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徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）
附錄
附錄1
英文原文
The Evolutionary Rules of Production System
Abstract: The competition among modern enterprises has been converted from products to capability. As the basis of competition, production system can’t win the market unless it takes advantage of its capability in competition. Here in this article, the evolutionary rules of production system contributing to the establishment, renovation, reform, invention and promotion of the production of modern enterprises are observed.
Key words: production system rule evolution
1. Introduction
Manufacturing industry is the cornerstone of national economy and the source of national income. Especially, since 1980s, with the shift in business concepts and competition patterns from products to capabilities, the production system has been focused on manufacturing. The production system is the basis of competition among enterprises. It’s vital for any enterprise to pay more attention to strengthen their own capabilities and qualities so as to take the lead in competition in the Age of Knowledge Economy and New Economy. The 21st century is typical of high-tech, in which the production, possession, division and consumption of knowledge mean everything. Inevitably, manufacturing is faced with challenges and opportunities as well, which indicates a revolution to come. It has been proved by economic and natural laws that the fittest survives. We can’t be tomorrow-winner unless we prepare for the future. Here in this article, the evolutionary rules of production system are observed to contribute to the establishment, refreshment, renovation, invention and promotion of the production system of enterprises. That’s the sound way to lead the national economic development to move steadily and smoothly.
2. The Rules of the Evolution of Production System
2.1 The Expansion of Functions and Direction of Market
In general, the production management is meant to plan, organize and control production activities in order to put out qualified goods efficiently, low-costly, flexibly and punctually to serve customers. With the expansion of the function of modern production system, including the production of tangible commodities and intangible operations, like service, knowledge and information, the difference between manufacturing industry and service industry becomes dim. Most manufacturers are serving as supplies of services. Products in many industrial departments, in fact, are the integrity of hardware, software and services. The development of economy and technology in post-industrial society and Information Age made the demands in market less and less stable. Consequently, the status of mass production in competition declined increasingly. The changeable demands determined by customers disturbed the pattern of mass production and developed into variety and small scale.
2.2 The Variety and Reasonability of Targets in Production System
Market investigations are performed when the production system is established, renovated and regulated in order to learn more about the demand, to set up practical goals and to regulate the specification, the output and the production speed of commodities. Some reasons for the variety and reasonability are shown as follows:
(1) With the development of economy, consumers have converted their attention to various commodities and they’re keen on peculiar ones which are efficient and fashionable;
Early target Transmitting target Modern target
High-efficiency
High-efficiency
High-efficiency
Low-cost
High-quality
High-quality
Low-cost
Low-cost
Short delivery period safe-production
Single-product
Multi-product
Big lot-size
Middle-small lot-size
(2) New commodities occurred as soon as old commodities lose their marker and vanished quickly. In this circle, the life spans of product are so short that many up-to-date ones have to be developed and produced in time;
(3) Because of the severe competition, how to increase the shares in the market becomes an important target. To take the lead, enterprises are supposed to put out more and more new commodities.
2.3 The Flexibility of Production System
The assembly line production and mass production used to be of low-cost but they were limited because of the variety, changeability and short life span. So the law of “scale economy” is being challenged in its application. Single-product production system couldn’t adjust to the changes in market and in the operation of enterprise. As a result, along with the shift to variety and mass production, GT (group technology), AM (Agile manufacturing), IMI (Independent Manufacturing island) and FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) are adopted. Especially, consolidating manufacturing islands based on the integrated manufacturing system with computer and IMI technology, on the whole, increased the flexibility and contingency.
2.4 The Automation, Integrity and Intellection of Production System
The automation technology, esp. information technology, computer technology and systematic technology, brought the advanced manufacturing industry into prosperity which prepared well enough to meet dynamic adaptability in terms of material and technological conditions. The 5th technology revolution that began in 1970s actually was a breakthrough in micro-electronic and computer technology. Generated from both of them, the advanced manufacturing technology and information technology come into being. In this way, the low cost in bottle materials and fuels, the high efficiency and the adaptability in modern enterprises are made possible. In theory, the profitable source of scale economy could be realized.
(1) In traditional patterns, it took high price to acquire knowledge and information, so mass production was the solution. When CIMS, MRPⅡ, ERP, Internet, Intranet among enterprisers and extranet of enterprises occurred, the information of designing and management was stored in software. The cost of using and regulating information was so low that mass production wasn’t the solution any more; (2) The intellectual and automatic manufacturing equipment took up the repetitive task and work efficiently only if following the order from the central computer. The accumulated experiences don’t mean much here, the so-called mass production experience and process of learning no longer existed; (3) In traditional patterns, manufacturing equipments and tools were specialized and efficient, which are suitable for mass production to increase the productivity and to lower the cost. But modern equipments are more often than not multi-functional. They are adaptable to many manufacturing procedures, which ensure the high productivity without mass production; (4) In modern advanced manufacturing technology, the production of one kind of commodities in certain quantity costs almost as much as that of other kinds but in the same quantity. But it’ll cost much less when manufactured in the same factory than in different factories; (5) With the technology of CAE, CAD, CAPP, CAM and FMS, the designing and manufacturing of new commodities can be completed soon and the delivery period is also shortened with improved quality.
2.5 Emphasis on People——The Main Factor in the Production System
People who are in charge of manufacturing activities are faced with new requirement with regard to their role status, knowledge and capability. It’s due to the change of production means and the expansion of production activities.
(1) The ultimate factor in manufacturing activities——people: The automation of manufacturing system was ever the center of international manufacturing research. And “no one factory” pattern, that is, auto-operated factory was expected. The early CIMS was based on this imagination. But only a few enterprises achieved what they had expected. Most of them failed in fulfilling their goals in some developed industrial countries. In comparison with the large investment, the profit was too far from being satisfactory. Finally, CIMS in many countries have been laid off. People’s role in the modern manufacturing system was not undercut but strengthened. It has drawn unusual attention of many developed countries to cultivate skilled workers and executives who are competent in this system. Thus the even higher standard is set for workers and executives; (2) The strengthening of people’s knowledge and capability: Modern manufacturing technology evolved from integrated technology. It is characteristic of multi-subject, so the technicians are supposed to have a solid specialty, not only the expertise but also much knowledge in the advanced researches is concerned. At the same time, it’s very important to learn much about the subjects involved so as to widen view, to refresh the knowledge and to accept new concepts. The initiative of definition and the capability of integrity are expected.
2.6 The Production System Tends to Be Labor-intensive
To get the similar effect in production in a fixed quantity to in a large quantity, high efficiency and regional economy are being targeted. A stable and balanced production is to eliminate ineffective work and waste, to shorten the process of producing, to lower the cost and avoid stocking too long. Labor-intensive and elastic labor organizing should be executed soon. Consequently, the management converts from the one by individuals and departments to the whole production system based on man.
3. Conclusion
Finding out the rules of evolution production system, in a sense, contributes to the establishment, refreshment, innovation and promotion of the system itself and also support the functional target set for it and its construction strategy. For the progress in quality and competitiveness in contingency, all the enterprises are supposed to follow the rules, in the view of production strategy and competition advantages.
References:
1. Qingshan Zhang, Guoqing Jiang. Modern Production Management, Northeast University Publishing House, 1998.05
2. Kesheng Zhang, Songqian Zhang. The Evolution of Manufacturing Modes in US & Japan, Enterprise Management, 1998(1)
3. Ying Tao. The New Tendency of Foreign Enterprises Management and Its Implication, Modernization of Management, 1997(6)
中文譯文
制造系統(tǒng)的改革
摘要：現(xiàn)代企業(yè)之間的競爭已轉(zhuǎn)換成產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力的競爭。以此為基礎(chǔ)的競爭，除非它充分利用了其能力的優(yōu)勢，否則企業(yè)是不能贏得市場的。在這篇文章中，制造系統(tǒng)的改革有助于建立，改造，改革，發(fā)明和促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)企業(yè)遵守進(jìn)化規(guī)則。
關(guān)鍵詞：生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng) 規(guī)則 演變
1導(dǎo)言
制造業(yè)，是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和國家收入的來源。特別是20世紀(jì)80年代以來，隨著在經(jīng)營理念和競爭模式從產(chǎn)品到能力的變化，生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)已集中于制造業(yè)。生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)是企業(yè)之間的競爭。在知識經(jīng)濟(jì)和新經(jīng)濟(jì)時代，為了起帶頭作用，在競爭中更多地注意提高自身的能力和素質(zhì)對任何企業(yè)來說是很重要的。二十一世紀(jì)是典型的高科技時代，在其中生產(chǎn)，擁有，分工和消費(fèi)知識意味著一切。不可避免地，制造業(yè)正面臨著挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇，這表明一場革命的到來。它已被證明是由經(jīng)濟(jì)和自然的法律決定的，即優(yōu)勝劣汰。我們不能肯定明天也是贏家，除非我們?yōu)槲磥碜龊脺?zhǔn)備。在這篇文章中，進(jìn)化規(guī)則在生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的體現(xiàn)，有助于企業(yè)建立、更新、改造、發(fā)明和促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。這是使國家經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)，順利發(fā)展的健全的方式。
2生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)規(guī)則的演變
2.1擴(kuò)大市場的職能和方向，
一般來說，生產(chǎn)管理是指計劃、組織和控制生產(chǎn)活動，以便把商品的合格率，低費(fèi)用高品質(zhì)，靈活和準(zhǔn)時向客戶提供服務(wù)。隨著現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)體系功能的擴(kuò)大，包括生產(chǎn)有形和無形的商品，像服務(wù)、知識和信息，制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)之間的差異變得暗淡。大多數(shù)制造商都提供相應(yīng)服務(wù)。產(chǎn)品在許多工業(yè)部門，在事實上，是完整的硬件，軟件和服務(wù)。經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和技術(shù)在后工業(yè)社會和信息時代提出的要求，在市場越來越缺少穩(wěn)定。因此，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的地位在競爭中日益下降。多變的要求確定以客戶為主體的模式，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)已發(fā)展成為多品種和小規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)活動。
2.2生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中品種和合理的目標(biāo)
市場調(diào)查執(zhí)行時，建立，翻新和規(guī)范生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，以便更多地了解客戶，設(shè)立實際的目標(biāo)和規(guī)范的規(guī)格，提高產(chǎn)量和加快產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)速度。幾個品種和合理的原因如下顯示：
（1）隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，消費(fèi)者已將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到各種商品和他們熱衷于那些奇特的有效率及時髦的東西;
早期的目標(biāo) 轉(zhuǎn)遞的目標(biāo) 現(xiàn)代的目標(biāo)
高效率
低成本
高效率
高品質(zhì)
低成本
高效率
高品質(zhì)
低成本
短期交付期限
安全生產(chǎn)
單產(chǎn)品
大批量的大小
多產(chǎn)品
中小批量大小
(2)新商品的產(chǎn)生造成舊商品失去了他們市場和被迅速淘汰。在這圈子，產(chǎn)品的壽命周期是非常短的，許多產(chǎn)品必須及時更新和生產(chǎn)；
(3)由于嚴(yán)重的競爭，如何增加在市場上的股份成為一個重要的因素。要起帶頭作用，企業(yè)必須生產(chǎn)更多的新商品。
2.3生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的靈活性
裝配線生產(chǎn)和大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)曾經(jīng)是低成本，但因為該品種，多變性和短期的壽命，他們受到了限制。因此，“規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)”的法律在其申請時受到挑戰(zhàn)。在運(yùn)作的企業(yè)，單一產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)無法適應(yīng)市場的變化進(jìn)行調(diào)整。因此，隨著轉(zhuǎn)向品種和大量生產(chǎn)，GT， FMS，IMI，AM和柔性制造系統(tǒng)式很容易適應(yīng)的。特別是，鞏固制造業(yè)離島的基礎(chǔ)上，就整體而言，集成制造系統(tǒng)與計算機(jī)和IMI的技術(shù)，增加了靈活性和應(yīng)變性。
2.4生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的自動化和完整性
物質(zhì)和技術(shù)條件準(zhǔn)備充足的自動化技術(shù)，電除塵器，信息技術(shù)，計算機(jī)技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)技術(shù)，帶來了先進(jìn)制造業(yè)的繁榮。第5次技術(shù)革命的開始，在20世紀(jì)70年代，在微型電子技術(shù)和計算機(jī)技術(shù)上其實是一個突破。從他們兩個開始，意味著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的誕生。這樣一來，原材料和燃料的低成本，以及高效率和適應(yīng)性，在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)中成了可能。從理論上講，利潤來源，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是可以實現(xiàn)的。
(1)在傳統(tǒng)的模式中，花了高昂的代價，以獲得知識和信息，因此，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是解決問題的方法。當(dāng)計算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)，如MRP的ⅱ ， ERP系統(tǒng)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)之間企業(yè)信息的交流，，軟件存儲信息設(shè)計和管理。成本的使用和規(guī)范的信息是如此之低，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是不解決任何更多問題。
(2)智力和自動生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的矛盾意味著不一定能提高工作效率。效率，如果只以下的順序，從中央計算機(jī)。累積的經(jīng)驗，并不意味著很多在這里，所謂的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)驗和學(xué)習(xí)過程將不再存在。
(3)在傳統(tǒng)的模式，專門和有效率的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和工具，是適合大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，以增加生產(chǎn)力和降低成本。但現(xiàn)代設(shè)備的，往往不是多功能的。他們是許多制造業(yè)相適應(yīng)的程序，確保高生產(chǎn)力，沒有大規(guī)模生產(chǎn); （ 4 ）在現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，生產(chǎn)一種商品在一定量的費(fèi)用幾乎高達(dá)同樣數(shù)量的其他品種，但在同一個工廠制造它的成本比在不同的工廠會少得多; （ 5 ）與技術(shù)的CAE技術(shù)，計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計， CAPP系統(tǒng)， CAM和柔性制造系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計和制造的新商品，可于短期內(nèi)完成并隨著質(zhì)量的提高交付期限也在縮短。
2.5在生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中側(cè)重于人的主要因素
負(fù)責(zé)制造業(yè)的人在活動中對于他們的作用，地位，知識和能力正面臨著新的要求。這是由于改變生產(chǎn)方式和擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)活動的原因。
(1)在制造業(yè)活動中的最終因素-人：自動化制造系統(tǒng)是曾經(jīng)國際制造中心的研究“沒有人的工廠”模式，即自動操作的工廠。估計早期的計算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)是在此基礎(chǔ)上想象的。但只有少數(shù)企業(yè)達(dá)到了他們的預(yù)期。在一些發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家，他們大多未能在履行達(dá)到他們的目標(biāo)。在比較大的投資，利潤也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能令人滿意。最后， CIMS在許多國家已淘汰。人的作用，在現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)不是削弱了而是加強(qiáng)。它引起了不同尋常的關(guān)注，許多發(fā)達(dá)國家培養(yǎng)能主管這個行業(yè)技術(shù)工人和行政人員。因此，甚至是一套為工人和行政人員的更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);
(2)加強(qiáng)人們的知識和能力：從綜合技術(shù)上發(fā)展現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)。它的特點(diǎn)是多學(xué)科，所以技術(shù)是為了有一個堅實的專業(yè)，不只是專業(yè)知識，但也有很多的知識，關(guān)注先進(jìn)的研究。在同一時間內(nèi)，了解所涉及的科目，以及擴(kuò)大來看，刷新知識和接受新觀念是非常重要的。倡議的定義和能力的完整性，是被預(yù)計的。
2.6生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)往往是勞動力密集型的
獲得類似的效果，在生產(chǎn)，從一個固定的數(shù)量到大量，高效率和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)是目標(biāo)。一個穩(wěn)定和均衡的生產(chǎn)是為了消除無效的工作和浪費(fèi)，以縮短生產(chǎn)過程，降低成本，并避免囤積過久。勞動密集和彈性的勞動組織，應(yīng)盡快執(zhí)行。因此，基于一個人，管理的轉(zhuǎn)換，是從一個由個人和部門到整個生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。
3結(jié)論
找出生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)則演變，在某種意義上，有助于制度本身的建立，創(chuàng)新和推廣也支持功能所定的目標(biāo)，為它和它的建設(shè)策略，為進(jìn)步的素質(zhì)和競爭力應(yīng)變，在生產(chǎn)策略和競爭優(yōu)勢上，所有企業(yè)要遵守規(guī)則。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 張青山,姜國慶.現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理.東北大學(xué)出版社， 1998
[2] 張聲.美國和日本的演變的制造模式.企業(yè)管理 1998年
[3] 陶瑛.外商投資企業(yè)的管理的新趨勢及其啟示.管理現(xiàn)代化 1997年
附錄2
英文原文
Hydraulic fluids
Hydraulic fluids are a large group of fluids used as the motive medium in hydraulic machinery. Fluid types include synthetic compounds, mineral oil, water, and water-based mixtures. The fluids are found in machinery and equipment ranging from brakes, power steering systems, and transmissions to backhoes, excavators, garbage trucks and industrial shredders. Hydraulic systems are very common in aircraft flight control systems.
Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has low compressibility.
Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at hundreds to thousands of PSI and temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, severe injuries and death can result from component failures and care must always be taken when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems.
Fire resistance is a property available with specialized fluids.
The use of hydraulic systems in aircraft almost certainly began with braking systems.[citation needed] As aircraft performance increased in mid-20th century, the amount of force required to operate mechanical flight controls became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the aircrew (hydro-mechanical) or by computers obeying control laws (fly by wire). See flight controls.
Hydraulic power is used for other purposes. It can be stored in accumulators to start an auxiliary power unit (APU) for self-starting the aircraft's main engines. Many aircraft equipped with the M61 family of cannon use hydraulic power to drive the gun system, permitting reliable high rates of fire.
The hydraulic power itself comes from pumps driven by the engines directly, or by electrically driven pumps. Electric pumps can provide both redundancy and the means of operating hydraulic systems without starting the engines, which can be very useful during maintenance.
Aircraft hydraulic fluids fall under various specifications:
Exposure to hydraulic fluids occurs mainly in the workplace. Drinking certain types of hydraulic fluids can cause death in humans, and swallowing or inhaling certain types of hydraulic fluids has caused nerve damage in animals. Contact with some types of hydraulic fluids can irritate your skin or eyes. These substances have been found in at least 10 of the 1,428 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is hydraulic fluids?
Hydraulic fluids are a large group of liquids made of many kinds of chemicals. They are used in automobile automatic transmissions, brakes, and power steering; fork lift trucks; tractors; bulldozers; industrial machinery; and airplanes. The three most common types of hydraulic fluids are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin. Some of the trade names for hydraulic fluids include Durad?, Fyrquel?, Skydrol?, Houghton-Safe?, Pydraul?, Reofos?, Reolube?, and Quintolubric?. (Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)
Some hydraulic fluids have a bland, oily smell and others have no smell; some will burn and some will not burn. Certain hydraulic fluids are produced from crude oil and others are manufactured.
What happens to hydraulic fluids when it enters the environment?
Hydraulic fluids can enter the environment from spills, leaks in machines that use them, or from storage areas and waste sites.
If spilled on soil, some of the ingredients in hydraulic fluids will stay on top and others will sink into the groundwater.
In water, some hydraulic fluids' ingredients will transfer to the bottom and can stay there for more than a year.
Certain chemicals in hydraulic fluids may break down in air, soil, or water, but how much breaks down isn't known.
Fish may contain some hydraulic fluids if they live in contaminated water.
How might I be exposed to hydraulic fluids?
Touching or swallowing hydraulic fluids.
Breathing hydraulic fluids in the air near machines where hydraulic fluids are used.
Touching contaminated water or soil near hazardous waste sites or industrial manufacturing facilities that use or make hydraulic fluids.
How can hydraulic fluids affect my health?
Little is known about how hydraulic fluids can affect your health. Since hydraulic fluids are actually mixtures of chemicals, some of the effects seen may be caused by additives in the hydraulic fluids.
In people, the effects of breathing air with high levels of hydraulic fluids are not known. Drinking large amounts of some types of hydraulic fluids can cause pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or death in humans. Weakness of the hands was seen in a worker who touched a lot of hydraulic fluids.
Rabbits that inhaled very high levels of one type of hydraulic fluid had trouble breathing, congested lungs, and became drowsy. The nervous systems of animals that swallowed or inhaled other hydraulic fluids were affected immediately with tremors, diarrhea, sweating, breathing difficulty, and sometimes several weeks later with weakness of the limbs, or paralysis. The immediate effects are caused because hydraulic fluids stop the action of certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in the body. There are no reports of people swallowing or breathing the types of hydraulic fluids that cause these effects. When certain types of hydraulic fluids were put into the eyes of animals or allowed to touch the skin of people or animals for short periods of time, redness and swelling occurred. It is not known whether hydraulic fluids can cause birth defects or reproductive effects.
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to hydraulic fluids?
Hydraulic fluids can't be measured in blood, urine, or feces, but certain chemicals in the hydraulic fluids can be measured. Some of the hydraulic fluids stop the activity of certain enzymes, called cholinesterases, in blood and this activity can be measured. However, many other chemicals also cause this effect. This test isn't available at most doctors' offices, but can be done at special laboratories that have the right equipment.
Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?
There are no federal government recommendations to protect humans from the health effects of the major hydraulic fluids. However, mineral oil, the major chemical ingredient of one type of hydraulic fluid, is part of the petroleum distillate class of chemicals and there are regulati