高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng) 專(zhuān)題1 名詞與主謂一致課件 新人教版.ppt

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一,二,三,四,一、名詞的數(shù):明確可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)分,明確名詞和動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系,明確根據(jù)句意和搭配選擇使用名詞的正確形式。 1.常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞有advice,news,progress,money,furniture,fun,weather,luck,homework,housework,information,bread,medicine,clothing,wealth,soap,rice等。這些詞在英文里一般都用作不可數(shù)名詞,在使用中不可亂套漢語(yǔ)而使用復(fù)數(shù)或加不定冠詞。 What fine weather! We have got a lot of information on the Internet. 2.有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財(cái)富,surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵,compasses圓規(guī),cattle家畜,congratulations祝賀,have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高的熱情,give one’s regards to sb.向某人問(wèn)候,in rags衣衫襤褸,It is good manners to do sth.做某事有禮貌。,一,二,三,四,3.有些名詞既可以作可數(shù)名詞,也可以作不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。work當(dāng)表示“工作”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)表示“作品,著作”時(shí)則為可數(shù)名詞。room“空間”(不可數(shù)),“房間”(可數(shù));experience “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”(不可數(shù)),“經(jīng)歷”(可數(shù));paper“紙”(不可數(shù)),“論文、文件、試卷”(可數(shù))。 Working with Tom who has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience. 4.名詞的修飾語(yǔ) 只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有:each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a) few,several,many,a great/good many,a large number of,scores of,dozens of等。 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:(a) little,much,a bit of,a great deal of,a large amount of等。 既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:some,any,half,most,all,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of等。,一,二,三,四,二、名詞的所有格 1.“‘s”所有格: (1)用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后。如:today’s newspaper,five minutes’ walk/drive,five pounds’ weight。 (2)用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如:the world’s population,China’s industry,New York’s parks。 (3)表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加“‘s”,如:Jane’s and Mary’s bikes。 (4)表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí),在最后一詞末尾加“‘s”,如:Jane and Mary’s father。 (5)表示“某人家”“某店鋪”,所有格后名詞常省略,如:the doctor’s;the barber’s。,一,二,三,四,2.“of”所有格: (1)表示“部分”時(shí),一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞(a,two,several,some,no,many等)。 Some students of Mr Zhang’s have gone to college. (2)表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思時(shí),如:a friend of Tom’s湯姆的一個(gè)朋友(許多朋友中的一位)。,一,二,三,四,三、名詞作定語(yǔ):注意名詞作定語(yǔ)和名詞所有格的意義區(qū)分。 名詞作定語(yǔ)常用來(lái)表示以下意義: 1.表示中心詞的用途、功能、材料 stone figures石像,shoe shops鞋店,coffee cups咖啡杯 2.表示中心詞的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱(chēng)呼 summer holidays暑假,school education學(xué)校教育,an evening dress晚禮服 注意:表具體的時(shí)間名詞作定語(yǔ),則要用所有格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。 yesterday’s news昨天的消息 an hour’s drive開(kāi)車(chē)一小時(shí)的路程 3.表示中心詞的類(lèi)別、對(duì)象、身份 a bike key自行車(chē)的鑰匙,an animal trainer馴獸師,a woman driver女駕駛員,一,二,三,四,4.表示中心詞的內(nèi)容 computer studies電腦學(xué)習(xí),weather report天氣預(yù)報(bào),film industry電影工業(yè) 5.表示部分與整體的關(guān)系 river banks河岸,animal bones動(dòng)物骨頭,cigarette ends煙頭 注意: ①名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用其單數(shù)形式,且不隨后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)產(chǎn)生變化。 two pencil-boxes,girl friends,a seven-year-old boy 但是,少數(shù)的名詞作定語(yǔ)卻用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如: sports shoes 運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋 clothes shops 服裝店 a sales girl女銷(xiāo)售員 a greetings card 賀卡 ②man和woman作定語(yǔ)要注意其單復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化。 a man doctor—men doctors;a woman engineer—women engineers,一,二,三,四,6.名詞作定語(yǔ)和所有格作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:所有格表示所屬關(guān)系。 the girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司機(jī) the woman’s driver那位婦女的司機(jī),一,二,三,四,四、主謂一致 名詞在句子中的一項(xiàng)重要功能是作主語(yǔ),而主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一定要協(xié)調(diào)一致。 該內(nèi)容的考查主要集中在語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致以及就近(遠(yuǎn))一致原則等三個(gè)方面。重難點(diǎn)如下: (一)語(yǔ)法一致原則 只要確定句子的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)意義,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),如句子的主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)意義,則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 1.不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),一律視為單數(shù)。 No news is good news. 2.“one,either,neither,each of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常用單數(shù)形式。 Either of the stories is very funny.,一,二,三,四,3.表示時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、距離、重量、數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),通?？醋饕粋€(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Ten pounds was missing from the box. 4.a series of,a kind of,a piece of,a pair of 等量詞修飾名詞,通常以量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。 This pair of glasses is very expensive. Two series of new stamps have been ordered.,一,二,三,四,5.“a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意思是“許多……”,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義;“the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意思是“……的數(shù)目”,表示單數(shù)概念。“the population of.”意思是“……的人口數(shù)量”,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,但如果是分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)(half of/the rest of the population) 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),具體指其中的多少人,表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語(yǔ)則常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。“the average of.”意思是“……的平均數(shù)量”,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard. The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers. 6.主語(yǔ)后有with,together with,along with,except,besides,as well as 等修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要和這些詞匯前面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。(因?yàn)閣ith等詞為介詞,其后跟的名詞只能是介詞賓語(yǔ),不可能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。) Mr.Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.,一,二,三,四,7.“the +adj.”結(jié)構(gòu)指一類(lèi)人時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果指?jìng)€(gè)別人或表示抽象的概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The disabled are well taken care of in this country. The dead in this accident was 20,a girl from Nanjing University. The new is certain to replace the old. 8.分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)或all,some,the rest,half of,most of,part of 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)其指代的含義來(lái)確定。 The rest of the workers are still very tired.,一,二,三,四,9.當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時(shí),應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。另外,當(dāng)and 連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)時(shí),其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物,主語(yǔ)則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。 War and peace is a constant theme in history. Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality. 英語(yǔ)中并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示整體概念的有: iron and steel 鋼鐵 law and order 治安 bread and butter黃油面包 a watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a coat and tie 一件配有領(lǐng)帶的上衣 aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真誠(chéng),一,二,三,四,10.“quantities of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),不論名詞是復(fù)數(shù)還是不可數(shù),謂語(yǔ)一律用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 “a quantity of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 “a quantity of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 “amounts of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 “an amount of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 Every day quantities of water are wasted. A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.,一,二,三,四,(二)意義一致原則 1.“every/each/no +名詞+and every/each/no +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 Every boy and every girl is having sports now. 2.“one +單數(shù)名詞+and a half”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 One apple and a half was on the table. 3.“more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 More than one student has failed the exam. 4.“many a +單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Many a child was playing there.,一,二,三,四,(三)就近(遠(yuǎn))一致原則 1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)常常與最近的作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類(lèi)句子中的連詞有:or,not.but.;either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等。 Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. 2.當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy students and twenty three girl students in the class. 3.在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系代詞如果在從句中作主語(yǔ),應(yīng)依據(jù)先行詞決定從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式;在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句中的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但是其前有the only或the very修飾時(shí),則從句中的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真題變式訓(xùn)練) 1.—Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one? —That’s a good (suggest). 2.We most prefer to say yes to the (request) of someone we know and like. 3.All we need (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. 4.Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with (patient). 5.The famous musician,as well as his students, (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.,suggestion,requests,is,patience,was invited,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.The university estimates that living expenses for international students (be) around $8,450 a year,which (be) a burden for some of them. 7.Generally,students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others (be) essential to their development. 8.My first (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 9.The basketball coach,as well as his team, (be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.,are,is,is,impression,was,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1.Suddenly,a man riding his motorcycle passed us rapidly,missing Li Dong by several inch. 2.I hope all my dream will come true in the near future. 3.If you visit a museum,don’t take photos inside the halls.You will find NO PHOTOS signs in many museum. 4.Now woman are working as teachers,scientists,and even leaders. 5.When tea got popular in Britain,there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.,答案:inch→inches,答案:dream→dreams,答案:第二個(gè)museum→museums,答案:woman→women,答案:cup→cups,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.That little daughter of your cousin is really lovely. 7.He dropped the coffee’s cup and broke it. 8.I walked too much yesterday and my leg’s muscles are still aching now. 9.Jim was late for two classes this morning.He said that he forgot both of the rooms’ numbers. 10.Today is September 10th.It’s Teacher’s Day.Let’s go and buy some flowers for our teachers.,答案:cousin→cousin’s,答案:coffee’s→coffee,答案:leg’s→leg,答案:rooms’→room,答案:Teacher’s→Teachers’,