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重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文）外 文 翻 譯
題 目 PSH4D型立體停車庫橫移傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
二級(jí)學(xué)院 機(jī) 械 工 程 學(xué) 院
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) 109040202
姓 名 施長明 學(xué) 號(hào) 10904020223
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
時(shí) 間 2013.3
PLC-based control of multi-storey parking study and design
1. Overview of parking
The application of parking facilities for over 30 years history of the older better Japan South Korea Taiwan Germany is well knownChinas economy has experienced 30 years of rapid growth the quality of public life increasing demands quotCommunity Mapquot in the quotlinequotto a new level. Subsequent transport situation is tense Japan and Canada which includes both dynamic and static. As the city high-risebuildings built by the level of housing reform like parking shift from three-dimensional surface parking parking in a static traffic in thealready occupied an increasingly important position. Underground parking garage compared with the traditional in many ways is thefirst section shows the superiority of the advantages of the past underground garage vehicular access due Leave generous the average carwould occupy 40 square meters of area If using double-parking garage the ground can increase the utilization rate of 80 -90 if theuse of multi-floor 21 floor Three-dimensional garage then the land area of 50 square meters will be placed on the 40 vehicles that canto save land resources and reduce the cost of civil engineering development. For example the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing did notbuild multi-storey parking before the plane can only put five cars are now built three-dimensional lifting and after class garage can park13 cars the basic requirements to meet the Embassy . It is generally considered good prospects for parking equipment industry and hasbeen hailed as the 21st century one of the most popular industry.
2. Lifting and transferring the concept garage
Parking equipment has provided a total of 9 categories: lifting and class PSH simple lifting class PJS vertical lifting type PCSthe vertical circulation category PCX flat mobile class PPY tunnel reactor stack class PXD multi-cycle class PDX the level ofcirculating type PSX vehicle lift PQS there are dozens of specifications can be applied to a different space site conditions is a highsecurity high reliability high efficiency of automation equipment. Especially in these types of lifting and 9 classes PSH parking mostwidely used. Used to set the rising and falling or sliding vehicle access to vehicles parking garage equipment category called lifting andgarage. Lifting and transferring garage modular design each unit can be designed as two three four five half-underground and othermeans the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. As the lifting and transferring the pattern classes more parking vary in sizestrong adaptability to the site therefore use of such equipment is common parking garage. Its working principle is: Each car parkingspaces are presented board set the required access to the vehicle by vehicle plate upward and downward sliding movement to reach theground floor the driver entered the garage access to vehicles complete the access process. The upper or lower parking spaces need totraverse the space through the middle layer will contain the vehicle plate up or down to ground level the pilot before entering the garageor out a car into the garage.
3. Three lifting and transferring parking system
Lifting and transferring parking garage is a typical cross-disciplinary integration of mechanical and electrical products mechanicalassembly electronics information technology in one. Lifting and transferring parking mainly by the steel parts car panels containing partthe transmission system control system security system five components shown in Figure 2. Three mechanical parking equipment islifting and machinery of a type of parking equipment this type of garage equipment in the middle of each layer the ground floor are toremain free parking ground floor only do sliding movement on the ground while doing Traversing the second floor done-and-downmovement the ground layer only do Movement. Run-time ground floor direct access to cars on the floor the second floor accessvehicles need to correspond through the ground floor containing the car sliding to the space station the lift reached the ground floor toachieve the ground three car access is required the second floor by floor the ground floor of loading corresponding to the space stationafter traversing the same time lift reaches the ground layer. The movement of general principles: down reset translation is not reset.Parking parking required by the user specification and design automatic and manual operation mode of two points can be switched onand off during normal operation in the garage to use automated means in equipment maintenance and debugging can be used manually.Both automatic and manually controlled by PLC programmable controller so devices can guarantee the safe operation of any manner.Equipment There are several safety devices to ensure safety of people and vehicles such as anti-fall safety devices limit and preventexcessive volume device Automatic power-off braking device the wrong break phase protection.
3.1 The main frame part
Actual projects: Beijing Indonesia Embassy lifting and transferring class parking equipment overall structure simple generous givepeople lightweight sprightly feeling. Main steel structure uses H steel channel steel plate welding molding use bolt connectedframework struture strength and stiffness. Order steel part appearance beautiful and anti corrosion antirust ability steel some paintingbefore adopted mechanical derusting processing so parking equipment overall surface protective level reached higher grade. In additionthe second set of equipment can be assembled and combined can be installed to ensure reliable quality favorable transport and reducingon-site installation time.
3.2 Car plates containing
Set car plates are used to carry inventory of vehicles. Set car plates from the δ2.3mm of galvanized sheet bending forming aroundedge girder δ4.5mm of galvanized sheet bending forming. Edge beam and set vehicles with no plate bolt connection set car plates toensure rigidity and strength. Resistance of loading plate with vehicle and stopper.
3.3 Drive System
Parking equipment drive system uses chain or rope traction drive transmission. The car parking facilities containing the upper plate bythe lift motor gear driven by a chain-driven roller then roll through the rope-driven movements of loading plate. Two-story framestructure with sliding respectively each sliding frame with lifting and sliding the two motors both frame by sliding the track traversemotor can also be set through the lifting motor vehicles to reach the rising and falling ground level achieving access to cars. Thetransmission mode compared with other methods has run a smooth safe and reliable maintenance and convenient while itsenvironmental performance is also superior to the other drive. The lower plate by a motor vehicle containing reducer to walk through thechain drive wheel drive along the traverse track movement. Drive motor assembly gear reducer motor and brake as a whole small sizelight weight low noise using long-term grease stable and reliable performance long life long-term maintenance-free quality superior.
3.4 Control System
Control the main control object is sliding down a small motor and large motor vehicles to make them according to the requirementsof access to use button operation to achieve power by changing the phase sequence of loading platform to achieve the right and left or upand down. Second to control various auxiliary devices within the garage such as: light and its various security facilities. To ensure theboard can traverse and set cars up or down to the specified location using a limit switch positioning. To determine whether the board ofloading vehicles using optical switches. General small garage can use button operations can also use touch screen operation. All inputand output switching capacity of lifting and transferring garage circuit is simple less demanding on the environment with itsanti-interference ability of PLC and isolation transformers can meet the requirements it may no longer have an additionalanti-interference measures in other so that the exact garage system can orderly work.
Core part of the control system PLC control PLC has strong anti-interference strong stability system reliability modularity and otherstructural features. The control system is the set of mechanical parking control system applicable in the area. The control system detects adevice with high sensitivity and accuracy and reliability of work and feedback in a timely manner.
Contactor output unit is sensitive reliable advanced technology easy maintenance overload and short circuit protection complete links.The control system of the host PLC contactors circuit breakers trip switches buttons photoelectric switches and other key componentsusing the Japanese Fuji Mitsubishi LG and other imported electronic components.
3.5 Operating system
Operating manual for the button box or touch screen operation. Usually mechanical parking spaces on both fixed number the depositTake vehicles a layer of vehicle operation without the need for control box drivers can be entered directly into the vehicle or out ofloading platform to access the vehicles purpose three-in access to vehicles first of all the operator select the number of parking spacesAfter confirmation press the corresponding buttons start the corresponding transmission PLC program can automatically make theselected audience of loading the corresponding three-layer layer ground floor and out of cars and first to the left or to the the rightmove to stay out of space and then three-set car plate fell to the ground through the transmission layer so as to achieve the purpose ofaccess to vehicles. Similarly the second floor in the access to vehicles first select the same number of parking spaces confirmation andthen press the appropriate buttons to start the corresponding transmission PLC program can automatically select the second floor of thecar plate containing a layer under the corresponding ground floor and out of cars first to the left or right to stay out of space and thenthe second floor of loading plate through the transmission fell to the ground floor so as to achieve the purpose of access to vehicles.Deposit car or pick up the car after pressing the confirm button car automatic reset wait for the next operation command. Need manualoperation can be combined into a manual button to move the operation that is hold down the button and equipment operation releasethe button device to stop step by step operation is complete access to vehicles.
3.6 Safety System
With power phase phase and phase sequence protection time delay anti-people foreign body mistakenly entered the infrared detectiondevices vehicle location prevent the fall of loading plate device emergency stop devices.
4. Conclusion and Outlook
A programmable controller as lifting and transferring control of the garage the core unit which is taken into account a variety ofobjective factors of the case put forward. Programmable controller with its good control performance small size powerful shortdevelopment cycle and the characteristics of strong anti-interference is widely used in the garage of the control system. Centralizedparking many advanced modern technology high-tech garage which lifting and transferring convenient parking garage access speedgarage flexible structure low cost has become in the future parking the main form of development. If the PC-PC as the control systemthrough flexible friendly interface to Internet as an information channel can be realized on the parking garage remote network controland management.
基于 PLC 的多層停車場(chǎng)的研究與設(shè)計(jì)
1.立體停車庫發(fā)展概況
立體停車庫設(shè)備的應(yīng)用已有 30 多年的歷史了發(fā)展較早、較好的有日本、韓國、臺(tái)灣省、德國等眾所周知，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)在經(jīng)歷了近 30 年的高速增長之后，大眾對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的要求日益提高，“衣食住行”中的“行”提高到一個(gè)新的高度。隨之而來的交通方面的情況也日加緊張，而這包含了動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài)兩個(gè)方面。如同城市中由平房改建成高樓大廈一樣，停車也從平面轉(zhuǎn)向立體化停放，立體停車在靜態(tài)交通中已經(jīng)占有越來越重要的地位。立體停車庫與傳統(tǒng)的地下車庫相比，在許多方面都顯示出優(yōu)越性首先是節(jié)地優(yōu)勢(shì)，以往的地下車庫由于要留出足夠的行車通道，平均一輛車就要占據(jù) 40 平方米的面積，而如果采用雙層立體停車庫，可使地面的使用率提高 80％—90％，如果采用地上多層（21 層）立體式車庫的話，50 平方米的土地面積上便可存放 40 輛車，可以節(jié)省土地資源和減少土建開發(fā)成本。例如北京印度尼西亞駐華大使館未建多層立體停車庫前平面只能放五輛車，現(xiàn)建成三層立體升降橫移類停車庫后，能停放 13 輛車，基本能滿足駐華大使館要求。人們普遍認(rèn)為停車設(shè)備行業(yè)發(fā)展前景良好，并已被譽(yù)為 21 世紀(jì)最熱門的行業(yè)之一。
2.升降橫移式立體停車庫概念
立體停車設(shè)備目前已提供的共有 9 大類：升降橫移類（PSH）、簡易升降類（PJS）、垂直升降類（PCS）、垂直循環(huán)類（PCX）、平面移動(dòng)類（PPY）、巷道堆垛類（PXD）、多層循環(huán)類（PDX）、水平循環(huán)類（PSX）、汽車升降機(jī)（PQS），又有幾十種規(guī)格，可以適用于不同的空間、場(chǎng)地條件，是一種具有高安全性，高可靠性、高效率的自動(dòng)化成套設(shè)備。在以上 9 種類型尤以升降橫移類（PSH）立體停車庫應(yīng)用最為廣泛。采用以載車板升降或橫移存取車輛的立體停車設(shè)備的停車庫叫做升降橫移類停車庫。升降橫移式立體停車庫采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，每單元可設(shè)計(jì)成兩層、三層、四層、五層、半地下等多種形式，車位數(shù)從幾個(gè)到上百個(gè)。由于升降橫移類立體停車庫的型式比較多，規(guī)?？纱罂尚。瑢?duì)場(chǎng)地的適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng)，因此，采用這類設(shè)備的停車庫十分普遍。其工作原理為：每個(gè)車位均有載車板，所需存取車輛的載車板通過升、降、橫移運(yùn)動(dòng)到達(dá)地面層，駕駛員進(jìn)入車庫，存取車輛，完成存取過程。上層車位或下層車位需通過中間層橫移出空位，將載車板升或降到地面層，駕駛員才可進(jìn)入車庫內(nèi)將汽車開進(jìn)或開出車庫。
3.三層升降橫移式立體停車庫系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
升降橫移式立體停車庫是一種比較典型的跨學(xué)科機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，集機(jī)械、電子、信息技術(shù)于一體。升降橫移式立體停車庫主要由鋼結(jié)構(gòu)部分、載車板部分、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)、安全防護(hù)系統(tǒng) 5 部分組成，如圖 2 所示。三層機(jī)械停車設(shè)備是升降橫移類機(jī)械式停車設(shè)備的一個(gè)類型，此類型車庫每組設(shè)備的中間層、地面層都留有空車位，地面層只做橫移運(yùn)動(dòng)，地上二層既做橫移運(yùn)動(dòng)又做升降運(yùn)動(dòng)，地上三層只做升降運(yùn)動(dòng)。運(yùn)行時(shí)，地面層可直接存取車；地上二層存取車，需通過地面層相對(duì)應(yīng)的載車臺(tái)橫移讓出空位后，升降到達(dá)地面層實(shí)現(xiàn)；地上三層存取車時(shí)，需通過地上二層、地面層相對(duì)應(yīng)的載車臺(tái)同時(shí)橫移讓出空位后，升降到達(dá)地面層實(shí)現(xiàn)。其運(yùn)動(dòng)的總原則是：升降復(fù)位平移不復(fù)位。立體停車庫按用戶所要求的停車規(guī)格設(shè)計(jì)，運(yùn)行方式分自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)兩種，可通過開關(guān)切換，在車庫正常運(yùn)行時(shí)使用自動(dòng)方式，在設(shè)備維修和調(diào)試時(shí)可使用手動(dòng)方式。自動(dòng)方式和手動(dòng)方式均采用 PLC 可編程控制器控制，因此可保證設(shè)備在任何方式下的安全運(yùn)行。設(shè)備有多種安全裝置可確保人車安全，如安全防墜裝置，限位及防過卷裝置，斷電自動(dòng)剎車制動(dòng)裝置，錯(cuò)斷相保護(hù)等。
3.1 主框架部分
實(shí)際工程項(xiàng)目：北京印度尼西亞駐華大使館升降橫移類立體停車庫，設(shè)備整體結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔、大方，給人以輕巧、明快的感覺。主體鋼架結(jié)構(gòu)采用 H 型鋼、槽鋼、鋼板焊接成型，用高強(qiáng)度螺栓連接成框架結(jié)構(gòu)，具有較好的強(qiáng)度和剛度。為了使鋼架部分的外觀美觀以及具有抗腐蝕、防銹能力，對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)部分噴漆之前采用了機(jī)械除銹處理，使停車設(shè)備整體表面防護(hù)水平達(dá)到了較高的檔次。另外，整套設(shè)備可進(jìn)行二次拼裝和組合，能可靠保證安裝質(zhì)量，有利于運(yùn)輸和縮短現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝時(shí)間。
3.2 載車板
載車板是用來承載庫存車輛的。載車板由δ2.3mm 的鍍鋅板壓彎成型，左右邊梁采用δ4.5mm 的鍍鋅板折彎成型。邊梁用高強(qiáng)度螺栓和載車不板聯(lián)接，以保證載車板的剛度和強(qiáng)度。載車板設(shè)有阻車與限位裝置。
3.3 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)
停車設(shè)備的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用鏈條傳動(dòng)或鋼絲繩曳引傳動(dòng)。該停車設(shè)備上層載車板由升降電機(jī)減速機(jī)通過鏈條驅(qū)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)卷筒，再由卷筒通過鋼絲繩驅(qū)動(dòng)載車板升降。二層采用橫移框架結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)橫移框架分別裝有升降和橫移兩個(gè)電機(jī)，既框架結(jié)構(gòu)通過橫移電機(jī)可在軌道上橫移，同時(shí)也可通過升降電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)載車板升降到達(dá)地面層，實(shí)現(xiàn)存取車。上述傳動(dòng)方式與其它方式比較，具有運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，安全可靠，養(yǎng)護(hù)方便等特點(diǎn)，另外，它的環(huán)保性能也優(yōu)于其它傳動(dòng)方式。下層載車板由電機(jī)減速機(jī)通過鏈傳動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)行走輪沿橫移軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)電機(jī)減速機(jī)集減速機(jī)、電動(dòng)機(jī)和制動(dòng)器為一體，體積小、重量輕、噪音低，采用長效潤滑脂，性能穩(wěn)定可靠，使用壽命長，長期免維護(hù)，質(zhì)量優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。
3.4 控制系統(tǒng)
控制系統(tǒng)的主要控制對(duì)象是橫移小電機(jī)和升降大電機(jī)，使它們根據(jù)存取車的要求利用按鈕操作，以達(dá)到通過改變電源相序?qū)崿F(xiàn)載車臺(tái)的左右或上下移動(dòng)。其次是控制車庫內(nèi)的各種輔助裝置，如：指示燈及其各種安全設(shè)施等。為了保證載車板能橫移和上升或下降到指定位置，采用了行程開關(guān)定位。為了判斷載車板上有無車輛，采用了光電開關(guān)。一般小型車庫選用按鈕操作即可，亦可采用觸摸屏操作。全是開關(guān)量輸入輸出的升降橫移式立體停車庫電路簡單、對(duì)環(huán)境要求不高，憑可編程控制器本身的抗干擾能力和隔離變壓器就能滿足要求，因此可不必再另外增加其它抗干擾措施，使車庫系統(tǒng)能有條不紊的準(zhǔn)確工作。
控制系統(tǒng)核心部分采用可編程控制器（PLC），具有抗干擾性強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)、系統(tǒng)可靠、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化等特點(diǎn)。該套控制系統(tǒng)是目前機(jī)械車庫領(lǐng)域中適用的控制系統(tǒng)。該控制系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)裝置靈敏度高、工作準(zhǔn)確可靠，反饋及時(shí)。
接觸器輸出單元?jiǎng)幼黛`敏、可靠、技術(shù)先進(jìn)、維護(hù)簡便，過載及短路等保護(hù)環(huán)節(jié)齊全。這套控制系統(tǒng)的PLC主機(jī)、接觸器、斷路器、行程開關(guān)、按鈕、光電開關(guān)等關(guān)鍵部件，采用日本富士、日本三菱、韓國LG等進(jìn)口電子元器件。
3.5 操作系統(tǒng)
操作系統(tǒng)為按鈕箱人工操作或觸摸屏操作。通常機(jī)械立體停車庫上的車位都有固定編號(hào)，在存取車輛時(shí)，一層車輛無需通過操作箱操作，司機(jī)可直接將車輛開進(jìn)或開出載車臺(tái)，達(dá)到存取車輛的目的；三層在存取車輛時(shí)，首先，操作人員選取車位號(hào)，確認(rèn)無誤后，按下相應(yīng)操作按鈕，啟動(dòng)相應(yīng)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，PLC程序能自動(dòng)使所選取的三層載車臺(tái)下對(duì)應(yīng)的二層、一層（進(jìn)出車地面層），同時(shí)先要向左或向右移動(dòng)留出空位，然后三層載車板通過傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)下降到地面層，從而達(dá)到存取車輛的目的。同理，二層在存取車輛時(shí)，同樣先選取車位號(hào)，確認(rèn)無誤后，按下相應(yīng)操作按鈕，啟動(dòng)相應(yīng)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，PLC程序能自動(dòng)使所選取的二層載車板下對(duì)應(yīng)的一層（進(jìn)出車地面層），先要向左或向右移動(dòng)留出空位，然后二層載車板通過傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)下降到地面層，從而達(dá)到存取車輛的目的。存車或取車完畢后按下確認(rèn)按鈕，車臺(tái)自動(dòng)復(fù)位，等待下一次操作指令。在需要手動(dòng)操作時(shí)，可通過按鈕組合轉(zhuǎn)化為手動(dòng)點(diǎn)動(dòng)操作，即按住按鈕設(shè)備運(yùn)行，松開按鈕設(shè)備停止，分步操作完成存取車輛。
3.6 安全系統(tǒng)
設(shè)有斷電、缺相、斷相和相序保護(hù)；延時(shí)保護(hù)；防人、異物誤闖入紅外線檢測(cè)裝置；車輛定位；防止載車板墜落裝置；緊急停止裝置等。
4.結(jié)論與展望
以可編程控制器作為升降橫移式立體停車庫的控制核心單元，是綜合考慮了各種客觀影響因素的情況下提出的?？删幊炭刂破饕云淇刂菩阅芰己?、體積小、功能強(qiáng)大、開發(fā)周期短和抗干擾強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，被廣泛的應(yīng)用在車庫的控制系統(tǒng)中。立體停車庫集中了現(xiàn)代多方面的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，是科技含量較高的車庫，其中升降橫移式立體停車庫的停車方便、存取速度快、車庫結(jié)構(gòu)靈活、造價(jià)低的特點(diǎn)，成為今后停車庫發(fā)展的主要形式。如果PC機(jī)作為控制系統(tǒng)的上位機(jī)，通過靈活、友好的人機(jī)界面，以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為信息通道，可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)停車庫的遠(yuǎn)程網(wǎng)絡(luò)化控制和管理。