C618車床數(shù)控改造設(shè)計【說明書+CAD】
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一、 設(shè)計題目:C618經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控機床縱向改造二、 設(shè)計依據(jù)及主要技術(shù)指標(biāo):設(shè)計依據(jù): 在C618原有車床基礎(chǔ)上進行數(shù)控化改造,主要是滾珠絲杠副、步進電動機、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的選擇設(shè)計。1) 根據(jù)切削力大小計算滾珠絲杠副應(yīng)承受的最大動載荷,從而選擇滾珠絲杠副;2) 由減速齒輪Z1、Z2及滾珠絲杠的轉(zhuǎn)動慣量,求得步進電動機的轉(zhuǎn)動慣量、轉(zhuǎn)矩,據(jù)此選擇步進電動機;3) 依據(jù)機床的受控動作,設(shè)計數(shù)控系統(tǒng),將機械行動的進給和手動控制的刀架轉(zhuǎn)位改成由單片機控制的自動進給和刀架的自動轉(zhuǎn)位,實現(xiàn)自動加工。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):1) 開環(huán)控制,兩軸聯(lián)動;2) 縱向脈沖當(dāng)量0.01mm/脈沖,橫向脈沖當(dāng)量0.005mm/脈沖;3) ISO國際數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式代碼編程;4) 故障自診斷功能,能與PC機通信。三、 設(shè)計基本要求:(包括:技術(shù)要求、工作要求、圖紙要求、寫作要求等)工作要求:1) 車床X、Z坐標(biāo)機械伺服機構(gòu)的設(shè)計計算及裝配圖;2) 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)框圖及硬件接線圖的繪制;3) 環(huán)形分配子程序和直線插補子程序的框圖設(shè)計與程序編寫。圖紙要求:兩張以上A0紙,表達(dá)清楚,無明顯結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤,打印。寫作要求:設(shè)計說明書要求敘述清楚,打印。四、 重點研究和解決的問題或指定的專題:1) 滾珠絲杠副、步進電動機的選擇計算;2) 機床導(dǎo)軌的貼塑處理;3) 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件原理圖的設(shè)計;4) 環(huán)形分配子程序程序編寫;五、 應(yīng)搜集的資料數(shù)據(jù)及參考文獻(xiàn):資料:1) 數(shù)控機床的發(fā)展概述;2) C618臥式車床的技術(shù)參數(shù);3) 滾珠絲杠副、步進電動機的技術(shù)參數(shù);4) 部分芯片的使用資料;參考文獻(xiàn):1C618型臥式車床說明書2林?。粰C床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)課程設(shè)計指導(dǎo)書;北京:中國科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社;1991.93趙長德;微機原理與接口技術(shù);北京:中國科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社;1990.9 4周鵬翔 劉振魁主編,工程制圖第二版,高等教育出版社,2000年5月 5唐增寶 劉元俊主編,機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計(修訂版),華中理工大學(xué)出版社, 1995年1月6機械設(shè)計手冊編寫組編,機床設(shè)計手冊2,機械工業(yè)出版社,1980年8月7機械設(shè)計手冊編寫組編,機床設(shè)計手冊3,機械工業(yè)出,1986年12月8東北大學(xué)機械零件設(shè)計手冊編寫組編,機床零件設(shè)計手冊第三版,冶金工業(yè)出版社,1994年5月9華東紡織工學(xué)院、哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)、天津大學(xué)主編,機床設(shè)計圖冊,上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1979年6月10雷曉玲主編,綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書,機械工業(yè)出版社,2000年11月11石光源、周積義、彭福蔭主編,機械制圖第三版,高等教育出版社,1988年4月六、 設(shè)計完成時應(yīng)提交的文件:1、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書或論文2、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計裝配圖3、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書4、 讀書(論文)筆記七、 進度計劃安排: 各階段內(nèi)容名稱起止日期時間比例(%)1畢業(yè)實習(xí)資料收集2007.352總體方案設(shè)計3.20253文獻(xiàn)資料收集3.26304設(shè)計計算4.1115圖紙繪制4.12186編寫設(shè)計說明書4.18-227檢查、打印4.23.-258910 八、 其他:3設(shè) 計題 目 C618型臥式車床經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控縱向改造 副標(biāo)題 性 質(zhì): 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 畢業(yè)論文學(xué)生姓名 年 級 教 學(xué) 點 專 業(yè) 指導(dǎo)教師 評定成績 C618型臥式車床經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控縱向改造 常州工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書目 錄前言 2畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書 1 要求 32 設(shè)計參數(shù) 33 工作量 44 設(shè)計依據(jù) 4第一章 設(shè)計方案1 系統(tǒng)運動方式的確定 52 伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇 53 執(zhí)行機構(gòu)傳動方式的確定 54 計算機的選擇 5第二章 經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控機床進給伺服系統(tǒng)機械部分計算與校核實例1 切削力的計算 62 滾珠絲桿螺母副的計算和選型 63 齒輪傳動比的計算 64 步進進電機的計算和選型 11第三章 進給伺服系統(tǒng)機械部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 18 第四章 經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床機械部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 20第五章 機床的加工程序編 23設(shè)計體會 25參考文獻(xiàn) 26前 言經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控是我國80年代科技發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物。這種數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由于功能適宜,價格便宜,用它來改造車床,投資少、見效快,成為我國“七五”、“八五”重點推廣的新技術(shù)之一。十幾年來,隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控技術(shù)也在不斷進步,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品不斷改進完善,并且有了階段性的突破,使新的經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能更強,可靠性更穩(wěn)定,功率增大,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,維修方便。由于這項技術(shù)的發(fā)展增強了經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控的活力,根據(jù)我國國情,該技術(shù)在今后一段時間內(nèi)還將是我國機械行業(yè)老設(shè)備改造的很好途徑。對于原有老的經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床,特別是80年代末期改造的設(shè)備,由于種種原因閑置的很多,浪費很大;在用的設(shè)備使用至今也十幾年了,同樣面臨進一步改造的問題通過改造可以提高原有裝備的技術(shù)水平,大大提高生產(chǎn)效率,創(chuàng)造更大的經(jīng)濟效益。畢業(yè)設(shè)計是學(xué)生在校學(xué)習(xí)階段的最后一個教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),也是學(xué)生完成工程師基本訓(xùn)練的重要環(huán)節(jié)。其目的培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運用所學(xué)專業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)理論知識,獨立解決本專業(yè)一般工程技術(shù)問題能力,樹立正確的設(shè)計思想和工作作風(fēng)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書不只反映了設(shè)計的思想內(nèi)容,方法和步驟,而且還反映了學(xué)生的文理修養(yǎng)和作風(fēng)本書在編寫過程中,得到了指導(dǎo)老師劉吉兆教授和各位老師及同學(xué)的大力支持和熱心幫助,在此表示謝意。本設(shè)計在編寫過程中,由于本人水平有限,說明書中有一些錯誤和欠妥之處, 歡迎各位老師及同學(xué)提出意見和建議。設(shè)計課題1要求:將C618車床改造成用MCS51系列單片機控制的經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床。要求該車床有自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架,具有切削螺紋的功能。在縱向和橫向具有直線和圓弧插補功能。系統(tǒng)分辨率縱向:0.01mm. 橫向:0.005mm2、設(shè)計參數(shù):最大加工直徑:在床面上:360mm 在床鞍上:200mm最大加工長度:750mm快進速度:縱向:2.0m/min 橫向:1.0m/min最大進給速度:縱向:0.5m/min 橫向:0.25m/min代碼制:ISO脈沖分配方式:逐點比較法輸入方式:增量值. 絕對值通用??刂谱鴺?biāo)數(shù):2最小指令值:縱向: 0.01mm/step 橫向: 0.005mm/step刀具補償量:099.99mm進給傳動鏈間隙補償量:縱向: 0.15mm 橫向: 0.075mm自動升降速性能: 有3、工作量:(1)、機床改造總圖;(2)、進給伺服系統(tǒng)一個坐標(biāo)軸(縱向或橫向)的機械裝配圖:(3)、單片機控制系統(tǒng)電路原理圖;(4)、設(shè)計計算說明書。 1、控制系統(tǒng)總體方案的分析論證的及控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖 2、機械部分設(shè)計計算及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計說明 3、硬件電路部分設(shè)計說明 4、加工程序控制及說明4、設(shè)計依據(jù)(1)系統(tǒng)的運動方式與伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇由于改造后的經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床應(yīng)具有定位、直線插補、順圓和逆圓插補、暫停、循環(huán)加工公英制螺紋加工等功能,故應(yīng)選擇連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)。考慮到屬于經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控機床加工精度要求不高,為了簡化結(jié)構(gòu)、降低成本,采用步進電機開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。(2)計算機系統(tǒng)根據(jù)機床要求,采用8位微機。由于MCS51系列單片機具有集成度高,可靠性好、功能強、速度快、抗干擾能力強、性能價格比高等特點,決定采用MCS51系列的8031單片機擴展系統(tǒng)。 控制系統(tǒng)由微機部分、鍵盤及顯示器、I/O接口及光隔離電路、步進電大電路等組成。系統(tǒng)的加工程序和控制命令通過鍵盤操作實現(xiàn),顯示器采用數(shù)碼管顯示加工數(shù)據(jù)及機床狀態(tài)等信息。機功率放(3)機械傳動方式為實現(xiàn)機床所要求的分辨率,采用步進電機經(jīng)齒輪減速再傳動絲桿。為了保證一定的傳動精度跟平穩(wěn)性,盡量減少摩擦力。選用滾珠絲桿螺母副。同時,為了提高傳動剛度和消除間隙,采用有預(yù)加負(fù)荷的結(jié)構(gòu)。齒輪傳動也要采用消除齒側(cè)間隙的結(jié)構(gòu)。第一章設(shè)計方案1系統(tǒng)運動方式的確定數(shù)按系統(tǒng)運動方式可分為點位控制系統(tǒng)、點位/直線系統(tǒng)和連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)。2伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇伺服系統(tǒng)可分為開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)、半閉環(huán)控制和閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中,沒有反饋電路,不帶檢測裝置,指令信號是單方向送的。指令發(fā)出后,不再反饋回來,故稱開環(huán)控制。開環(huán)系統(tǒng)主要由步進電機驅(qū)動。閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)具有裝在機床移動部件上的檢測反饋元件,用來檢測實際位移量,能補償系統(tǒng)的誤差,因而伺服控制精度高。閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)多采用直流伺服電機或位流伺服電機驅(qū)動。半閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)與閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)不同,不直接檢測工作臺的位移量,而是用檢測元件出驅(qū)動軸的轉(zhuǎn)角,再間接推算出工作臺實際的位移量,也有反饋回路,其性能介于開環(huán)系統(tǒng)和閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)之間。3執(zhí)行機構(gòu)傳動方式的確定為確保數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的傳動精度和工作平穩(wěn)性,在設(shè)計機械傳動裝置時,通常提出低摩、低慣量、高剛度、無間隙、高諧振以及有適宜尼比的要求。在設(shè)計中應(yīng)考慮以下幾點:(1)盡量采用低磨擦的傳動和導(dǎo)向元件。如采用滾珠絲杠螺母傳動副、滾動導(dǎo)軌、貼塑導(dǎo)軌等。(2)盡量肖除傳動間隙。例如采用隙齒輪等。(3)提高系統(tǒng)剛度??s短傳動鏈可以提高系統(tǒng)的傳動剛度,減小傳動鏈誤差??刹捎妙A(yù)緊的方法提高系統(tǒng)剛度。例如采用預(yù)加負(fù)載導(dǎo)軌和滾珠絲杠副等。4計算機的選擇微機數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由CPU、存儲器擴展電路、I/O接口電路、伺服電機驅(qū)動電路、檢測電路等幾部分組成。第二章經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控機床進給伺服系機械部分計算與校核實例1 計算切削力(1)縱車外圓主切削力F(N)按經(jīng)驗公式估算:走刀方向的切削分力(N)車床身上加工最大直徑(mm)=360mm=6830.5 :=1:0.25:0.4走刀方向的切削力垂直走刀方向的切削力=0.25=958.825(N)=0.4=1534.12(N)2 滾珠絲桿螺母副的計算和造型3 (1)縱向進給絲桿 計算進給牽引力(N)縱向進給選為綜合導(dǎo)軌。參考表6.22,6.23兩表機床設(shè)計手冊.3查書綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書P22在正常情況下:考慮顛復(fù)力矩影響的實驗系數(shù),綜合導(dǎo)軌取K=1.15滑動導(dǎo)軌磨擦系數(shù)0.150.18溜板及刀架重力查綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書表11,取=800N=1.151707.625+0.16(6830.5+1500)=3296.65(N)計算最大動負(fù)載CC= 參考機床設(shè)計手冊.3P185P210 選用滾珠絲桿導(dǎo)軌式中:滾珠絲桿導(dǎo)程。 初選為最大切削力條件下的進給速度,可取最高進給速度的1/21/3 取=0.8m/min使用壽命(h),對于數(shù)控機車取 =15000h 運轉(zhuǎn)系數(shù),按一般運轉(zhuǎn)取1.21.5(查表314綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)取為1.2壽命以 轉(zhuǎn)為1單位絲桿轉(zhuǎn)速r/min133.33120C=19512.57滾珠絲桿螺母副的選型查閱附錄A表A2,可采用WD5006外循環(huán)螺紋調(diào)整預(yù)緊的雙螺母珠絲桿副,1列2.5圈,其額定功動負(fù)載為18200(N),精度等級按表綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書表3-17選為3級。傳功效率計算:=式中:r螺旋升角,WD5006 r=磨擦角取10 滾動磨擦系數(shù)0.0030.004剛度驗算先畫出此縱向進給滾珠絲杠支承方式草圖如A圖所示,最大牽引力3296.65N。支承間距L=1500mm,絲桿螺母及軸承均進行預(yù)緊,預(yù)緊力為最大軸向負(fù)荷1/3。a.絲杠的拉伸或壓縮變形量查綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書圖3-4,根據(jù)=3296.65N, 查出10-5 可算出=(0.6510-51500)mm=0.97510-2 mm由于兩端均采用向心推力球軸承,且絲桿進行了預(yù)拉伸,故其拉壓剛度可以提高4倍。其實際變形量(mm)為=1/4=0.97510-2/2=0.24410-2mmb.滾珠與螺紋滾道間接觸變形查綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書圖3-5,W系列1列2.5圈滾珠和螺紋滾道接觸變形量 =6.0m因進行預(yù)緊 =1/2=1/26.0=3.0mc.支承滾珠絲桿軸承的軸向接觸變形采用8107型推力球軸承,=35mm,滾動體直徑=6.35mm,滾動體數(shù)量Z=18, 注意此公式中單位應(yīng)為N因施加預(yù)緊力,故 =1/2=1/20.009065=0.004528mm根據(jù)以上計算 =0.002440.00300.004528=0.009968733.72N可以滿足要求,但從表中看出130BF001步進電機最高空載起動頻率為3000HZ,不能滿足=3333HZ的要求,此項指標(biāo)可暫不考慮,可以采用軟件開降速程序來解決。(2)核步進電機轉(zhuǎn)矩前面所初步電機的轉(zhuǎn)矩計算,均為估算,初迭之后,應(yīng)該進行校核計算。效轉(zhuǎn)動慣量計算計算簡圖如前(a)所示,根據(jù)綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書表3-24,傳動系統(tǒng)計算到電機軸上的總的轉(zhuǎn)動慣量 可由下式計算:=()()步進電機轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動慣量().矢輪Z1Z2的轉(zhuǎn)動慣量()滾珠絲桿轉(zhuǎn)動慣車()參考同類型機床,初步反應(yīng)式步進電機130BF,其轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動量=4.7()對于鋼材:=0.78=圓柱體質(zhì)量kg。圓柱體直徑。圓柱體長度或厚度。鋼材的密度為7.8()=0.78=0.78() =2.62()=0.78=0.78() =6.39()=0.78=1500mm=150cm =45mm=4.5cm()溜板及刀架重力取1500N。代入公式可得:=()()=4.7+2.62+(6.39+39.952)+ =34.152()考慮步進電機與傳動系統(tǒng)慣車匹配問題: /=4.7/34.152=0.1376滿足慣量匹配的要求。電機轉(zhuǎn)矩的計算機床在不同的公況下,其所需轉(zhuǎn)矩是不同的,下面分別按個階段計算:a. 快速進給進所需轉(zhuǎn)矩:=快速空載起動轉(zhuǎn)矩空載起動時計算到電機軸上的加速轉(zhuǎn)矩(N.cm)計算到電機軸上的磨擦轉(zhuǎn)矩。由于絲桿預(yù)緊里計算到電機軸上的附加轉(zhuǎn)矩(N.cm)采用絲杠螺母副傳動時,上述各種轉(zhuǎn)矩(N.cm)可用下式計算=將前面數(shù)據(jù)代入式中個符號意義同前=r/min起動加速時間 =25ms傳動系統(tǒng)計算到電機軸上的總等數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)動慣量 電機最大角加速度電機最大轉(zhuǎn)速運動部件最大快進速度(mm/min)步進電機的步距角運動部件從停止起加速到最大快進速度所需時間(S) 脈沖當(dāng)量(mm/step)=34.152()=500 r/min=548.63 N.cm折算到電機軸上的磨擦轉(zhuǎn)矩=絲桿導(dǎo)程=6mm=0.6cm導(dǎo)軌的磨擦力(N)垂直方向的切削力(N)運動部件的總當(dāng)量導(dǎo)軌摩擦系數(shù)齒輪降速比傳動連總效率,一般可取0.70.85,取0.8 則 := N.cm=135.30 N.cm 附加摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩:=滾珠絲桿預(yù)加負(fù)荷,一般取1/3,為進給牽引力1890.65 =1/3=1098.88N滾珠絲桿導(dǎo)程(cm): =0.6cm滾珠絲桿未預(yù)緊時的傳動效率一般取0.9 ,因此取0.92=16.126 N.cm上述三項合計:=+=16.126+135.30+71.49=222.916N.cmb. 快速移動時所需轉(zhuǎn)矩:=+=86.66+9.25=95.91 (N.cm)最大的切削負(fù)載時所需轉(zhuǎn)矩:=+折算到電機軸上的切削負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩=N.cm從上面計算可知,、和三種工況下,以快進空載起動所需轉(zhuǎn)矩最大,即可以作為校核步進電機轉(zhuǎn)矩的依據(jù)從綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書表322查出,當(dāng)步進電機為五相十拍時,則最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為:N.cm查表323中130BF001型步進電機最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為931N.cm,大于所需最大轉(zhuǎn)靜轉(zhuǎn)矩,可以滿足要求。c.校核步進電機起動矩頻特性和運行矩頻特性。已計算出機床最大快移時需步進電機的最高起動頻率為3333Hz,切削進入時所需步進電機運行頻率為1333.3Hz。從綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書表323中查出130BF001型步進電機允許的最高空載起動頻率為3000Hz,運行頻率為16000Hz,再從綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書圖315,316查出130BF步進電機起動矩頻特性和運行矩頻特性曲線如(C)圖所示,當(dāng)步進電機起動時,=2500Hz時,=100N.cm,不能滿足此機床所要求的空載起動力矩222.916N.cm。直接使用則會施行失步現(xiàn)象,所以必須采取開降進控制用軟件實現(xiàn),將起動頻率到1000Hz起動轉(zhuǎn)矩可增高到588.4N.cm,然后電路上再采用高低壓驅(qū)動電路,可將電機輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩擴大一倍左右。當(dāng)快速運動和切削進給時,130BF001型步進電機運行矩頻特性(D)圖完全可以滿足要求: 第三章進給伺服系統(tǒng)機械部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計機械部分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的任務(wù)是畫出進給伺服系統(tǒng)的機械裝配圖,用以表達(dá),設(shè)計者構(gòu)思,設(shè)計特點及計算結(jié)果一。進給伺服系統(tǒng)總圖設(shè)計:1縱向進給伺服系統(tǒng)總圖設(shè)計:在進行縱向進給飼服系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計之前,必須對整個機床的布局有所了解在附圖中給出了經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床的總圖,圖中細(xì)實線所畫為原機床未改造的部分,粗實線為改造設(shè)計部分。從圖中可以看出來,縱向進給機構(gòu),在原機床裝進給箱的位置,將進給箱拆除,裝伺服系統(tǒng)齒輪箱,在箱體的左面裝步進電機,滾珠絲桿右端軸承座仍裝在原機床滑動絲桿后軸承座處。滾珠絲桿裝有擋板,以防止切屑掉下?lián)p壞滾珠絲杠。將C6136床的溜板箱拆除,在滾珠螺母座前面有控制板,裝有急停,電源開關(guān)等幾個按鈕,便于工人操作??倛D上還必須畫出此車床上加工螺紋的部件光電編碼器在經(jīng)濟型數(shù)按車床上,利用光電編碼器裝在主軸或在主軸箱與主軸保持一定傳動比的伸出軸上,當(dāng)主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈時,光電編碼器就發(fā)出一定數(shù)量的脈沖,輸入計算中,經(jīng)過計算的運算,控制步進電機,帶功滾珠絲杠,使刀架進給一定的螺距。而光電編碼器用彎板裝在主軸箱左端面,通過彈性聯(lián)軸器與主軸箱中一伸出軸相連,因伸出軸不可能與彈性聯(lián)軸器的尺寸完全一致,故中間還要設(shè)計一個中間過渡套。2進給伺服系統(tǒng)的裝配圖經(jīng)過計算,已知此縱向進給系統(tǒng)采用130BF001型步進電機,經(jīng)過一對齒輪減速,齒輪系數(shù)=32。=40。模數(shù)m=2滾珠絲桿公稱直徑為=50mm。滾珠絲杠螺母副先用的是外循環(huán)溝槽式墊片凋隙WD5006。進行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計進,注意考慮以下問題:(1)進行改造設(shè)計時,將原C6136車床進給箱擠掉,利用原來的安裝基面安裝齒輪箱體45 。因而必須注意齒輪箱體螺釘中心距的尺寸,應(yīng)保證箱的安裝螺釘和銷釘均在原來的安裝基礎(chǔ)面上,床尾的軸承座仍要裝在原C6136車床尾部軸承的加面上。(2)為保證滾珠絲杠與導(dǎo)軌平行設(shè)計時,應(yīng)注意使齒輪箱體的絲杠中心,與床尾軸承座中心線距安裝基面尺寸一致以保證水平面的絲杠與導(dǎo)軌平行。齒輪箱體在床身上的安裝螺釘?shù)奈恢门c車尾軸承座螺釘在床身上的安裝位置必須根據(jù)床身具體情況確定,以保證在垂直面內(nèi)絲桿與導(dǎo)軌平行。水平面內(nèi)的平行度達(dá)不到要求可刮研齒輪箱體或床尾軸承座的安裝基面,如垂直面內(nèi)平行度達(dá)不到要求,可安裝螺釘?shù)倪^孔進行調(diào)整,調(diào)好后,插入定位銷。(3)保證滾珠絲杠轉(zhuǎn)動平穩(wěn),輕快,必須使?jié)L珠絲桿螺母座板定19與絲杠兩端支承同軸,設(shè)計時,在螺母座與彎板之間設(shè)計墊片58,裝調(diào)時可以修磨墊片來保證螺母座在平面內(nèi)與兩面端支承同軸,垂而直面內(nèi)的同軸,靠螺釘?shù)剡^孔來的調(diào)整,調(diào)好后,打入銷釘。(4)在水平面內(nèi)應(yīng)使絲杠中心線距軌的距離盡量小,否則將層產(chǎn)生顛復(fù)力矩,增大磨擦力,使運動不平穩(wěn),利用床身的凹面,使齒輪箱體背面比安裝基面突出33mm。就使絲杠中心距安裝基面尺寸為42mm。不用此床身的凹入面,因為130BF001型步進電機外圓直徑為130,就會使絲桿中心距安裝基面尺寸至少為645mm 這樣設(shè)計是不合理。但是在的設(shè)計箱體外形時,必須根據(jù)床身的具體形狀不可使箱身與床凹入之毛面干涉。(5)步進電機裝在箱體左側(cè),利用短圓柱面中,在箱體上定位,由于是定位面,一定要在圖上標(biāo)注出孔的尺寸及配合。(6)設(shè)計中滾珠螺母副采用了墊片調(diào)整方式預(yù)緊,即用修磨墊片使?jié)L珠絲杠滾珠與兩個滾珠螺母擠緊,避免在反向失步:a) 消隙齒輪,是采用兩個薄片齒輪,中間開有三個月芽形的槽放入壓簧,并用三個內(nèi)六角螺釘固定,這種消隙齒輪的裝配順序是:首先將雙片只輪相對轉(zhuǎn)過一個齒輪,使雙片尖輪的齒輪的矢對齊,彈簧38受壓,上緊螺釘30裝入箱體后,將螺釘30松開,彈簧38將雙片齒輪沿用向錯開,消除與齒輪的側(cè)隙,此時財將螺釘30上緊,在設(shè)計時,箱壁上要留有可進伸入六角搬手孔,彈簧兩端用削扁的銷子39壓住。(7)當(dāng)車床床鞍移動時,滾珠絲杠要受到軸向力,此軸向力由床身前端的兩個止推軸承承受,向左的軸向力通過擋圈21。止推軸承22,擋塊23,傳到齒輪箱體上,向右的軸向力則通螺母37,齒輪31,徑向軸承28,軸套27,擋圈26。到左邊的止推軸承22,經(jīng)擋塊23傳到端蓋24上,此端蓋與齒輪箱體用螺釘固連,繪圖注意止推軸承22的動圈和不動圈的畫法,與擋塊23接觸的一邊是不動圈,其內(nèi)孔和軸頸之間要畫出間隙。床尾部分的圓螺母2是用來對絲杠進行預(yù)拉伸,以增加絲杠的剛度,外側(cè)的圓螺母是鎖緊用的,由于旋轉(zhuǎn)螺母2進行預(yù)拉伸時,端面磨擦力大,故要止推軸承5以上減小端面磨擦力。第四章經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控車床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)硬件電路圖 硬件電路是用MCS 51系列單片機組成的控制系統(tǒng),給系統(tǒng)采用8031作CPU。擴展了兩片2764芯片,一片6264芯片,兩片8155可編程并行I/O接口。1、系統(tǒng)的功能(1).Z向和X向進給伺服運動。(2).鍵盤顯示。(3).自動轉(zhuǎn)位刀架控制。(4). 螺紋加工控制。(5).面板管理。(6).行程控制。(7). 其他功能,報警電路、急停電路、光隔離電路、功能電路等。2、CPU存儲器及I/o接口CPU采用8031芯片,由于8031片內(nèi)無程序存儲器,需要有外部程序存儲器的支持,同時8031內(nèi)部只有128B的數(shù)據(jù)存儲器,也遠(yuǎn)不能滿足控制系統(tǒng)的要求。故擴展了16KB程序存儲器由兩片2764組成,又?jǐn)U展了一片6264數(shù)據(jù)存儲器。8031芯片的P0和P2用來傳送外部存儲器的地址和數(shù)據(jù),故要采用74LS373地址鎖存器,鎖存低8位地址,ALE作為其選通信號,當(dāng)ALE為高電平,鎖存器的輸入和輸出透明,即輸入的低8位存儲器地址在輸出端出現(xiàn),此時不需鎖存。當(dāng)ALE從高電平變低電平,出現(xiàn)下降沿時,低8位地址鎖存入地址鎖存器中,74LS373送出讀寫的數(shù)據(jù)了。8031芯片的P2口和74LS373送出的P0口共組成16位地址,2764和6264芯片都是8KB,需要13根地址線。A0A7低8位接74LS373芯片的輸出,A8A12接8031芯片的P2。0P2。4。系統(tǒng)采用全地址譯碼,兩片2764芯片片選信號CE分別接74LS138譯碼器的Y0和Y1,系統(tǒng)復(fù)位以后程序從0000H開始執(zhí)行。6264芯片的片選信號CE1也接74LS138的Y1單片機擴展系統(tǒng)允許程序存儲器和數(shù)據(jù)存儲器獨立編址(即允許地址重疊),8031芯片控制信號PSEN接2764的OE引腳,讀寫控制信號WR和RD分別接6264芯片的WE和OE,以實現(xiàn)外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器的讀寫。由于8031芯片內(nèi)部沒有ROM故始終要選外部程序存儲器,故其EA必須接地。3、I/O接口電路由于8031只有P1口和P3口部分能提供用戶作為I/O口使用,不能滿足輸入輸出口的需要,因而系統(tǒng)必須擴展輸入輸出接口電路。從附錄H圖H2可以看出,系統(tǒng)擴展了一片8155和一片8255可編程I/O接口芯片。8155的片選信號CE接74LS138的Y0,8255芯片片選信號CS接到74LS138的Y2端。74LS138三八譯碼器有三個輸入A、B、C分別接到8031的P2。5,P2。6、P2。7,輸出Y0Y7 8個輸出,低電平有效。Y0Y7對應(yīng)輸入A、B、C的000至111的8種組合,其中Y0對應(yīng)A、B、C為000,Y7對應(yīng)A、B、C為111。74LS138還有三個使能端,其中2個(GA和GB)為低電平使能,另一個G1為高電平使能。吸有當(dāng)使能端均處于有效電平時,輸出才能產(chǎn)生,否則輸出處于高電平無效狀態(tài)。I/O接口芯片與外設(shè)的連接是這樣安排的:8155芯片PA0PA7作為顯示器段選信號輸出,PB0PB7是顯示器的位選信號輸出,PC0PC4 5根線是鍵盤掃描輸入。8155芯片的IO/M引腳接8031芯片的P2。0,因為使用8155的I/O口故P2。0高電平。8255芯片PA0PA6接X向、Y向和Z向步進電機硬件環(huán)形分配器,為輸出,PB0PB7為三個方向的點動及回零輸入,PC0PC5為面板上的選擇開頭是輸入,設(shè)有編輯、單步運行、單段運行、自動、手動I、手動II等方式。系統(tǒng)各芯片采用全地址譯碼,各存儲器及I/O接口芯片的地址編碼如表419所示:X向,Y向步進電機硬件環(huán)形分配器采用YB015,32相通電五相十拍方式工作,故A0,A1引腳均接+5V,Z向步進電機配件環(huán)形分配采用YB014,是以23相通電四相八拍方式工作。A0、A1接高電平。三個芯片的選通輸出控制E0分別接8255的PA0、PA3、PA5,清零R接8255的PA1,正、反轉(zhuǎn)控制端分別接8255的PA2、PA4、PA6,時鐘輸入端CP接8155芯片的TIMROUT,用以決定脈沖分配器輸出脈沖分配器輸出脈沖的頻率。為實現(xiàn)插補時不同的進給速度,可給8155芯片的定時/計數(shù)器中設(shè)置不同的時間常數(shù)。芯 片接74LS138引腳 地址選擇線片內(nèi)地址單元(B) 地址編碼2764(1)000xxxxxxxxxxxxx8K0000H1FFFH2764 (2 )001xxxxxxxxxxxxx8K2000H3FFFH6264001xxxxxxxxxxxxx8K2000H3FFFH8155RAM10011110xxxxxxxx2569E00H9EFFHI/O1001111111111xxx69FF8H9FFDH825501011111111111xx45FFCH5FFFH4、其他輔助電路此控制系統(tǒng)中設(shè)有越界報警和急停處理電路。+X+Y+Z方向的越界和急停信號經(jīng)或門引入8031的P3。2,中斷源INT0,同時又接到8031的P1口,采用硬件申請中斷軟件查詢的方法,這親無論哪個方向越界都會引起中斷,在中斷服務(wù)程序中通過軟件查詢的辦法,便可確定是哪個方向越界,當(dāng)+X,+Y,+Z等一方向越界,則相應(yīng)的紅燈亮報警。另外,還有上電和按鈕相結(jié)合的復(fù)位電路、光隔離電路和功率放大電路等。第五章、機床的加工程序編制如下圖所示,在圖中零件外圓85mm不加工,要求編制精加工程序。程序如下:00001 N001 G50 X200.0 Z350.0 T0101 N002 S630 M03 N003 G00 X41.8 Z292.0 M08 N004 G01 X48.34 Z289.0 F0.15 N005 Z227.0 N006 X50.0 N007 X62.0 W-60.0 N008 Z155.0 N009 X78.0 N010 X80.0 W-1.0 N011 W-19.0 N012 G02 W-60.0 I63.25 K-30.0 N013 G01 Z65.0 N014 X90.0 N015 G00 X200.0 Z350.0 T0100 M09 N016 M06 T0202 N017 S315 M03 N018 G00 X51.0 Z227.0 M08 N019 G01 X45.0 F016 N020 G04 U5.0 N021 G00 X51.0 N022 X200.0 Z350.0 T0200 M09 N023 M06 T0303 N024 S200 M03 N025 G00 X62.0 Z296.0 M08 N026 G92 X47.54 Z228.5 F1.5 N027 X46.94 N028 X46.54 N029 X46.38 N030 G00 X200.0 Z350.0 T0300 M09 N031 M05 N032 M30設(shè)計體會在我做畢業(yè)設(shè)計的過程中,一個最大的體會就是理論上很簡單的東西,當(dāng)你要試圖去實現(xiàn)的時候,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它是那么的難,追其根本原因在于,以前動手太少了在大學(xué)中缺少了實踐這個環(huán)節(jié),一方面學(xué)的被動,一方面又沒有充分利用大學(xué)給予的條件,因為面對老師,我總是找不出問題,面對圖書館的圖書,不知道看哪本才好。三年的大學(xué)生活讓我受益菲淺,最重要的是培養(yǎng)了我吃苦耐勞的精神,腳踏實地的作風(fēng),較強的社會工作能力。為了使自己能夠全方位的發(fā)展,更好的適應(yīng)這個日新月異的社會,在這幾學(xué)年中,我兢兢業(yè)業(yè),努力學(xué)習(xí),嚴(yán)格要求自己,不斷的提高自己各方面的素質(zhì),爭取在人生的道路上更好的實現(xiàn)社會價值、人生價值和自我價值!本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計是對我們每個學(xué)生在校三年來所學(xué)知識與生產(chǎn)實踐技術(shù)所進行的一次綜合性的全面考察;培養(yǎng)了我們運用所學(xué)專業(yè)知識解決實際問題的能力;它還為我們了解一般機械工程設(shè)計的基本思想打下良好的基礎(chǔ);在設(shè)計方案的擬定,設(shè)計資料的收集,手冊,國標(biāo)選用,設(shè)計方法的運用,零部件及總體裝配圖的繪制等方面,有一次較全面的鍛煉。對我們進入社會具備一定獨立工作能力起了良好的作用,能較好的適應(yīng)工作。經(jīng)過兩個月的時間,我對機械制造及自動化有了更深刻的了解,不僅回顧了以前所學(xué)的知識,還學(xué)到了許多以前沒有接觸過的新知識,對CAD和Word的應(yīng)用水平有了進一步提高,也清楚了各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的畫法,對數(shù)控技術(shù),單片機,PLC的認(rèn)識有了進一步的深化。在此一并感謝指導(dǎo)老師劉吉兆教授和同學(xué)在這次設(shè)計中對我的熱心指導(dǎo)和幫助,通過本次設(shè)計使自己有一個綜合性的提高,達(dá)到了本次的設(shè)。參考文獻(xiàn)1 周鵬翔、劉振魁主編.,工程制圖第二版 高等教育出版社 ,2000年5月 2 唐增寶、劉元俊主編.,機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計(修訂版),華中理工大學(xué)出版社 1995年1月3 機械設(shè)計手冊編寫組編.,機床設(shè)計手冊2 ,機械工業(yè)出版社 1980年8月4 機械設(shè)計手冊編寫組編.,機床設(shè)計手冊3,機械工業(yè)出版社 1986年12月5 東北大學(xué)機械零件設(shè)計手冊編寫組編.,機床零件設(shè)計手冊第三版 ,金工業(yè)出版社 ,1994年5月6 華東紡織工學(xué)院、哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)、天津大學(xué)主編機床設(shè)計圖冊, 上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社 ,1979年6月7 雷曉玲主編綜合作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書 ,機械工業(yè)出版社 ,2000年11月8 石光源、周積義、彭福蔭主編機械制圖第三版 ,高等教育出版社 ,1988年4月28Machine DesignWith the scientific and technological progress and social changes in demand, machine design theory and technology are also constantly development. Computer technology and the rapid progress of technology, machine design methods for the development of a strong technical support. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (Computer Aided Engineering, Machine Tools initials CAE0 in the various stages of design has been applied, the experience has changed the traditional design methods, machine design from the traditional design of the computer-aided design, Qualitative to quantitative design design, static and linear and nonlinear analysis to dynamic analysis, from feasibility to design the best design of the transition. NC technology development and applications, the transmission makes machine tools and structure has undergone major changes. Servo drive system can easily achieve a single machine and multi-axis movement linked to possible to omit the heavy machinery complex transmission system, structure and layout to produce great changes. With the development of the production, the needs of the community is changing. In the mechanical manufacturing industry, a variety of species, small batch production of the increasing demand, resulting in a corresponding to the FMS (FMS) and other advanced manufacturing systems. FMS NC machine tools is the core equipment. Pre-FMS, can be said to be machine-based system that, according to the characteristics of the existing machine to a FMS. However, traditional machine tools (including numerical control machine tools) does not take into account when designing it in the application of FMS, in the functional constraints on the development of the FMS. FMS the development of machine has set new requirements for machine tools designed to system-based machine design development direction, that is, in machine design to consider how to better adapt to FMS, and other advanced manufacturing systems requirements, for example, Time and space with flexible, and the proximity to the logistics and so on, which means the design of machine tools has made new demands. Machine design is based on the design of the type set. Universal machine used serialized design. Series of products are innovative design type, the other is a variant design type. Some machines, such as the composition of a combination of machine design type. In the type of innovative design, machine tools overall programme (including motor function and structure of the programme layout of the programme) may be the selection of the design (also known as the trial design) or a 10% design (also known as the analytical design). The former is used analog analysis, a method of reasoning programme, is the innovative design of the method used in general while the latter used as a method of generating the analytical programme, innovation ability, it is still studying development. Machine Design stepsMachine tools and demands of different types, design steps are also different. In accordance with the new principles for processing the innovative design of the machine should be the steps; into a series of machine tool products should be designed serialization of the steps; higher degree of universal machine products, such as machine tools should be modular design combination of the steps . I.determine the structure principle According to the preliminary design, the machine is designed to determine the structure of the main principles of the programme include: (1) that uses the technology of the machine, including the processing of the material type, shape, quality and size range. (2) productivity, including the processing of the types, quantities and the required productivity. (3) performance requirements of the accuracy of processing (user orders design) or the accuracy of machine tools, stiffness, heat distortion, noise and other performance indicators. (4) the main parameters that determine the processing machine room and the main parameters. (5) drive machine-driven approach and a motor-driven hydraulic-driven approach. Motor-driven approach in general have driven motor, stepper motor drive and servo motor drive. Drive and the determination of not only the cost of the machine, will also directly affect the mode of transmission established. (6) of the main principles of parts and components should meet the requirements and principles of the structure, and sometimes needed to draft the design, identification of key components of home-made or HS. (7) costs and production cycle or whether orders for factory planning products, should determine the cost and production cycle indicators.II. Design Design of the contents (1) motor function design including the identification of the number of machines required for movement, form (linear motion, the Rotary Movement), features (the main movement, feeding movement, other sports) and the order, the final draw of the machine function map. (2) the basic parameters of the design parameters, including size, movement and dynamic parameters of the design parameters. (3) transmission system design, including transmission, transmission and drive system schematic design plans. (4) the overall layout of the structure including the distribution of motor function, the overall layout of the form and structure of the whole programme Design plans. (5) control, including control system design and control theory, control system design plans.III.structural design Design of the machine drive system to determine the structure of the major principles of the programme, design parts assembly, the main parts for analysis calculated or refine the design of hydraulic principles and the corresponding assembly of hydraulic components, electrical control system design schematics and the corresponding Installation of electrical wiring diagram, machine design and improve the hand and the contact size map. IV. Process Design Who all the self-made machine parts map, the preparation of standard parts, GM parts and pieces of home-made schedules, writing Design Manual, Manual, the designated machine test methods and standards, and other technical documentation. V. Machine Tool Evaluation On a machine designed by performance analysis and comprehensive evaluation. May be designed by computer modeling of the machine, get a prototype of the so-called math, also known as the virtual prototype. A virtual prototype of a machine designed by kinematic simulation, in the actual prototype test before they are made out a comprehensive assessment, can greatly reduce the risk of new product development, shorten the development cycle and improve the quality of development. These steps can be repeated, that the design with satisfactory results achieved so far. In the design process, design and evaluation of repeated a design can improve the success rate. VI.design type Upon completion of the above steps, the physical prototype manufacture, test and comment. According to physical prototype comment on the results of the modified design, the final product design type. On the deep processing of the technological requirementsDeep processing, is the top priority of this design. The so-called deep hole, the hole is that when processing the ratio of length and diameter of about 10 times, often on the accuracy and surface finish requirements and higher, the use of processing methods in general are more difficult to meet. I. Deep processing issues that must be addressed: 1) poor tool rigidity slender and easy to cause the tool deflection and friction with the hole wall, and therefore the head knives are correctly oriented to ensure the introduction of sets; At the same time, bearing in accordance with the need for holders to reduce the deformation and vibration Arbor. 2) is not easy from cuttings, the use of feed grade or high-pressure cutting fluid through theinner row and outer row chip from the tool structure. 3) tool cooling difficulties, access to high-pressure cutting fluid cooling of the tool fully. II. Deep processing of type: Combine the characteristics of deep-hole machining, deep hole processing technology on the difficulties, the method has been overcome. 1) Deep processing grade feed: Ordinary twist drill head in cast iron or steel pieces on the 6 10mm diameter drill hole below, the general should not be a deep-drilling of 6 10 times greater than the aperture. When the direction of horizontal drilling, the steel pieces in the deep drilling should not last more than 6 times the diameter, in the cast iron up to about 10 times the aperture. If the processing of the hole depth of more than this range, can be classified into methods for processing, that is, in the drilling process, so that bit processing automatically after a certain depth from the workpiece in order to discharge swarf and cooling, and then re-forward processing, constant back and forth until the process has finished (each drill deep, cast iron pieces from 3 to 6 times the diameter; steel pieces from 0.5 2 times the aperture, the deeper hole when taking a small value). This process is suitable for drilling deep holes of small diameter, but the productivity and precision mechanics are relatively low. 2) Feeding a deep-hole processing It is mainly used various types of special segment, and with the next shot, transmission-oriented systems, such as cutting fluid input in the deep-hole drilling machine, hinges, boring and the presentation materials. Discharged from the way the chip can be especially Chip (on the hinge, there is also boring things forward or backward Chip) and with Chip; from a number of cutting edge, can be divided into single-blade, double-edged and multi-blade, cutting edge can be high-speed steel or carbide. Cutter head have a different number of block-oriented support in the process-oriented role play to ensure flatness of the hole, but also from the role of squeezed light to improve the processing of the surface finish hole. Chip has a deep-hole drilling in a single tube and dual tube Chip Chip (ie, jet drilling). Chip fear of double tube drill pipe than Chip Chip fear deep-hole drilling and drilling outside the processing efficiency and higher accuracy. The deep hole on the barrier is expected to set at the completion of unloading Nesting Nesting knife, cut off the mandrel fitted with a knife and the knife folder to make it against the mandrel, the feed through a dedicated device to cut off, cut to the core diameter rod 4 / 5 5 / 6 will be back to cut off the knife, a little outside the mandrel to break out. In general, the use of inside than outside the Chip Chip processing large diameter, obtained by processing high precision and surface finish. III. The main points of deep-hole processing Machine tools and processing of the previous process, and attention should check the following: 1) axis-oriented tool sets, Bar sets of bearings, such as the centerline of the workpiece support different sets of axis degrees should meet the requirement. 2) check whether the system is cutting fluid flow and normal work is a multi-edge special deep-hole drilling with Chip (jet drilling suction) of the spray suction effect, in particular, should seriously check. 3) the workpiece should be the upper end of the processing center hole, and to avoid drilling I n the slope. 4) Does the shape of a normal chip. With the workpiece material, tool geometry, cutting parameters and so on. The two separated by a certain direction of each curl inward cutting the best shape to avoid the formation of the ribbon cuttings straight. 5) The higher the speed of processing through-hole, when the drill bit is about to pass, it is best to stop or deceleration to prevent damage to the bit and the exit. 6) should be avoided in the processing of parking, such as the need to stop, they should first stop into the tool and return to some distance, and then stop the pump and the rotation of the main campaign to prevent the tool in the hole a killed phenomenon.
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