通過轉向盤轉動蝸桿、嵌于蝸桿螺旋槽中的錐形指銷一邊自轉，一邊繞轉向搖臂軸做圓弧運動，從而帶動曲柄和轉向垂臂擺動，再通過轉向傳動機構使轉向輪偏轉。這種轉向器通常用于轉向力較大的載貨汽車上。循環(huán)球式：這種轉向裝置是由齒輪機構將來自轉向盤的旋轉力進行減速，使轉向盤的旋轉運動變?yōu)闇u輪蝸桿的旋轉運動，滾珠螺桿和螺母夾著鋼球嚙合，因而滾珠螺桿的旋轉運動變?yōu)橹本€運動，螺母再與扇形齒輪嚙合，直線運動再次變?yōu)樾D運動，使連桿臂搖動，連桿臂再使連動拉桿和橫拉桿做直線運動，改變車輪的方向。 這是一種古典的機構，現(xiàn)代轎車已大多不再使用，但又被最新方式的助力轉向裝置所應用。它的原理相當于利用了螺母與螺栓在旋轉過程中產生的相對移動，而在螺紋與螺紋之間夾入了鋼球以減小阻力，所有鋼球在一個首尾相連的封閉的螺旋曲線內循環(huán)滾動，循環(huán)球式故而得名。齒輪齒條液壓助力轉向器，是相對于齒輪齒條機械轉向器而言的，主要是增加了轉向油泵、轉向油壺、轉向油管、轉向閥、轉向油缸等部件，以期達到改善駕駛員手感，增加轉向助力的目的的轉向裝置。國內經過10多年來的發(fā)展，已經形成成熟的研發(fā)和制造技術的廠家有豫北光洋轉向器有限公司等企業(yè)。1 隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及人們對于舒適、安全性能要求的不斷提高，轉向系統(tǒng)也隨著科技的發(fā)展日新月異。就目前而言，電動助力轉向系統(tǒng)是轉向行業(yè)前沿研究項目，按照其布局形式，可以分為管柱助力、齒輪助力、齒條助力、拉桿助力、電液助力等形式。以前在一些科幻電影中才能出現(xiàn)的無人飛機、無人駕駛汽車等現(xiàn)在已經成為現(xiàn)實，轉向系統(tǒng)也在朝著更加先進的方向發(fā)展，比如由日本JTEKT研究開發(fā)出來的先進線控轉向系統(tǒng)